Unit 3 Phys, Part 2 of Notes, Plasma Membrane Physiology
Facilitated diffusion
Specific type of transport process that requires a membrane bound carrier protein that assists in the transport.. Substance moves with or down its concentration gradient. Note; The greater the concentration difference between the sides of the membrane, the greater the rate of diffusion.
Kinetic energy
Term for a from of energy that a molecule or particle has because of its motion. It is primarily dependent on temperature.
Selectively permeable
Term for a membrane that allows some solute particles (molecules) to pass through but not others. Also called semipermeable and differentially permeable.
Pressure gradient
Term for the difference in pressure between the solutions on the two sides of the membrane
Glycocalyx
Term for the extensive network formed from the carbohydrate portions of glycolipids and glycoproteins.
Intracellular fluid
Term for the fluid inside cells
Filtrate
Term for the fluids and solutes that pass though the filter such as in the kidneys. Other substance do not make it though because they are to large.
Cristae
Term for the folds of the inner membrane in mitochondria
Osmotic pressure
Term for the pressure that needs to be applied to a solution to prevent osmosis - that is, stops the net flow of water across a semipermeable membrane.
Equilibrium
Term for when the movement of solutes continues until the solutes are evenly dispersed throughout the solution
Tonicity
Term that describes the behavior of a cell when placed into a solution; it refers to the ability of a solution outside the cell to change the shape or tone of a cell by altering the cell's internal water volume.
Hemolysis
Term that means bursting of red blood cells when they are placed in a hypotonic solution
Concentration gradient
Term used to describe a difference in concentrations.
Diffusion
Term used to describe the movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Note that this term does not involve a plasma membrane.
Osmolality
Term used to describe the number of solutes measured in osmoles (Osm) per kilogram of solvent (osmol/kg or Osm/kg).
Osmolarity
Term used to describe the the number solutes (particles) measured in osmoles per liter (L) of solution (osmol/L or Osm/L).
Plasma
The ECF in blood vessels is called ______________ or intravascular fluid
Lymph
The ECF in lymphatic vessels is called ___________________
Cytolysis
The bursting of cell due to osmosis is called: cytolysis turgor hypertonic crenation
Integral proteins
The category membrane protein that extends through the bilayer and are firmly imbedded (transmembrane proteins)
Lymph
The extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment includes the following fluids: 1) Interstitial (Intercellular) fluid, 2) Plasma, 3) _____________________, 4)Transcellular fluid.
Plasma
The extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment includes the following fluids: 1) Interstitial (Intercellular) fluid, 2), _____________ 3) Lymph, 4)Transcellular fluid.
Transcellular fluid
The extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment includes the following fluids: 1) Interstitial or Intercellular fluid, 2), Plasma 3) lymph, 4) _________________________.
Interstitial fluid
The extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment includes the following fluids: 1) ____________________ or Intercellular fluid, 2), Plasma, 3) Lymph, and 4) Transcellular fluid.
295 mOsm/L
The normal serum osmolarity for an adult patient is 275 mOsm/L to about ____________
275 mOsm/L
The normal serum osmolarity for an adult patient is ________________ to about 295 mOsm/L
Cell membrane
The part of the cell that is most important in maintaining homeostasis with the cell's environment is the: Nucleus Cytoplasm Rough ER Cell membrane
Facilitated diffusion
The passive movement of glucose through a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, with the help of an integral protein, is known as what type of diffusion?
Turgor
The pressure that builds up in plant cells due to osmosis and the strength of the cell walls is called: cytolysis turgor hypertonic crenation
Filtration
The process involving the movement of fluid through a partition (such as a selectively permeable membrane) containing small holes that permits the fluid to pass through but retains the solid particles. The rate that solute molecules are filtered depends on: -Their size -The force of hydrostatic pressure or gravity -The rate at which water passes thru the membrane.
Simple diffusion
The process that describes the net movement of molecules or ions from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration across a plasma membrane.
ATP
The source of energy used for active transport
Oncotic pressure
The specific term for the osmotic pressure exerted by proteins in the plasma. Note: This pressure increases along the length of the capillary because the filtering fluid leaves behind proteins leading to an increase in protein concentration.
Receptor mediated endocytosis
This process is similar to pinocytosis; however, it is a highly specific process in which cells can take up specific molecules or particles
3
Three moles of C6H12O6 in a 1-Liter solution= ____ Osm/L
6
Three moles of NaCl in a 1-L solution = _______ Osm/L
Primary active transport
Transport process that requires the direct hydrolysis of ATP for the function of the transport proteins to move the substance.
