Unit 3 Psych Test

The table depicts the number of points a basketball player earns per game wearing certain colored socks. Game # Color of socks Number of points Game #1 Blue 8 Game #2 Green 13 Game #3 Green 14 Game #4 Blue 4 Game #5 Green 12 A player tracks the number of points he earns per game for five games wearing different colors of his team socks. After the data is gathered, he develops a superstition and always wears green socks. What is the mean number of points earned when wearing green socks?

13

Four-year-old Moesha screams and cries because she wants a candy bar. When her father, Bill, finally gives in and buys her the candy, she stops screaming. Bill tells the grocery clerk it will always be worth paying for candy to get Moesha to stop screaming. Bill's act of buying the candy is

negatively reinforced

A baby looks under the sofa for a ball that has just rolled underneath it. According to Jean Piaget, the baby's action shows development of

object permanence

Eleven-month-old Jason drops a toy from his crib. He immediately looks over the side of the crib to search for the toy. Jason's behavior demonstrates that he has acquired

object permanence

Two-year-old Jia tells her grandmother that she "sweeped" the floor yesterday. The scenario illustrates that children

overgeneralize the use of grammatical rules

A disadvantage of longitudinal studies is that

participants who drop out during the course of the study may be different in important ways from ones who do not drop out

Barney is a somewhat distractible second-grade student who finds schoolwork a bit boring. After a couple of minutes of working silently, Barney often starts to misbehave until his teacher, Ms. Skinner, calls his name and scolds him. However, he enjoys this attention from her and continues to misbehave. With respect to Barney's misbehavior, Ms. Skinner's attention serves as

positive reinforcement

Dr. Walsh gathers data on the number of teratogens pregnant women were exposed to in a large city and the number of weeks at which their babies were delivered. The correlation between the two measures obtained in this study would be graphically represented as which of the following?

scatterplot

Gender stereotypes are developed as a result of

societal norms and other environmental factors

Jane often walked with her baby, Chloe, past a construction site. Near the site, a bright light followed by a loud sound would occur that would frighten Chloe, and she would cry. Soon Chloe would cry even if the light was not followed by the loud noise. Eventually Chloe began to cry when she saw flashing lights at the supermarket as well. This pattern of behavior reflects

stimulus generalization

A newborn child is irritable, intense, and unpredictable. A developmental psychologist describes this child as difficult. This categorization is most likely referring to

temperament

Which of the following scenarios best describes what a psychologist who applies the psychosocial theory of development would think someone might experience in early adulthood?

Mohammed has dated a few people but has not been very successful, so he has decided to give up on dating.

Sexual orientation is most likely developed as a result of

a combination of genetics, prenatal hormones, and social influences

A cancer patient becomes nauseated following chemotherapy treatments. After a few treatments, the patient begins having a sick feeling whenever entering the treatment room. The treatment room has become

a conditioned stimulus

Melissa reads in a parenting magazine that the average age at which children first walk on their own is twelve months old, and most children walk within the range of nine to seventeen months old. The article is discussing the concept of

developmental norms

Deandra creates a detailed mental image of the spatial layout of the biology lab where she will take her final exams. The mental image of the spatial layout is called which of the following?

Cognitive map

Researchers gathered information on the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in children under the age of six years from a randomly selected sample from a large nation. One type of data collected involved parents reporting about special health care needs of their children such as whether they had emotional, behavioral, or developmental delays. Children with no or low ACEs were less likely to experience developmental difficulties. Which of the following research methodologies was used in this study?

Correlational

The next question(s) are based on this scenario: A researcher randomly assigned boys and girls to each of two groups. One group watched a violent television program while the other group watched a nonviolent program. The children were then observed during a period of free play, and the incidence of aggressive behavior was recorded for each group. Question This research method is best characterized as

experimental

Seven-year-old Maria helps her mother wash the dishes, while her nine-year-old-brother helps their father with the yard work. This involvement of the children in helping activities directly illustrates the process of

gender-role development

Ahmet is allergic to dogs. While in the toy store he sees a stuffed toy dog and has an allergic reaction. Ahmet's reaction to the toy best demonstrates the process of

generalization

A 40-year-old man and his 7-year-old son move to a country where they have to learn a new language. Compared with his son, the 40-year-old man will

have more difficulty learning to produce phonemes that do not exist in his native language

Crystal has three children she loves and cares for very much. Denise has two children that she neglects. Crystal's children are very friendly and talk to people more often than Denise's children. Which of the following is the likely result of the children's attachment to their mothers?

Crystal's children will have better socialization skills.

A child's sex is genetically determined by the

Father

Larry wants to be more open to new experiences. According to a behaviorist, how could he teach himself to be more open

Give himself a reward every time he convinces himself to participate in a new experience.

Four-year-old Scott fell down the stairs at his grandmother's house. Although he was not badly hurt, he was very frightened. Now, whenever his parents mention visiting his grandmother's house, he feels anxious and fearful. In classical conditioning terms, what are the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the scenario, respectively?

Grandmother's house; falling

Jean Piaget formulated his theory of cognitive development by observing his own children at play. What is a valid criticism of the case study approach that Jean Piaget used to collect research data to originate his cognitive development theory?

His observations may have been biased due to his relationship with the participants.

