Unit 3 Art Appreciation
For a sculpture to be considered high relief, the forms must project out from the background for at least ______ percent of their visual depth.
50
What do you see when you look at this sculpture from the ancient Middle East?
A man's body with wings and an eagle's head Plants carved in a stylized fashion Cuneiform text
By what is the weight of a suspension bridge primarily supported?
A series of steel cables
Which characteristics best describe synthetic resin as a sculptural material?
A wide range of colored pigments in can be added to incorporate color. The appearance of more traditional sculptural material can be easily mimicked.
Balloon Frame
A wooden structural support system developed in the United States in the middle nineteenth century in which standardized, thin studs are held together with nails.
_______ is the name for sun dried brick used as an architectural building material.
Adobe
This ivory vessel from Sierra Leone combines ________ and ______ forms and imagery
African. European
What culture is most closely associated with a tradition of sculpture that considered the human body itself a worthy subject?
Ancient Greece
The Pont du Gard at Nîmes, France is based on what type of structure?
Arch
The use of found objects as a sculptural material is an example of what type of sculptural technique?
Assembling
Why do scholars believe that the Olmec artists chose basalt as the material to carve their monumental sculptures?
Basalt is volcanic stone, which is associated with the spiritual power of the natural world.
In a vaulted church, each rectangular division of space, consisting of one groin vault, is called a ______.
Bay
To shape a hollow glass vessel, an artist can dip a long metal tube into molten glass, and then do what?
Blow air into the tube to create a bubble in the glass.
Suspension techniques are most closely associated with the construction of
Bridges
Beginning in the 1960s artists began to create works of impermanent sculptures to explore what ideas?
Bringing art closer to people's everyday lives Bringing people together in a new way Avoiding sales and ownerships of an object
During the mid-19th century the experimental use of ______ as a building material allowed for breakthroughs in the development of the skeleton-and-skin structural system.
Cast-iron
What is the most common sculptural material used for modeling?
Clay
The decorative ornament on the ceiling of a dome, which also serves to lessen the weight, is known as ______.
Coffering
Which metals may be forged cold?
Gold
A work of art that is made for a specific place using natural materials found there is called a(n) ______.
Earthwork
The skeleton of the _____ ______ was the aesthetic focus because it had no decorative embellishments.
Eiffel Tower
What did the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London do?
Established the success of cast-iron as a building material
True or false: Concrete was invented during the late 19th century as a cheap and easily transportable material.
False
True or false: Installation art always replicates familiar spaces such as hotel rooms or offices.
False
True or false: This bowl is representative of olumeye bowls in Yoruba culture more generally.
False
Sculptor Huma Bhabha uses _____ in her sculptures.
Found objects
Which architect used digital design and fabrication to create works such as the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao?
Frank Gehry
____________ are relatively lightweight, amazingly strong, and built with prefabricated modules, all of which allows for quick and inexpensive construction.
Geodesic Domes
Reims Cathedral is a characteristic example of what style of architecture?
Gothic
Which are methods used in carving?
Gouging Chipping Cutting
The ______ incorporates immense dome placed on top of a massive square base.
Haiga Sophia
How was the Chinese lacquer snuff bottle carved?
High Relief
How was this Chinese jade basin carved?
High relief
What is a vast roofed space of post-and-lintel construction called?
Hypostyle hall
Snowmen, Sandcastles and Christo and Jeanne-Claude's The Gates are all examples of _____.
Impermanent sculptures
Which innovations made balloon-frame construction practical?
Improved milling lumber techniques Mass-produced nails
How does Auguste portray the individuals in The Burghers of Calais?
Individuals facing death in their own way
What are the advantages of using bronze to cast sculptures?
Is extremely durable even for thin pieces Can create smooth rounded shapes Flows freely when poured, allowing for small detailed works
What culture is best known for focusing a great deal of aesthetic attention on the production of carpets and rugs?
Islamic
Produced in Greece during the 16th century B.C.E. this rhyton is a metal that can be manipulated in what way?
It can be worked at room temperature.
For what reasons have artists and patrons adopted ivory as a material?
It is a easy carve intricate designs in ivory. It is a luxury material. Ivory is a resilient material.
Which are aspects of contrapposto?
It is a pose that suggests the potential for movement in a standing figure It is Italian for "counterpoise" or "counterbalance" It places the figure's weight on one foot, which create a series of adjustments to the hips and shoulders that produce a subtle S-curve.
What does the construction of the Eiffel Tower suggest?
It is a quintessential example of skeleton architecture.
What can be inferred about modern architecture due to the advent of new technologies and materials?
It is better equipped to respond to community and environmental needs
In a skeleton-and-skin system, what is the support structure of a building?
It is contained inside more fragile outer layers and is generally not visible.
Which descriptions apply to carving?
It is more aggressive than modeling. It is more direct than casting. It is a subtractive process.
What is the significance of the isolation of the Taj Mahal's dome?
It is ornamental.
What do we know about the Pont du Gard at Nîmes, France?
It is solid and heavy, yet its weight-bearing capabilities appear effortless It is made up of three tiers of arcades It once functioned as an aqueduct
For the ancient Olmecs, what was jade?
It represented plant life and rainwater.
Which of the following is true of the ivory trade?
It severely impacted the world's elephant population. It was a global network that once moved ivory around the globe.
