Unit 4

21. Annual % growth rate equation

(births= immigrants)- (deaths=emigrants)/ total population * 100

22. % change equation

(new-original)/original * 100

91. What are the major advantages and disadvantages of motor vehicles?

Advantages: promotes urban sprawl, provide mobility and comfort way of transportation Disadvantages: motor accidents, outdoor air pollution, traffic congestion,

42. response

Amount of health damage caused by exposure to a certain dose of a harmful substance or form of radiation. See dose, dose-response curve, median lethal dose.

102. Describe the eco-city model and how it applies the principles of sustainability.

An eco-city is a city built from the principles of living within environment means. The ultimate goal of many eco-cities is to eliminate all carbon waste (zero-carbon city), to produce energy entirely through renewable resources, and to merge the city harmoniously with the natural environment; however, eco-cities also have the intentions of stimulating economic growth, reducing poverty, using higher population densities, and therefore obtaining higher efficiency, and improving health

53. Distinguish among bacteria, viruses, and parasites, and give examples of diseases that each can cause.

Bacteria- single celled organisms found everywhere and can multiply fast on their own. Can cause strep throat or tuberculosis. Virus-smaller than bacteria, work by invading a cell and copying themselves to spread throughout a body. Causes flu, AIDS Parasites-organism that lives on or inside other organisms and feed on them. Causes malaria

39. mutagens

Chemical or form of radiation that causes inheritable changes (mutations) in the DNA molecules in genes. See carcinogen, mutation, teratogen.

34. carcinogens

Chemicals, ionizing radiation, and viruses that cause or promote the development of cancer. See cancer. Compare mutagen, teratogen.

17. What are the world's three most populous countries?

China, India, and United States

38. infectious disease

Disease caused when a pathogen such as a bacterium, virus, or parasite invades the body and multiplies in its cells and tissues. Examples are flu, HIV, malaria, tuberculosis, and measles. See transmissible disease. Compare nontransmissible disease.

41. pathogen

Disease caused when a pathogen such as a bacterium, virus, or parasite invades the body and multiplies in its cells and tissues. Examples are flu, HIV, malaria, tuberculosis, and measles. See transmissible disease. Compare nontransmissible disease.

51. transmissible disease

Disease that is caused by living organisms (such as bacteria, viruses, and parasitic worms) and can spread from one person to another by air, water, food, or body fluids (or in some cases by insects or other organisms). Compare nontransmissible disease.

40. nontransmissible disease

Disease that is not caused by living organisms and does not spread from one person to another. Examples include most cancers, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and malnutrition. Compare transmissible disease.

70. Figure 17-15 Reduce Exposure to Endocrine Disruptors

Eat certified organic produce and meats Avoid processed, prepackaged, and canned foods Use glass and ceramic cookware Store food and drinks in glass containers Use only natural cleaning and personal care products Use natural fabric shower curtains, not vinyl Avoid artificial air fresheners, fabric softeners, and dryer sheets Use only glass baby bottles and BPA-free, phthalate-free sipping cups, pacifiers, and toys

89. What are the major advantages of urbanization?

Economic: cities are centers of economic development, innovatio, education, and technological advances, social and cultural diversity, and jobs Environmental: help preserve biodiversity(by putting ppl in cities), recycling is more economically feasible, rely more on mass transportation bicycling and walking

55. Distinguish between an epidemic and a pandemic of an infectious disease.

Epidemic- large-scale outbreak of an infectious disease in an area or country Pandemic-global epidemic

9. fertility rate

Number of children born to an average woman in a population during her lifetime. Compare replacement-level fertility.

7. demographic transition

Hypothesis that countries, as they become industrialized, have declines in death rates followed by declines in birth rates.

44. risk analysis

Identifying hazards, evaluating the nature and severity of risks associated with the hazards (risk assessment), ranking risks (comparative risk analysis), using this and other information to determine options and make decisions about reducing or eliminating risks (risk management), and communicating information about risks to decision makers and the public (risk communication).

36. dose response curve

Plot of data showing the effects of various doses of a toxic agent on a group of test organisms. See dose, median lethal dose, response.

64. What are PCBs and why are they a threat?

Polychlorinated biphenyls is one of the top five toxic substances(in terms of human and environmental health); this a is a certain virus that can promote cancer

43. risk

Probability that something undesirable will result from deliberate or accidental exposure to a hazard. See risk analysis, risk assessment, risk management.

45. risk assessment

Process of gathering data and making assumptions to estimate short- and long-term harmful effects on human health or the environment from exposure to hazards associated with the use of a particular product or technology.

8. family planning

Providing information, clinical services, and contraceptives to help people choose the number and spacing of children they want to have.

25. How has the global TFR changed since 1955?

The global TFR dropped from 5 to 2.4

5. cultural carrying capacity

The limit on population growth that would allow most people in an area or the world to live in reasonable comfort and freedom without impairing the ability of the planet to sustain future generations. Compare carrying capacity.

13. population change

Increase or decrease in the size of a population. It is equal to (Births + Immigration) − (Deaths + Emigration).

