Unit #3 Fuel system, Fuel & Diesel injection, propane and natural gas, emission control system, cat converters
Fuel Pump
Job is to transfer fuel from the tank to the carburator or fuel injectors.
hot, poor
Lean runs ____ with ___ power
Volatilty
Light and molecules gives gas its ________ while the heavy end molecules give gas heat energy
Mass Air Flow Sensor
MAF
manifold absolute pressure sensor
MAP
multi-port injection
MPFI
Fuel tank
Made of steel or aluminum and must be vented to the atmosphere
Secondary side
Made up of the injection pump, injector lines and the injectors.
Penetration
Makes the fuel reach all the areas of the combustion chamber
manifold absolute pressure sensor
Monitors air pressure in the intake manifold, which allows the ECU to calculate how much power is being produced because amount of air drawn into engine indicates amount of power produced
Open loop
When a cold car is started; The infomation from the oxygen sensors in the exhaust is disregarded until the sensors reached opertating temperature
Bellows and rotary
Two types of Electric pumps
mechanically driven or electric
Two types of fuel pumps are
Throttle body and Multi ports
Two types of injection systems
Impeller and roller vane
Two types of rotory pumps
Plunger pump, rotary pump
Two types of transfer pumps
Diesel additves
Used to improve its characteristics, they fall into four categories, engine performance, fuel handling, stability, and contamination control
Transfer pumps
Used to increase the pressure of the fuel going into the injection pump around 25 PSI. There are two common types.
Fuel pressure regulators
Used to maintain a consistant fuel supply to the injectors.
Roller vane
Uses an electric motor to spin the pump assembly. Pressure is created by these pumps is 60 to 100 PSI. These pumps are used for multi port fueled injection
Check Valves
Valves that allow fluids to flow in only one direction
Roll over valves
Vehicles with carburators have a valve that is used to keep liquid gas from draining from the tank should the car be over turned in a accident.
Oxides of nitrogen
Very hot oxides of nitrogen are formed. NOx. When exposed to hydrocarbons and sunlight chemically react to produce a smog
Cold start enrichment
Was achieved with the choke on a carburated car. Some smaller engines and most piston dirived aircrafts use a primer pump
Sediment
Water & _____ in the fuel is very detrimental to the injection system. To control this, there wil be atleast one, sometimes two fuel filters and a water separator. Which can sometimes be part of the primary filter.
Company Average Fuel Consumption
What is CAFC
Evaporative Emissions Control System
What is EVAP
Selective Catalyst Reduction
What is SCR for converters
700 PSI
What is the pressure rating on a type 3 propane hose?
Electric
What produces a higher pressure? Mechanical or electric?
air-injection system
What system reduces the emissions of hydrocarbons?
EVAP, CAFC
What two things help make todays cars more fuel efficent?
Type 3 hose
What type of hose should you use when dealing with propane?
Blowby
When a engine is running some gasses and liquid fuel can leak pass the piston rings and into the crank case. These gasses are called _______
positive crankcase ventilation
forces unburned or partially burned fuel back in the cylinder so the fuel can be burned
Heated Element & vortex generating
two common type of MAF sensors
Intake Manifold
The ____ ____ on TBI is referred to as a wet manifold or dry manifold
Digital fuel Injection
DFI
Solenoid Injectors
-Came into popular use in the 1980s and are what is most common today -the fuel is metered by electriconically opening and closing the valve in the injector
Vapour Lock
-Condition where the gas boils in the fuel pump or gas line. Preventing liquid gas from reaching the engine. -Happens less with fuel injection because of the increase pressures
Fuel filters
-Remove foreign particles from fuel -Contains a bypass valve to allow flow if filter is clogged
Gas, Diesel, propane(LPG), Natural gas
4 major fuels used in a Internal Combustion Engine
Tank, filter, regulator, mixer
4 types of LPG system componets
Mechanical, Electric, hydraulic, Pneumatic
4 types of governors
Governor
A device placed in the fuel system to control and maintain engine speed
Fuel level sender
A electrical device that is inside the tank. It has a arm with a float attached to it. As the arm goes up and down it changes there is voltage that is sent to the gauge in the dash, causing the pointer to move.
