Unit 3 Retake

Researchers are investigating the effects of a 20-minute antibullying video on adolescent helping behavior. Fifty-seven eighth-grade students from a middle school are participating. What conclusion can be drawn from the graph?

Both male students and female students showed an increase in helping behaviors after watching the video.

In what important way does research on taste aversion conducted by John Garcia and Robert Koelling demonstrate how biology can strongly influence classical conditioning

By showing that some associations between unconditioned and conditioned stimuli are more easily learned than others

to stop his uncle's constant requests, Jimmy takes out the garbage. This makes him more likely to take out the garbage in the future. Jimmy's behavior is being controlled by which of the following types of reinforcement?

Negative

Madeline wants her son to be well-behaved when they go to church. For every five minutes he sits still, she gives him a piece of candy. What type of learning is Madeline employing?

Operant conditioning

Based on the data presented in the table, which consequence was used by the training staff for dog #2?

Reinforcement

Dalton developed a phobia of dogs after watching his older cousin act fearfully when he interacted with dogs in their neighborhood. Which of the following best explains why Dalton developed his phobia of dogs?

Social learning theory, because Dalton learned from observing his cousin's behavior toward dogs.

Researchers are investigating the effects of a 20-minute antibullying video on adolescent helping behavior. Fifty-seven eighth-grade students from a middle school are participating. Based on the information presented, which of the following is the dependent variable in the study? Responses

The number of helping behaviors

Which of the following statements most accurately describes why this study is an experiment?

The participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups.

A four-year-old child frequently pulled on the dog's tail to gain attention. To reduce this undesirable behavior, the parent took away one hour of television viewing every time the child pulled the dog's tail. Within one week, the undesirable behavior was significantly reduced. The above scenario illustrates

negative punishment

Elizabeth picks up the clothes from her bedroom floor and puts them away to avoid her mother's repeated nagging. Elizabeth's behavior is being influenced by

negative reinforcement

Suzie screamed at her little brother, and her mother yelled, "We do not yell in this house!" Suzie continues to yell at her brother despite her mother reprimanding her. Suzie's behavior is best explained by

observational learning

Barney is a somewhat distractible second-grade student who finds schoolwork a bit boring. After a couple of minutes of working silently, Barney often starts to misbehave until his teacher, Ms. Skinner, calls his name and scolds him. However, he enjoys this attention from her and continues to misbehave. With respect to Barney's misbehavior, Ms. Skinner's attention serves as

positive reinforcement

Money most often modifies people's behavior because it is powerful

secondary reinforcer

Raul wants to teach his daughter Sonia to tie her shoes. First he praises her when she manipulates her shoelaces in any way. Then he praises her when she makes a simple knot. Once she does that consistently, he praises her only when she makes the knot and a loop. He continues the pattern until she can do all the steps required to tie her shoes. Raul's actions are an example of which of the following techniques?

shaping

The first time four-year-old Savannah attempted to make her bed, her father praised her for covering the pillow with a blanket. After a few times, her father began praising Savannah for covering the pillow and tucking in the corners of the sheet. Finally, Savannah's father praised her when she covered the pillow, tucked in the corners of the sheet, and smoothed the blanket. The process described in this scenario is known as

shaping

The technique of strengthening behavior by reinforcing successive approximations is called

shaping

Being able to perform a complex action after watching another person perform it is an example of which of the following types of learning?

social

The terms "modeling" and "imitation" are most closely associated with which of the following?

social learning theory

A slot machine is an example of which schedule of reinforcement?

Variable Ratio (VR)

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

When Katy receives poor grades on her report card, her father takes away her cell phone. Then Katy's grades start to improve.

Which of the following operant conditioning concepts is an example of positive punishment?

While driving through the state of Mississippi, Lance was stopped for speeding and had to pay an expensive speeding ticket. As a result, he no longer goes over the speed limit when driving in Mississippi.