49. toxicity

Measure of the harmfulness of a substance.

12. migration

Movement of people into and out of specific geographic areas. Compare emigration and immigration.

71. What are three factors that affect the level of harm caused by a chemical?

dose, solubility, substance persistance/resistance to breakdown

100. What are six indicators that scientists study to assess a community's level of sustainability?

energy bills, water-use rates, recycling rates, composting rates, local food production, green space, community output, percentage of electric or hybrid cars.

32. Summarize India's efforts to control its population growth.

family planning program, promoted smaller family size

90. What are the major disadvantages of urbanization?

have huge ecological footprints, usually have water problems, have excessive noise pollution, concentrate pollution and health problems, affect local climate and cause light pollution

69. Summarize concerns over exposure to phthalates

high level exposure for cancer endpoints, and occupational exposure leading to adult infertility

16. Summarize the three major population growth trends recognized by demographers.

human population growth is unevenly distributed and this pattern is excepted to continue, the rate of population growth has slowed, human population growth is the movement of people from rural areas to cities.

26. List nine factors that can affect the birth rates and fertility rates.

importance of children as a part of the labor force, cost of raising and educating children, availability of, to lack of, private and public pension system , infants death, urbanization, educational and employment opportunities available for women, average age of marriage, available of legal abortions, religious beliefs, traditions, and cultural norms

37. emergent disease

infections that have recently appeared within a population or those whose incidence or geographic range is rapidly increasing or threatens to increase in the near future

62. Describe Tuberculosis

infectious disease usually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body

77. cluster development

is a design technique or zoning strategy that involves grouping houses on smaller lots in one area of a development while preserving the remaining land on the site for recreation, common open space, or protection of environmentally sensitive areas.

80. smart growth

is an approach to development that encourages a mix of building types and uses, diverse housing and transportation options, development within existing neighborhoods, and community engagement.

58. Describe Influenza

it is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus. Symptoms can be mild to severe. The most common symptoms include: a high fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle pains, headache, coughing, and feeling tired.

85. What are some of the reasons why people live in cities?

jobs, food, housing, educational opportunities, better health care, and entertainment

78. land-use planning

means the scientific, aesthetic, and orderly disposition of land, resources, facilities and services with a view to securing the physical, economic and social efficiency, health and well-being of urban and rural communities

87. Describe the three phases of urban growth in the United States.

migration from rural areas to larger central cities. migration from larger central cities to smaller cities and suburbs. migration from the north and the east to the south and west. some people migrated away from urban areas back to rural areas, since older cities have deteriorating services and aging infrastructure.

67. What are hormonally active agents (HAAs), what risks do they pose, and how can we reduce these risks?

molecules of synthetic chemicals similar to natural hormones in shape and allowed to disrupt the endocrine system in humans and animals by attaching to natural hormones; ban or reduce use of these chemicals

61. Describe Malaria

mosquito-borne infectious disease affecting humans and other animals, symptoms that typically include fever, tiredness, vomiting, and headaches

65. What is a neurotoxin and why is methylmercury an especially dangerous one?

natural and synthetic chemcals in environment that can harm nervous system; it is so persistent in the environment a d can be biologically magnified in food webs

28. What are environmental refugees and how quickly are their numbers growing?

people who had to leave their homes bc of water or food shortages, soil erosion, or some other form of environmental degradation or depletion; in 2012 it was estimated that in 2020 there will be 50 million environmental refugees

age structure

percentage of the population(or # of ppl of each sex) at each age level in a population

30. What factors could hinder some less-developed countries from making this transition?

rapid population growth, extreme poverty, increasing environmental degradation and resource depletion, some less developed countries have had less economic assistance from more developed countries

10. infant mortality rate

rate Number of babies out of every 1,000 born each year who die before their first birthday.

4. death rate

ratio of deaths to the population of a particular area during a particular period of time, usually calculated as the number of deaths per one thousand people per year

33. Summarize China's efforts to control its population growth.

reduce number of children born per woman from 5.7 to 1.2

14. replacement-level fertility

replacement-level fertility rate Average number of children a couple must bear to replace themselves. The average for a country or the world usually is slightly higher than two children per couple (2.1 in the United States and 2.5 in some developing countries) mostly because some children die before reaching their reproductive years. See also total fertility rate.

101. Describe the potential for urban indoor farming.

saving money energy and resources

68. Summarize concerns about exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) and the controversy over what to do about exposure to this chemical.

some scientists believe that as a precaution, we should sharply reduce use of potentially harmful hormone disruptors

81. urban growth

that rate of increase of urban populations

83. urban sprawl

the expansion of human populations away from central urban areas into low-density, mono-functional and usually car-dependent communities, in a process called suburbanization

82. urbanization

the population shift from rural to urban areas, "the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas", and the ways in which each society adapts to the change.

15. total fertility rate (TFR)

total fertility rate (TFR) Estimate of the average number of children who will be born alive to a woman during her lifetime if she passes through all her childbearing years (ages 15-44) conforming to age-specific fertility rates of a given year. More simply, it is an estimate of the average number of children that women in a given population will have during their childbearing years.