Dry intake manifold
A manifold that only carries dry air
Catalyst
A material that causes or accelerates a chemical reaction without being consumed or altered in a chemical reaction.
Lean
A mixture in fuel ratios is ____ when there is to much air for the fuel. 17:1 ratio
Rich
A mixture in fuel ratios is said to be ______ when there is a abundance of fuel. 8:1 ratios
Intake air temperature (IAT) sensor
A sensor tells the ECM the air temp inside the intake manifold
Throttle Position Sensor (TPS)
A variable resistance sensor that sends the throttle plate position information to the powertrain control module (PCM)
Mechanical, electrical
AIR system uses a air pump and it can be _______ or ______.
Dye
Added to identify different fuels and grade of fuels
Detergents
Added to keep fuel systems clean.
Turbo charger
Diesel Engine does create vacuum in the intake manifold a variable displacement _____ ____ is used to create the pressure differential that pushes the exhaust gasses into the induction system
Output devices
Anything that is controlled by the ECM, such as fuel injectors, idle air control valves and fuel pumps
Water
As fuel burns the hydrogen and oxygen combine create_____
down-draft tube
Before the emissions laws these gasses were vented to the atmosphere through a ______ _____ _____
Quickly
Diesel deteriorated relatively ______ in storage
Atomization
Breaks down the fuel into small enough droplets to achive vapourization
Crankshaft Position Sensor
CKP
Camshaft Position Sensor
CMP
Emissions control device
Catalytic Converter is a _____ ____ ___
Stainless steel
Catalytic converters a made with ____ ____
Octane Improvers
Combustion control additives, that reduce the rate at which the fuel burns. Once used tetraethyl lead for this
Diesel Engines
Combustion ignition engines because the fuel is ignited by the heat created when compressing the air in the combustion chamber. Near TDC the fuel is sprayed directly into the combustion chamber where it burns.
High
Compressed gas is dangerous in _______ pressures
Feed Lines, injection tubes
Connected to the pump and then to the injectors
Storage
Consider safety and enviromental impacts. Must have fuel in proper _____
Monolith type
Converter has a honeycomb struction that is coated with the catalyst material
Divided
Diesel injection can be_____ into two halves that work together
Mechanical Injector
Don't open and close to meter the fuel. They provide a continuous spray. In the injector is a spring loaded plunger that will open in vbarying amounts when the fuel pressure is stronger than the springs force.
nitrogen
During normal combustion the ____ in the air does not take an active roll in the chemical process but if the temperatures are extremely high combine with high pressures the nitrogen combines with the oxygen to form oxides of nitrogen (NOx)
Electronic Fuel injection
EFI
exhaust-gas-recirculation system
EGR system
Poppet valve, butterfly valve
EGR valve on a diesel engine can be either a ____ _____ or a ___ ___ and is actuated electronically or pneumatically(air) by the ECM
control, input, output
Electronic fuel injection is made up of three subsystems
Sulpher dioxide
Fuel combined with oxygen creates_____- SO2
Octane Rating
Gas is given an octane rating which is a measurement of it's ability to resist burning. The higher of this rating the higher the tempurature needed to ignite the fuel
stroichiometric Ratios
Gas will only burn when it is mixed with the correct proportion of air. The chemically correct ratio is 14.7lbs of air to 1lbs of gas.
Impeller type
Has a electric motor that spins a turbine to move the gas. Pressure is prodced by these pumps.
Intake air temperature sensor
IAT
Internal Combustion Engine
ICE
Transducer
In EGR valves what vents the vacuum on the main diaphragm
Digital ECR valves
In the EGR system this valve has three solenoids, each with their own pintle.
Timing
Injects the fuel at correct moment for the proper operation
Rate
Injects the fuel over the proper duration of time to work effectively
Pellet, bead, monolith, or honeycomb
Insides of a catalytic converter has either a _______ aka_____ type or ____ aka________
Detonation
Is when the fuel in the combustion chamber self ignities from heat compression and collides with the flame front from the spark plug.