What do we know about this late 15th or early 16th century ivory vessel?
It was created by sculptor of the Sapi culture in present day Sierra Leon, west Africa. It was designed to hold salt. It resembles a large European drinking glass, a goblet.
Why do much ancient art that still exists in the 21st century made of terra cotta?
It was surprisingly durable.
What is the primary drawback of post-and-lintel architecture?
Its limitation to span relatively large open spaces
Which material is derived from the teeth of large mammals?
Ivory
Why did Tilman Riemenschneider carve his Virgin and Child on the Crescent Moon in limewood?
Limewood is plentiful in the region where Riemenschneider worked. Limewood is easy to carve.
U. S. coins display ___ relief.
Low
This portrait vessel made by the Moche people of South America would have been used for what purposes?
Made with the individual features of the person being sculpted Placed as an object on remembrance on grave-sites Given as a gift to neighboring tribes
Which materials have commonly been used to represent the human figure in sculpture?
Metal Stone Terra cotta
What is installation art?
Modifying space in some way and allowing the viewer to experience that space
Of what materials is this Japanese writing box made?
Mother-of-pear Red lacquer Gold
A circular opening at the top of a dome is called the ______.
Oculus
What is fiber?
Pliable, threadlike strand
Which architectural elements are characteristic of Gothic style?
Pointed arches Large stained glass windows Flying buttresses
A sculpture in which forms project from--but remain attached to--a background surface is called a ______.
Relief
In his sculpture Voltri VI, David Smith assembled which items made of steel?
Scrap metal wheels tools
Who developed contrapposto?
Sculptors in Ancient Greece
Reinforced-concrete construction is most similar to the ______ structural system.
Shell
Who is being depicted in this Baule sculpture?
Spirit Spouse
Which is NOT a basic architectural structural system?
Stacking
What are sheets of colored glass joined together with strips of lead called?
Stained glass
Used in building skyscrapers, ______ construction uses a metal cage to support a decorative exterior of another material such as glass, masonry, or stone.
Steel-frame
_________________ construction was developed to allow for the fabrication of tall buildings not possible using balloon-frame techniques.
Steel-frame
What are the principal materials used for carving?
Stone Wood
What does the keystone do?
Supports the downward and outward thrust of the rounded arch
What do we know about this piece made by Pueblo potter María Martínez?
The color scheme is due to the firing process. It is made through coiling.
What is a drawback of load-bearing construction?
The inability to insert large openings, such as windows, in the walls
What made the creation of such showpieces as the Crystal Palace and the Eiffel Tower possible?
The mass production of iron and steel
What facts do we know about the Olumeye bowl?
The name of the sculptor who constructed the bowl The material in which the bowl was sculpted
What was Auguste Rodin memorializing in The Burghers of Calais?
The self-sacrifice of six townsmen of 14th-century Calais
To what is green architecture largely a response?
The unsustainable cost of industrialization
Why is the lost-wax process of casting suitably named?
The wax mold is melted away so that it can be replaced by the metal.
What is the formal pose of Menkaure and Khamerenebty meant to convey?
Their eternal existence Their status as "junior gods" The power of the rulers
Which are characteristics of earthworks?
They enter into the natural world and participate in its changes. The element of time is central to earthworks. They were originally conceived of as a way to make art that could not be bought and sold.
In lost-wax casting, what is the purpose of the metal pins placed into the clay core?
They hold the core in place after the wax melts.
For what reasons is the human form used in sculpture?
To convey power of rulers To give a being presence
What is the purpose of green architecture?
To create a healthier and less wasteful human habitat
True or false: If we no longer know the original context in which an object was created, we can still appreciate it as a work of art.
True
True or false: This portrait vessel was made using both modeling and a pre-prepared mold.
True
When deciding on the structural system for a building, ______ and ______ are the first considerations.
Weight; tensile strenght
Based on the ancient Egyptian convention of depicting human form, how are the pharaoh Menkaure and Khamerenebty portrayed?
With idealized facial features and bodies Facing straight forward, with the pharaoh's arms arms stiff at his sides
Some people in the art field distinguish between assembling, which brings sculpture parts on or near each other, and ________ , which joins the pieces through a process such as welding or nailing.
constructing
The _______ age ushered in the harnessing of steam, leading to the creation of the steam engine, the internal combustion engine, and the turbine.
industrial
This Ardabil carpet from 16th-century Persia was labor-intensive because it used the ______ technique, in which segments of wool were tied to a woven ground.
knotting
The architectural element that gaps the transition from a square base to a domed roof is known as a ______.
pendentive
When clay is mixed with water and becomes moldable and cohesive, it becomes ______.
plastic
Of what is this Chinese bowl made?
porcelain
Lacquer is made from tree
sap
The process of putting clay on the spinning disk of a potter's wheel, then shaping it with the hands, is called ______.
throwing
Who has Japanese sculptor Kaikei represented in this wooden sculpture?
A patron and protector of warriors An individual with the outward appearance of a Buddhist monk Shinto diety Hachiman
What is assemblage?
The art of bringing together individual objects to form a sculpture
Fibers lend themselves to a variety of techniques, and the resulting material is called a
Textile
What characteristics does this royal tunic tell us about the society in which it was produced?
Textiles were very important to the ancient Incas Textiles were considered a form of wealth When the king wore this elaborate tunic he was visually signifying his place in society.