In an effort to demonstrate that phobias were the result of environmental conditioning rather than mental processes, a researcher conditioned an 8-month-old child named Albert to have an intense fear of a white fluffy rat. While the result supported the researcher's behaviorist viewpoint, which of the following reasons explains why this research would not be allowed today?

It created too much stress for the participant, which violates the code of ethics for psychological research.

Question Dr. Grant is a developmental researcher at a large university who studies the effect of macrosystem variables on individual behavior. She insists that her students use clear operational definitions of the variables they are investigating. Why would Dr. Grant insist that her students do this?

To ensure that the study can be accurately replicated

The next question(s) are based on this scenario: A researcher randomly assigned boys and girls to each of two groups. One group watched a violent television program while the other group watched a nonviolent program. The children were then observed during a period of free play, and the incidence of aggressive behavior was recorded for each group. Question What is the independent variable in this study?

Type of television program viewed

Which of the following aspects of classical conditioning is demonstrated by Quadrant 1 in the figure?

Unconditioned response to an unconditioned stimulus.

Andi's best friend always screamed when she was in high places, and now Andi also screams when she is in high places. Which of the following theorists would say that Andi screams because she saw her friend scream?

Albert Bandura

Sarah is the mother of an eight-month-old boy named Connor. Connor has been struggling to sit up on his own without assistance. While visiting a friend, Sarah noticed that her friend's five-month-old daughter was sitting up with ease. Which of the following explanations would a developmental psychologist generally offer to Sarah?

Although sitting upright with no assistance is a major milestone, many babies will develop within a range of ages.

A dog retrieves the newspaper every day because in the past it received a food reward for this behavior. The dog's behavior is an example of which of the following?

An operant response

Alexandra wants to test her new baby's rooting reflex. To elicit the appropriate response, Alexandra will have to do which of the following?

Stroke her baby's cheek

Researchers tested infants whose first language was either English or Hindi. The researchers assessed the ability of these infants to distinguish between the /ta/ versus /Ta/ sounds in Hindi at various ages. The difference in these sounds is indistinguishable to adults who speak English only. The results of this study suggest that the ability to distinguish sounds in a language other than a person's first language decreases with age. Which of the following concepts best describes the formal language acquisition stage of the six-to-eight-month-old infants in the study?

Babbling

Which of the following is an example of a stage of language development that occurs before a child can speak words?

Babbling

Researchers are investigating the effects of a 20-minute antibullying video on adolescent helping behavior. Fifty-seven eighth-grade students from a middle school are participating. Question What conclusion can be drawn from the graph?

Both male students and female students showed an increase in helping behaviors after watching the video.

Diego's new puppy Agatha has developed the annoying habit of begging for food when people are eating. Using operant conditioning, which of the following would be the most effective technique for Diego to use to get Agatha to stop begging for food?

Diego should consistently ignore Agatha when she begs.

Which of the following statements explains why it is difficult to experiment with human development? Responses

Direct long-term manipulation of a child's environment would be unethical.

A child reading a book points to a picture on the page and calls to his mother in another room and says, "Mommy, who's in this picture?" He expects that she will know what he is pointing at, even though she cannot see it. Which of the following concepts is illustrated in this example?

Egocentrism

In the psychosocial theory of development, which of the following best illustrates his notion of the struggle between intimacy and isolation?

Nisha just graduated from college and is worried about balancing their new career and a committed relationship.

Egocentrism, animism, and artificialism are characteristic of which of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

Preoperational

Researchers at a local hospital are interested in whether teenagers who use internet-connected devices are more depressed than those who do not. In developmental psychology, one advantage of doing this research as a cross-sectional study over using longitudinal methods is that cross-sectional research does which of the following?

Requires comparatively little time.

Research indicates that a toddler with a secure attachment style is most likely to do which of the following when left with a caregiver, such as a babysitter, for the first time?

Show distress when left, calm down and play, and run to the mother when she returns

If various cultures expect students to master more than one language in school, which of the following courses of action are supported by the evidence presented in the graph?

Students should be introduced to the second language as soon as they start going to school.

Which of the following studies demonstrates a cross-sectional research design?

Testing first, third, and fifth graders at the beginning of the school year

Using the information presented in the graph, what is most likely the reason for the fall in the strength of the conditioned response in trials 16-20?

The CS and US are no longer being paired together.

Research on a critical period during the acquisition of second languages indicates that which of the following statements is true?

The older an individual is, the more difficulty he or she will have with second-language pronunciation.

Researchers tested infants whose first language was either English or Hindi. The researchers assessed the ability of these infants to distinguish between the /ta/ versus /Ta/ sounds in Hindi at various ages. The difference in these sounds is indistinguishable to adults who speak English only. The results of this study suggest that the ability to distinguish sounds in a language other than a person's first language decreases with age. Which of the following factors best represents an operational definition of the dependent variable?

The percentage of infants capable of distinguishing between the /ta/ and /Ta/ sounds

Researchers proposed a study on language acquisition to see if exposing 10-month-old babies to phonemes outside of their primary language had an impact on the child's fluency in their primary language. One hundred babies are randomly assigned to one of two conditions. In one condition babies would only be exposed to phonemes of their primary language for one hour per day over the course of six months. The other group would be exposed to phonemes from several different languages for one hour per day over the course of six months. The researchers hoped to explore whether exposure to phonemes from several different languages helped or impeded language development. Which of the following concerns would an IRB likely have about this study?

The procedure could potentially cause harm to the babies by interfering with their language development.