When the fire alarm sounded in the middle of the night, Ada woke up and made her way from her bedroom, down the stairs, and out the front door in the dark. Ada's ability to navigate her way through the dark house is an example of using

a cognitive map

It is easier to condition individuals to be afraid of snakes than of electrical outlets because of a phenomenon called

biological preparedness

In experiments in classical conditioning, the dog's salivation to food and a tone was considered which of the following?

both an unconditioned and a conditioned response

Deandra creates a detailed mental image of the spatial layout of the biology lab where she will take her final exams. The mental image of the spatial layout is called which of the following?

cognitive map

Behavioral psychologists argue that responses that lead to satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated, and that responses followed by unpleasant outcomes are less likely to be repeated. This became known as the law of which of the following?

effect

Ahmet is allergic to dogs. While in the toy store, he sees a stuffed toy dog and has an allergic reaction. Ahmet's reaction to the toy best demonstrates the process of

generalization

After years of watching their mother drive a car, Rowan knows how to start the car when sitting in the driver's seat for the first time. Which of the following types of learning best explains how Rowan acquired this new behavior?

insight learning

In a Variable Interval (VI) schedule, the reinforcement is provided:

After a variable amount of time has passed

A player tracks the number of points he earns per game for five games wearing different colors of his team socks. After the data is gathered, he develops a superstition and always wears green socks. What is the mean number of points earned when wearing green socks?

13

Elementary-school students were reinforced with stickers every Monday and Friday for turning in their homework on time. These stickers could later be used to purchase candy and toys from the school store. Using the data presented in the table, what is the mode for the students who received a sticker on Friday?

13

Which of the following is an example of observational learning?

A child learns to tie their shoes after watching a parent tie theirs.

Which of the following scenarios is an example of instinctive drift?

A dog learns to return a ball while playing fetch for the reward of praise. Eventually, the dog starts to chew and play with the ball, which is an innate tendency, instead of returning it, which is learned.

Hector makes over half of the free throws he attempts in basketball games. During games, he taps his foot three times before attempting each free throw because he thinks it brings him good luck and that he would miss the shot without it. According to a behaviorist, this behavior is an example of which of the following?

A superstitious behavior accidentally associated with successfully shooting free throws

In Bandura's famous "Bobo doll" experiment, children who observed an adult behaving aggressively toward the doll were more likely to:

Act aggressively toward the doll

Andi's best friend always screamed when she was in high places, and now Andi also screams when she is in high places. Which of the following theorists would say that Andi screams because she saw her friend scream?

Albert Bandura

A dog retrieves the newspaper every day because in the past it received a food reward for this behavior. The dog's behavior is an example of which of the following?

An operant response

Which of the following psychological perspectives is linked most closely to the research presented in the study?

Behavioral

Which of the following statements best describes the role of biological processes in classical conditioning?

Certain species are biologically predisposed to learn particular associations that enhance their survival.

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the difference between classical and operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning involves the formation of associations between two stimuli, whereas operant conditioning involves the formation of associations between responses and their consequences.

Diego's new puppy Agatha has developed the annoying habit of begging for food when people are eating. Using operant conditioning, which of the following would be the most effective technique for Diego to use to get Agatha to stop begging for food?

Diego should consistently ignore Agatha when she begs

A student receives a sticker after answering 5 math problems correctly, regardless of how long it takes. This is an example of which schedule of reinforcement?

Fixed Ratio (FR)

Four-year-old Scott fell down the stairs at his grandmother's house. Although he was not badly hurt, he was very frightened. Now, whenever his parents mention visiting his grandmother's house, he feels anxious and fearful. In classical conditioning terms, what are the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the scenario, respectively?

Grandmother's house; falling

In an effort to demonstrate that phobias were the result of environmental conditioning rather than mental processes, a researcher conditioned an 8-month-old child named Albert to have an intense fear of a white fluffy rat. While the result supported the researcher's behaviorist viewpoint, which of the following reasons explains why this research would not be allowed today?

It created too much stress for the participant, which violates the code of ethics for psychological research.

In a study, rats were randomly assigned to two groups, group A or group B. Group A received no food reward for completing a maze initially, but was allowed to explore the maze. Group B was given food rewards for completing the maze during the exploration phase. Later, when given food rewards for completing the maze, the rats from group A completed the maze as quickly as the rats from group B. Which of the following terms best explains the performance of the rats in group A?

Latent learning