2. birth rate

used to calculate population growth

60. Describe West Nile virus

viral infection typically spread by mosquitoes, viral infection typically spread by mosquitoes

31. Explain how the reduction of poverty and empowerment of women can help countries to slow their population growth.

women tend to have fewer children if they are well educated, have the ability to control their own fertility, earn an income of their own, and live in societies that do not suppress their rights

24. Doubling Time (rule of 70) equation

70 / doubling time (yrs.)

23. Natural rate of increase/decrease equation

( crude birth rate-crude death rate)/ 10

20. Population change equation

(B + I) - (D + E)

29. Figure 6-14 Problems with Rapid Population Decline

-can threaten economic growth -labor shortages -less govt revenues with fewer workers -less entrepeneurship and new business formation -less likelihood for new tech development -increasing public deficits to fund higher pension and healthcare costs -pensions may be cut and retirement age increased

98. What are three ways to preserve open spaces around a city?

-draw a boundary around the city and to prohibit urban growth development outside that boundary -surround large city with greenbelt-open area reserved for recreation or other nondestructive uses -create municipal parks

76. What are five factors that can cause people to misjudge risks?

-fear -degree of control -whether a risk is catastrophic -optimism bias -instant gratification

Summarize the three major population growth trends recognized by demographers.

-in recent decades, rate of population growth has slowed, but world population is still growing(@ rate of about 1.2%) -geographically, human population growth is unevenly distributed and the pattern is expected to continue -the movement of people from rural areas to cities (more than half of the worlds people now live in urban areas)

63. Figure 17-9 Ways to Reduce Infectious Disease

-increase research on tropical diseases and vaccines -reduce poverty -decrease malnutrition -improve drinking water quality -reduce unnecessary use of antibiotics -educate ppl to take all of an antibiotic prescription -reduce antibiotic use to promote livestock health -require hand washing from all med. personnel -immunize kids against major diseases -provide oral rehydration for diarrhea victims -conduct global campaign to reduce HIV/AIDS

92. List four ways to reduce dependence on motor vehicles.

-raising parking fees and charge tolls on roads, tunnel's etc leading to cities -making drivers pay directly for most environmental and health costs caused by their motor -charge a tax or fee on gasoline -use other forms of transportatio

19. Figure 6-4 Altering Nature to Meet Our Needs

-reducing biodiversity, use of neg primary productivity, increasing genetic resustance in pest species and disease-causing bacteria,eliminate natural predators, introduce harmful species, use renewable resources faster than replenished, disrupting natural chemical cycling and energy flow, relying mostly on polluting and climate-chabgeing fossil fuels

57. List five factors that have contributed to genetic resistance in bacteria to commonly used antibiotics.

-solubility -persistence -bioaccumulation -biomagnification -chemical interactions

99. What are the five key goals of new urbanism?

-walkable and bike-friendly neighborhoods -mixed-use and diversity -quality urban design -environmental sustainability -smart transportation

52. Give an example of a risk from each of the following: - Biological hazards - Chemical hazards - Physical hazards - Cultural hazards - Lifestyle choices

1-diseases can kill millions 2-toxic chemicals can cause temp. or perm. harm 3- natural disasters can cause loss of home/habitat 4-poverty 5-drinking, smoking

86. List three major trends in global urban growth.

1.The percentage of the global population living in urban areas has increased sharply, and this trend is projected to continue 2.The percentage of the global population living in urban areas has increased sharply, and this trend is projected to continue 3.Poverty is becoming increasingly urbanized, mostly in less-developed countries

6. crude death rate

Annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year. Compare crude birth rate.

3. crude birth rate

Annual number of live births per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year. Compare crude death rate.

11. life expectancy

Average number of years a newborn infant can be expected to live.

27. Why there are more boys than girls in some countries?

Some countries religious aspects and in favor of boys, or will have abortions if they are expecting a girl

18. Summarize the debate over whether and how long the human population can keep growing.

Some scientists estimate by 2030 we would need 2 plants to sustain the projected population of 9.6 billion people. scientists also believe that no population can continue growing indefinitely. We need to find substitutes for resources we are depleting. Human population growth is a vital scientific, political, economic, and ethical issue that we must confront.

50. toxicology

Study of the adverse effects of chemicals on health

46. risk management

Use of risk assessment and other information to determine options and make decisions about reducing or eliminating risks. See risk, risk analysis, risk communication.

48. toxic chemical

as any substance which may be harmful to the environment or hazardous to your health if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through the skin

54. Figure 17-3 Pathways of Infectious Disease

babies, other people, pets, livestock, wild animals, insects, food, H20, air

84. zoning

a technique of land-use planning as a tool of urban planning used by local governments in most developed countries.

79. noise pollution

affects both health and behavior. Unwanted sound (noise) can damage psychological health. Noise pollution can cause hypertension, high stress levels, tinnitus, hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and other harmful effects

35. dose

amount of harmful chemical that a person ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through skin at one time

47. teratogens

an agent or factor that causes malformation of an embryo

59. Describe HIV/AIDS

causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.AIDS is a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive