Unit 3 test: AP Gov

To enforce the Fourteenth Amendment more clearly, Congress passed the

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Justices on the Supreme Court take seriously their duty to interpret laws and the Constitution as fairly and accurately as possible. Despite this, explain how sharp disagreements can occur on the Supreme Court about how race can be used in school assignment plans.

Judges on the Supreme Court have the responsibility to interpret both the laws and the United States Constitution. However, how to interpret those laws is influenced by a judge's ideological leanings and that judge's judicial philosophy. For example, ideological points of view differ, particularly regarding how best to address racial inequalities in schools. Liberal judges are more likely to favor an active role for the government to address segregated school districts. Conservative judges are more likely to limit the role of the government and take a race-neutral approach to interpreting the Fourteenth Amendment.

Which of the following scenarios best explains the inclusion of Title IX as part of the Education Amendments of 1972 ?

Members of Congress added the amendment to the bill in response to social movements seeking to address inequality in education for women.

In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the Supreme Court established which of the following principles?

Separation of students by race, even in equally good schools, is unconstitutional.

Identify a common constitutional principle used to make a ruling in both McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) and Arizona v. United States (2012).

Supremacy clause

The United States Supreme Court has used which of the following to incorporate the Bill of Rights into state law?

The Fourteenth Amendment

The United States Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was based on which of the following?

The Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of equal protection

Which of the following is most likely responsible for the increase in the number of southern African American state legislators between 1960 and 1992 as shown in the graph?

The Voting Rights Act of 1965

The clause of the United States Constitution that was used in the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) was

The equal protection clause

Identify the clause of the Fourteenth Amendment that is most relevant to Brown v. Board of Education (1954) and Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle (2007).

The equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Which of the following statements presents the most important limitation of the data in the graph?

There is no information about the total number of state legislators.

In which of the following situations would the Supreme Court be most likely to utilize the doctrine of selective incorporation?

When an individual claims that a right protected by the Bill of Rights is infringed upon by a state

The Supreme Court addressed the admissions policy of the University of Michigan Law School in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003). Justice Sandra Day O'Connor wrote for the court, "in the context of its individualized inquiry into the possible diversity contributions of all applicants, the Law School's race-conscious admissions program does not unduly harm nonminority applicants." The primary issue of controversy in the Grutter v. Bollinger decision involves

affirmative action

According to the data, both gun owners and non-gun owners

chose freedom of speech as most crucial to their own liberty

The Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution, the Equal Rights Amendment, and Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 were all directed toward the goal of

equality for women

The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to

make most rights contained in the Bill of Rights applicable to the states

Jim Crow laws, still in place in the early 1960s in the South, were outlawed by the

passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act

Explain an action that Congress could take to respond to the Arizona v. United States decision if it disagreed with the decision.

· If Congress disagreed with the Court's decision, it could pass a national law that restricted immigration in a similar way that the Arizona law did. · Congress could pass a constitutional amendment allowing states greater authority to regulate immigration.

"...If we resort to violence then one of two things will happen: either the violence will be escalated and there will be many injuries and perhaps deaths on both sides, or there will be total demoralization of the workers. Nonviolence has exactly the opposite effect. If, for every violent act committed against us, we respond with nonviolence, we attract people's support. We can gather the support of millions who have a conscience and would rather see a nonviolent resolution to problems. We are convinced that when people are faced with a direct appeal from the poor struggling nonviolently against great odds, they will react positively. The American people and people everywhere still yearn for justice. It is to that yearning that we appeal. ...When victory comes through violence, it is a victory with strings attached. If we beat the growers at the expense of violence, victory would come at the expense of injury and perhaps death. Such a thing would have a tremendous impact on us. We would lose regard for human beings. Then the struggle would become a mechanical thing. When you lose your sense of life and justice, you lose your strength...." César Chávez, "He Showed Us the Way," 1978 Which of the following is a similarity between the views expressed in the excerpt above and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "Letter from Birmingham Jail"?

Both César Chávez and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. argued for the continued use of nonviolence to further their causes.

Writing for the court in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978), a case weighing whether race can be considered in college admissions, Justice Lewis Powell wrote: "Preferring members of any one group for no reason other than race or ethnic origin is discrimination for its own sake. This the Constitution forbids. . . . The . . . goal asserted by petitioner is the attainment of a diverse student body. This clearly is a constitutionally permissible goal for an institution of higher education. . . . The freedom of a university to make its own judgments as to education includes the selection of its student body." According to the quote, what is the likely effect of the Court's ruling in the Bakke case?

Colleges can consider race but cannot use strict racial quotas in admission practices.

Explain how the facts of McCulloch v. Maryland and the facts of Arizona v. United States led to a similar holding in both cases.

In McCulloch, the Court found that necessary and proper clause permits the federal government to pass any laws "necessary and proper" for its execution of its powers, including establishing a bank. It also found that "the power to tax was the power to destroy," and thus, Maryland's tax violated the supremacy clause. In Arizona, the state sought to pass a law about immigration enforcement that would undermine the federal government's constitutional right to regulate and enforce immigration policy. The Court ruled in favor of the federal government's power to interpret immigration policy under the supremacy clause.

Explain the similarity in the facts between Brown v. Board of Education and Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle that led to similar holdings in both cases.

In Seattle, race was being used to integrate the schools and bring the races together; whereas in the Brown decision, race was being used to exclude Black children from White schools. The Supreme Court ruled in both cases that public schools should not use race as a determining factor for assigning students to schools, even though the intentions of the policy makers were different.

It ought to be possible, in short, for every American to enjoy the privileges of being American without regard to his race or his color. In short, every American ought to have the right to be treated as he would wish to be treated, as one would wish his children to be treated. But this is not the case. The Negro baby born in America today, regardless of the section of the Nation in which he is born, has about one-half as much chance of completing a high school as a white baby born in the same place on the same day, one-third as much chance of completing college, one-third as much chance of becoming a professional man, twice as much chance of becoming unemployed, about one-seventh as much chance of earning $10,000 a year, a life expectancy which is 7 years shorter, and the prospects of earning only half as much. This is not a sectional issue. Difficulties over segregation and discrimination exist in every city, in every State of the Union, producing in many cities a rising tide of discontent that threatens the public safety. Nor is this a partisan issue. In a time of domestic crisis men of good will and generosity should be able to unite regardless of party or politics. President John F. Kennedy, Report to the American People on Civil Rights, June 11, 1963 Which of the following expresses the most significant political concern in the passage?

Increased awareness of citizen inequalities that need to be addressed

"We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights governments are instituted, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. Whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of those who suffer from it to refuse allegiance to it, and to insist upon the institution of a new government . . ." ". . . Such has been the patient sufferance of the women under this government, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to demand the equal station to which they are entitled. The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise. He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice. He has withheld from her rights which are given to the most ignorant and degraded men. . . . Having deprived her of this first right of a citizen, the elective franchise, thereby leaving her without representation in the halls of legislation, he has oppressed her on all sides. He has made her, if married, in the eye of the law, civilly dead. He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns." Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Seneca Falls Convention, 1848 Which of the following best captures a portion of the author's argument?

The government has made women subservient by denying them the right to vote.