Mechanical Pumps
Mounted to the engine and driven by a eccentric that is on the camshaft. A rocker arm of it rides on the eccentric. The rocker arm is pushed down and it lifts the rubber diaphragm. A spring inside pushes the diaphragm back down. One way valves ensure the fuel can only move forward
PCV system
New engines use a ___ ___ to draw the gasses into the engine where they can be burnt.
Carbon monoxide
Not enough oxygen present during combustion is called? Can be fatal.
Carburated
On ______ cars, the next filter is located between the pump and carb. These filteres often used pleated paper elements.
Plastic; corrode
Perks of having a _____ fuel tank is because they don't _____
Metal deactivator
Prevents chemical reactions between different elements
Filler cap
Prevents fuel from spilling out and keep moisture and dirt from getting in.
Anti-icing agent
Prevents fuel in the system freezing up
Gasoline
Produced by refining crude oil which is roughly 12% hydrogen and 82% carbon
-42
Propane boils at ______
liquid
Propane in a tank is at what state of matter?
Steel
Propane tanks are made of
Rust & corrsion inhibtors
Protects metal parts of the fuel system
Injection Pump
Provides a metered amount of fuel at very high pressure that may exceed 20,000 PSI
Gas
Red jerry can is for ____
Antioxidants
Reduce deterioration of gas that sits in storage
Oxidizing catalysts
Reduce of Hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide are called ____ ____
Exhaust gas recirculation system
Reduce the amount of NOx in the gasses
Oxygen reduction catalysts
Reduction of nitrogen are called
Secondary filter
Removes impurities down to 5-10 microns
Diesel EGR System
Returning exhaust diesel gasses are run through a liquid to air heat exchanger to get the temperature down.
Cool, good
Rich mixture runs very ____ and _____ type of power
Pressure relief valve
Roller vane pumps have _____ _____ _____ that opens when there is blockage occuring in the system.
Barometric Pressure sensor
Some cars use a independent sensor while others take this reacking from a MAP sensor before start up and store this figure in the ECM.
Metering
Supplies the exact quanity of fuel needed or all conditions
False
T or F: do diesel engines have spark plugs?
Throttle body injection
TBI
Throttle Position Sensor
TPS
diluting the air/fuel mixture
The EGR system keeps the combustion temperature down by ____ ___ _____ ____ in the combustion chamber with inert exhaust gasses. The exhaust gasses also work as a heat sink.
Mass Air Flow sensor
Tells the ECM how much air is entering then engine. This sensor is located in the intake air ducting.
EGR Valve
The EGR system is made up of an ____ _____to circulate the gasses, an EGR control(mechanical, vacuum, electrical or electronic) and a passage way to get the echaust gasses back into the intake manifold
Regulator
The ____ is a steel housing that consists of an inlet port, a spring loaded diaphragm valve and a return port. The inlet and outlet are divided by the valve which opens and closes.
Primary filter
The ____ removed impurities down to about 30-40 microns
Compression ratios
The _____ ____ to develop this diesel heat are 20:1 or more compared to gas which is around 9:1
Pulse width
The amount of time the injector is open is called
heat
The chemical reaction in the catalytic converter creates
Cetane Rating
The cold starting ability of a diesel fuel.
Cools
The combustion chamber through the latent heat of vapourization
throttle body injection (TBI)
The first injection system widely used in North America. This is a simpler system than port injection. A speed/density method to calculate the correct air/fuel mixture
Mixer
The fuel and air are mixed they enter the intake manifold.
Top feed injectors
The fuel comes in from the top. This type of injector is used on port injection systems.
Bottom feed injectors
The fuel enters the injector through a port on the side og the injector. This sytle of injecto is used on throttle body injection. The injector fits into a pod in the throttle body.
Fuel injectors, injection nozzles
The fuel into the hot compressed air of the combustion chamber. To do this, the fuel pressure must be greater then the combustion chamber pressure.
Company Average Fuel Consumption (CAFC)
The rating set out by transport canada for fuel economy of a manufactures fleet of vehicles.
Rotary type pump
The second type of transfer pump. It is used with rotary injection pumps the transfer pump is an integral part of the injection pump.
