Unit 3 exam study guide

Piaget's view of cognitive development

0-2 sensorimotor , stranger anxiety 2-6 per operational, language development 7-11 concrete operational, conversation/ mathematics 12+ - formal operation , moral reasoning

Alfred Kinsey research on human sexuality

1. women are as equally interested in sex as men 2. he began the categorizing of sexual orientation (homosexual, heterosexual, and bisexual)

intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

1.from within autonomy mastery and purpose 2.from outside compensation punishment and reward

Situational vs dispositional influences

1.our behavior is due to external factors 2. our behavior is due to internal factors

Maslow hierarchy of needs

1.self actualization= inner fulfillment 2.esteem=self worth, confidence 3.social=relationships 4.security= employment safety 5. physiological= food, shelter

Algorithm and heuristic

Algorithms consist of step by step instructions while heuristic consists of framework in intent to reach a goal as quickly as possible

Define 🌟

Groupthink - people modify their opinion to match what they believe in group form Social facilitation- improved performance when an audience is present Social loafing- less effort because they can not be judged separately

Nature vs. Nurture

Heredity vs. Environment

Difference between interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence in Gardner's theory if multiple intelligence

Interpersonal intelligence is the ability to understand emotions while intrapersonal is the ability to use them for personal gain

Theories of emotion 🌟

James Lang theory states that emotion arises from arousal. The Cannon Bard theory states emotion is developed on its own. Schachter singer two factor states that physical appeal and emotional experience is needed.

Language and thinking

Language- communication system that involves words Thinking language consists of the use of. Verbs to perceive time periods

Components of Language

Lexicon -words of a language Grammar- rules that imply meaning Phoneme-unit of sound Morphemes-combined phoneme Semantics- meaning taken from word Syntax-the way words are organized

intelligent theories

Linguistic- language Logical- mathematics musical-rhythm bodily- kinesthetic spatial-how object move in space interpersonal-understanding of emotion intrapersonal- use of emotion to reach personal goals naturalistic- approximate the natural world

natural and artificial concepts

Natural -through experience and developed through direct or indirect experience Artificial- defined by a specific set of characteristics

3 domains of intelligence

Physical- involves growth and changes to the body and brain Cognitive-learning attention memory and reasoning Psychosocial-emotion personality and relationships

Define and provide examples of 🌟

Prejudice- negative attitudes towards an individual because of there involvement in a particular group (god hates gays) Stereotypes-beliefs or assumptions based on their membership in a group (mexican's are rapists and criminals) Discrimination- negative actions towards an individual because of there membership (colored people eat in the back)

Major task in development according to Erickson

Psychosocial development implies that how we interact with others affects our sense of self (ego identity) 0-1 trust to mistrust 1-3 anatomy vs shame 3-6 initiative vs guilt 7-11 industry vs inferiority 12-18 identity vs confusing 19-29 intimacy vs isolation 30-64 generosity vs stagnation 65+integrity vs dispare

role schema and event schema

Role schema- assumptions Event-routine

Emotional intelligence

The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions of others as well as yours

What is the Flynn effect?

The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.

What is cognition?

Thinking

Problem solving strategies

Trial and error- try, and try again with different solutions to an issue algorithms-step by step heuristics- working backwards

Normative approach to intelligence

Where it normal fits

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder consisting of binge eating and followed by purging both cases of nervosa can and may lead to symptoms such as bone loss heart and kidney failure amenorrhea and in extrem cases death

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________.

analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

Hunger and Eating

leptin is a satiety hormone released to the brain

Biological Mechanisms that control sexual behavior and motivation

limbic systems such as the amygdala and nucleus accumbens

What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an) ________.

mastery of the grammatical aspects of language

Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________.

mental set

In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: ________ and ________.

natural & artificial

Conformity and social influence

normative social influence consist of people conforming to fit in and feel good. informational socail influence people conform because they feel confident in the group

psychosexual development

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Attitude

our evaluation of a person, idea or object

triarchic theory of intelligence

practical, (common sense) creative, (imagining, innovative) and analytical intelligence (academic)

A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept.

prototype

Development that occurs during adolescence

psychosocial development

What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________.

revealed a genetic component to intelligence

sexual orientation and gender identity

sexual orientation is the attraction to one another, gender identity refers to the sense of being male or female

Social roles and influence on behavior

social roles are defined by culturally shared knowledge social norms is the expectation

Limbic system in emotion processing

the amygdala is in primary care of fear the hippocamus is in charge of anxiety and in cases such as ptsd there is low levels volume in this area

Stanley Milgram experiment and implications

the experiment tested the limits of a persons humanity when if came against an authoritative figure

Asch effect

the influence a group has on an individuals judgment

social psychology

the study of how people influence eachother

fundamental attribution error

the underestimating of the situations

From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________.

thinking

Oversight to obesity levels

BMI between 25 and 29 in considered overweight BMI 30 or higher is considered obese

concepts and prototypes

Concepts- categories or grouping of life events Prototypes - best example of a concept

Continuity and discontinuity

Continuous development improving or existing skills Discontinuous development each stage is learned at a creation age

What is intelligence?

Crystallized intelligence how you acquire and obtain knowledge Fluid intelligence ability to process information

Development that occurs through infancy through childhood

Dependent on the upbringing of the parent the child reacts differently when left alone and which strangers

Road blocks in ...

Functional fitness- something is made for only one purpose Anchoring bias- focused on only one issue Conformation bias- focused on that which proves your point Hindsight bias -what you just went through was predictable Representative bias-stereotyping of a situation Availability heuristic- basing information on that in which is available

Lauren is gifted in the area of body movement. Her ability to balance and coordinate her body's movement enables her to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?

bodily kinesthetic

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.

confirmation

hospice care

death with dignity

Zimbardo Prison Study

demonstrated the power of social norms and scripts people change as there position arises

5 stages of grief according to Kubler-Ross 🌟

denial anger bargaining depression acceptance

altruism

desire of helping others

William Masters and Virginia Johnson sexual response

divided the sexual response cycle into four parts. 1. excitement (arousal) 2. plateau (blood flow to reproductive organs) 3. Orgasm (rhythmic contractions and ejaculation) 4.resolution (rapid return of unarousal 5. the refractory period in which an individual in incapable of experiencing another orgasm

Theories of Motivation

drive theory- homeostasis is important in order to maintain emotions

anorexia nervosa

eating disorder that leads people to the fear of gaining weight this often leading to a distorted body image

Development that occurs through infancy during adulthood

emerging adulthood

The likelihood of functional fixedness occurring may be influenced by culture, and it is________.

experienced in both industrial and preindustrial countries equally