Secondary active transport
Transport process where the energy needed for the "uphill" movement of a molecule or ion against its concentration gradient is obtained from the "downhill" diffusion or transport of Na+ into the cell. - ATP is not directly involved.
True
True or False: Adipose (fat) tissue is the one of the least hydrated tissue in the body (~15% water).
True
True or False: The water weight percentages can vary based on sex, age, mass and body fat percentage.
True
True or False: When the process of diffusion across a cell's membrane reaches an equilibrium state the molecules continue to move across the membrane but in equal amounts
Cotransport carriers
Type of carrier proteins that move more than one kind of substrate (ion or molecule) at a time across the cell membrane.
Uniport carriers
Type of carrier proteins that move only one kind of substrate (ions or molecules) across the cell membrane.
Antiport
Type of cotransport mechanism that move substrates in opposite directions
Symport
Type of cotransport mechanism that move two or more substrates in the same direction across the membrane.
Hypertonic
Type of solution that has a higher solute concentration (thus, lower water concentration) than inside the cell
Hypotonic
Type of solution that has a lower solute concentration (thus, higher water concentration) than inside the cell.
Isotonic
Type of solution that has the same concentration as the cell. Water moves into and out of the cell at the same rate - there is no net movement of water (state of equilibrium).
Hypotonic
Type of solution where water moves into the cell by osmosis causing it to swell and possibly burst (process called lysis)
Hypertonic
Type of solution where water moves out of the cell causing it to shrink (process called crenation)
Active transport
Vesicular transport processes such as phagocytosis, endocytosis, pinocytosis, and exocytosis are all forms of ___________________ (active transport or passive transport) processes.
70%
Water content of infants is about what percent of their body weight?
Their blood cells would swell/burst.
What would happen if you gave a patient an IV of pure water? Their blood cells would shrink. Their blood cells would swell/burst. The patient would slowly become rehydrated. You would be promoted for great medical care.
Non ionic compounds
______________________ (Ionic compounds or Non ionic compounds do not dissociate, thus for each mole of solute you get 1 osmole of solute. For example, 1 mole of glucose equals 1 osmole.
Osmotically active
Osmolarity is similar to molarity, except that it is a measure of the number of _______________________ particles (ions or molecules) per liter (L) of solution. Osmotically active particles contribute to the osmotic pressure of a solution.
Phagocytosis
Process of cellular ingestion of large substances by endocytosis
Exocytosis
Process of secretion of nueortransmitter from neurons, hormones from endocrine cells
0.09%
Red blood cells contain 0.9% salt. Which of the following solutions would be hypotonic to the blood? 9% 0.9% 0.09% 1.9%
False
(True or False) A 1.9% NaCl solution is hypotonic to a hepatocyte (liver cell).
True
(True or False) Active transport is a process by which substances are transported across a plasma membrane from an area of their lower concentration to an area of their higher concentration.
False
(True or False) Human red blood cells (RBCs) contain intracellular fluid that is osmotically similar to 0.8% NaCl
False
(True or False) If RBCs are surrounded by a hypertonic solution, water will tend to move into the cells, could cause them to crenate
Mole
A unit of measurement that equals 6.02 x 10 to the 23 particles (atoms, molecules, ions or electrons)
Extracellular fluid
About 1/3 of the water in the body is outside your cells so we call it _____________________and can be divided into mainly interstitial fluid and plasma along with small amounts in lymph and transcellular fluid.
Intracellular fluid
About 2/3 of the water in the body is found within your cells and referred to as _________________
Albumins
About 70% of the oncotic pressure is generated by what type of proteins?
60%
About what percent of the human body of a lean adult male (20 to 40 yrs) is water?
ATP
Active transport is a way for molecules to move across the plasma membrane. When active transport is used to move molecules, which of the following is required? Concentration gradient ATP Very small molecules Osmosis
Microvilli
Are fingerlike projections that are part of the outer (apical) membrane surface - function to increase surface area of the cell membrane
Hypotonic / hypertonic
Carrot sticks that are left in a dish of freshwater for several hours become stiff and hard. Similar sticks left in a saltwater solution become limp and soft. From this we can deduce that the freshwater is ______ and the saltwater is ________ to the cells of the carrot sticks. Hypotonic / hypotonic Hypotonic / hypertonic Hypertonic / hypotonic Hypertonic / hypertonic
Peripheral proteins
Category of membrane protein that remain on the inner or outer surfaces of the cell membrane.