Ball & Pintle Valve
The solenoid is attached to a ___ or _____ shaped valve and fits into a corresponding seat. The shape of the valve and nozzle is what gives the spray it's shape.
Flash Point
The temperature where the fuel gives off enough vapour to combust if there is a source of ignition
2 way converters
These converters have a catalyst that is a mixture of platinum and palladium. The calaysr in these converters adds oxygen to the reaction to help complete the oxidation process.
3 way converters
These converters have a catalyst that is a mixture of platinum and rhoadium. These converters separate the oxygen from the nirtogen, leaving two basic elements. -Consits of a reduction and an oxidzing section that work together
Heated Element
This element is placed in the airflow of the sensor
Carbon Canister
This is filled with porgus charcoal that is chemically treasted. The charcoal will readily absorb fuel vapours but liquid fuel will destroy the carcoal.
Camshaft Position Sensor
This sensor gives infomation about engine timing. this sensor is found by the camshaft itself otr the cam sprocket.
Knock sensor
This sensor senses the vibrations caused by detonation
Oxygen sensor
This sensor tells the ECM how much O2 is present in the exhaust gasses
Computerized CNG Fuel injection
This system uses a computer, injectors and sensors to deliver enough fuel to achieve the correct air/fuel mixture ratio.
Engine temperature sensor
This tells the ECM the temperature of the engine coolant. It is threaded into a water passage in the block or intake manifold
Primary and secondary
When two filters are being used they get marked with titles ______ and _____
Fuel lock
Where is a propane filter located
to prevent build ups of pressure from the vaporers
Why are fuel tanks vented?
Multi-port injection(MPFI)
With this injection, the fuel is inroduced into the intake manifold just before the intake valve. There is an injector for intake valve. There is an injectors for every cylinder. with this injection, there is a throttle body it is only an airvalve. Fuel rails run along the top of the engine and carry the gas to the injectors
350 PSI
Working pressure rating for a type 3 propane hose?
No
Y or N: Engines with lower compression ratios like produce more heat.
Diesel
Yellow Jerry can is for ____
PCV Valve
component that meters crankcase vapors into the intake manifold.
Idle Air Control (IAC) Valve
controls the amount of air allowed to bypass the closed throttle to keep the engine at proper idle speed.
Diesel
fuel that is in the same family as kerosene and jet fuel. More heat energy per gallon than gasoline (10%-12) like gas it has seasonal blends
Linear EGR Valve
on the EGR system this valve has a heavy duty solenoid to move one pintle. Have a inifted number of poistions, it can draw a straight line of gasses
Fuel pressure regulator
regulates pressure in the fuel rail according to intake manifold vacuum. excess fuel is bled to the fuel return line , where it is sent back to the fuel tank
lubricate
the part of the injection system and creates moisture
Fuel Lines
these are in the vehicle and are make of either soft steel or nylon plastic. They are mounted on the frame rails to keep them secure. Always measure the O.D. when measuring them.
Wet intake manifold
this manifold has air and gas carried in it
Bellows pump
this pump has metal bellows that is operated by a electric solenoid. The pumps are psuressure sensitibe so they can go fast, slow, or even stop depending on fuel requirements. They are also not common.
crankshaft position sensor (CKP)
this sensor tells the RPM of the nengine and maybe part of the harmonic balancer or in the block
Supply pumps
used to move fuel from the tank to the transfer pump
fuel filters
used to remember small particles from the fuel. This is important because it reduces wear and prevents blockage of the system.
Evaporative Emissions Control System (EVAP)
uses a carbon canister and a collection of hoses, tubes, and valves. This system captures and stores hydrocarbons from the fuel system
Thermal Vacuum switch
what is TVS? Hint was added that blocked or vented the vacuum when the engine was cold.
Closed Loop
when the O2 sensor has reached opertating temperature the ECM uses its input to modify the air/fuel mixture.
Preignition
when the gas in the combustion chamber is ignited by a hot spot in the cumbustion chamber before the spark plug ignites it
Frame
where are fuel tanks mounted?
Plunger type pump
with this type of pump a vacuum is created on the inlet side so a lift pump is not required.