Fluid Mosaic Mode
Depicts the plasma membrane as a mosaic of inserted protein molecules drifting in a phospholipid bilayer that is in a fluid-like state.
Osmosis is similar to simple diffusion in that it's a passive process and moves solutes. Osmosis is different from simple diffusion because it's the movement of water rather than solutes.
Describe one way in which osmosis is similar to simple diffusion and one way in which it is different.
Particle color
Diffusion is when molecules of a substance move from a higher concentration to a lower concentration. Which of the following factors do NOT affect the rate of diffusion? Particle color Particle size Temperature Concentration gradient
Transcellular fluid
ECF contained within epithelial lined spaces such as cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, intraocular (eye) fluid, serious fluid (pericardial, pleural, peritoneal), gastrointestinal secretions is called _____________
Water chases or follows solutes can be explained to mean that water diffuses towards a higher concentration of solutes - it is where there is less water concentration. Thus, where there is higher solute concentration there is less water concentration and water diffuses down its concentration gradient though a semipermeable membrane is a process called osmosis.
Explain the statement, "Water chases or follows solutes."
1/3
Extracellular fluid makes up about how much of total body water? Give answer as a fraction.
Passive transport
General term for the transport process that is driven by concentration or pressure differences between the interior and exterior of the cell. Examples include diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration
Active transport
General term for the transport process the cell provides energy (ATP) to power transport. Examples include primary, secondary, and vesicular transport.
Increase
If blood pressure in the kidneys or capillaries increases then the rate of filtration will _____________________ (decrease or increase)
Diffusion
If someone sitting at the other end of a restaurant smokes a cigarette, you may still breathe in some of the smoke. The movement of smoke through the air of the restaurant is an example of what type of transport? Osmosis Diffusion Facilitated diffusion Active transport
Crenate
In an attempt to replenish the body fluids, a patient (who has had serious hemorrhage) accidentally receives a large transfusion of 2% saline directly into one of his veins. This would probably have serious, perhaps fatal effects because the red blood cells would tend to ____________________________ (crenate, lyse, or turn purple)
Equilibrium
In both simple and facilitated diffusion, the substance being transported moves down the concentration gradient of the substance (from a regions of its higher concentration to a region of its lower concentration). The movement of solutes continues until the solutes are evenly dispersed throughout the solution. At this point, we say the solution has reached ____________________
Kinetic energy
In diffusion, the molecules or ions diffuse from an area of higher concentration to an area of lowers concentration. However, the driving force of this movement of particles is the _____________________ of the molecules or ions in motion.
Osmolality
In physiology and medicine _______________ and osmolarity are used to measure the solute concentration of body fluids (plasma and urine). They are technically different but because of the relative small solute concentrations measured in the body they are functionally the same and can be used interchangeably
Osmolarity
In physiology and medicine osmolality and ________________________ are used to measure the solute concentration of body fluids (plasma and urine). They are technically different but because of the relative small solute concentrations measured in the body they are functionally the same and can be used interchangeably.
Hydrostatic pressure
In the body, the rate of filtration is dependent on the pressure gradient generated by ________________________
Intracellular compartment
In the body, water is distributed in two main fluid compartments that include the ______________________and extracellular compartments
2/3
Intracellular fluid makes up about how much of total body water? Give answer as a fraction.
Against
Like facilitated diffusion, active transport uses a membrane-bound carrier protein. Active transport differs from facilitated diffusion because the solutes move ______________________ (with or against) their concentration gradient and because ATP is used to power the transport.
Pinocytosis
Means "cell drinking"
Sodium potassium pump
Name of the primary active transport pump that moves Na+ and K+ in opposite directions across cellular membranes. Pumps 3 Na+ move out of the cell for every 2 K+ that move into the cell.
Osmosis
Name of the process by which water diffuses from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration though a semipermeable membrane until the two areas have an equal ratio of solute to water.
Osmosis
Name of the process in which there is a net movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.
Osmosis
Net movement of water from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane
20%
Normal body water content can be described using the 60-40-20 Rule where ___________ represents the percent of extracellular fluids
40%
Normal body water content can be described using the 60-40-20 Rule where ___________ represents the percent of intracellular fluid
60%
Normal body water content can be described using the 60-40-20 Rule where ___________ represents the percent of total body water
