Unit 4 history part 2

Trust-busting

(law) government activities seeking to dissolve corporate trusts and monopolies (especially under the United States antitrust laws) government activities seeking to dissolve corporate trusts and monopolies (especially under the United States antitrust laws) Government activities aimed at breaking up monopolies and trusts.

William Howard Taft

27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term. (1908-1912), was endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests, Taft fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson

Muckrakers

A group of investigative reporters who pointed out the abuses of big business and the corruption of urban politics; included Frank Norris (The Octopus) Ida Tarbell (A history of the standard oil company) Lincoln Steffens (the shame of the cities) and Upton Sinclair (The Jungle) Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public 1906 - Journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business

Boss Tweed

A political boss who carried corruption to new extremes, and cheated the city out of more than $100 million. Leader of the Democratic Tammany Hall, New York political machine. American politician most notable for being the "boss" of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th century New York City and State The city's debts jumped about $100 million dollars in just two years from 1868 to 1870. About 65% of public building funds ended up in the pockets of Boss Tweed and his cronies. William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million.

Northern Securities Company

A railroad monopoly formed by J.P. Morgan and James J. Hill which violated Sherman Antitrust Act Roosevelt's legal attack on the Northern Securities Company, which was a railroad holding company owned by James Hill and J.P. Morgan. In the end, the company was "trust-busted" and paved the way for future trust-busts of bad trusts. A giant conglomerate of railroads that had a monopoly over the Great Northern and Northern Pacific lines; President Theodore Roosevelt ordered the company broken up in 1902, and it was dissolved by the Supreme Court in 1904.

Australian ballot

A secret ballot printed by the state. A government printed ballot of uniform size and shape to be cast in secret that was adopted by many states around 1890 in order to reduce the voting fraud associated with party printed ballots cast in public. a government-printed ballot of uniform dimensions to be cast in secret that many states adopted around 1890 to reduce voting fraud associated with party-printed ballots cast in public

Direct elections

A system whereby the voters rather than the state legislatures elect members of the US Senate. election of an official directly by the people rather than by an intermediary group such as the Electoral College

16th Amendment

Allows the federal government to collect income tax income tax Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.

Commissioner System

Citizens directly vote for each department head This type of city government appoints experts to run the city affairs. It was implemented by Galveston, Texas in 1901. a system of municipal government in which all the legislative and executive powers of the city are concentrated in the hands of a commission

William Jennings Bryan

Democratic presidential candidate in 1896, advocated free silver Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party. United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)

Jacob Riis

Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell's Kitchen A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.

19th Amendment (1920)

Gave women the right to vote Ratified on August 18, 1920 (drafted by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton), prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex. The Constitution allows the states to determine the qualifications for voting, and until the 1910's most states disenfranchised women. The amendment was the culmination of the women's suffrage movement in the U.S.

Political Rings

Group of People controlled by a boss organized to control a city, county, or state, which harmed the economy The Tweed ring began to financially drain the city of New York through faked leases, false vouchers, extravagantly padded bills and various other schemes set up and controlled by the ring.

Red Scare (1919-1920)

Intense fear of communism and other politically radical ideas fear that communists were working to destroy the American way of life A period of general fear of communists

Jane Addams

Is best known for founding Hull House in Chicago. the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes 1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.

Keating-Owen Act

Law enacted to protect against child labor by prohibiting the interstate shipping of goods in which someone under 14 worked to make Prohibited the sale of interstate commerce goods produced by children prohibited the transportation across state lines of goods produced with child labor

NAWSA

National American Woman Suffrage Association; founded in 1890 to help women win the right to vote The major organization for suffrage for women, it was founded in 1890 by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Supported the Wilson administration during World War Iand split with the more radical National Woman's Party, who in 1917 began to picket the White House because Wilson had not forcefully stated that women should get the vote

17th Amendment

Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures. Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures) Direct election of senators

Initiative

Procedure whereby a certain number of voters may, by petition, propose a law or constitutional amendment and have it submitted to the voters. process that permits voters to put legislative measures directly on the ballot A procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment. Initiative is a power reserved to the voters to propose legislation, by petition, that would enact, amend or repeal a City Charter or Code provision.

18th Amendment

Prohibition of alcohol Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

Lincoln Steffens

The Shame of the Cities Early muckraker who exposed the political corruption in many American cities United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936), Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities.

Robert La Follette

The most influential of the state-level progressive governors and a presidential aspirant in 1912 Progressive Wisconsin governor who attacked machine politics and pressured the state legislature to require each party to hold a direct primary 1855-1925. Progressive Wisconsin Senator and Governor. Staunch supporter of the Progressive movement, and vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, WWI, and League of Nations.

Federal Reserve Act

This act established the Federal System, which established 12 distinct reserve to be controlled by the banks in each district; in addition, a Federal Reserve board was established to regulate the entire structure; improved public confidence in the banking system. a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply law that created the modern banking system

Underwood Tariff

This tariff provided for a substantial reduction of rates and enacted an unprecedented, graduated federal income tax. By 1917, revenue from the income tax surpassed receipts from the tariff, a gap that has since been vastly widened. Reduced duties on imports, taxed the higher earners. Protects the workers more than the employers. Pushed through Congress by Woodrow Wilson, this 1913 tariff reduced average tariff duties by almost 15% and established a graduated income tax

The Jungle

Upton Sinclair Upton Sinclair's novel that inspired pro-consumer federal laws regulating meat, food, and drugs This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.

Referendum

a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct decision. A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment. a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate

Newlands Reclamation Act (1902)

a law providing money from the sale of public land for irrigation projects in western states Authorized the use of federal money to develop the west, it helped to protect national resources. Authorized the use of federal funds from public land sales to pay for irrigation and land development projects, mainly in the dry Western states

Tammany Hall

a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism. most notorious political machine; NY city; Marcy Tweed also know as Boss Tweed became head in 1863 Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in the politics Tammany Hall was the name given to the Democratic political machine that dominated New York City politics

Henry Ford

assembly line United States manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production (1863-1947). 1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

primary election

election in which voters decide which of the candidates within a party will represent the party in the general election Nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election an election held to choose candidates for office

Gifford Pinchot

head of federal Division of Forestry, contributed to Roosevelt's natural conservation efforts head of the U.S. Forest Servic under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

law that regulated the food and patent medicine industries; some business leaders called it socialistic meddling by the government. This law forbade the manufacture or transport or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs and poisonous patent medicines and gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. It paved the way for the eventual creation of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) still in existence as the FDA. 1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Clayton Antitrust Act

law that weakened monopolies and upheld the rights of unions and farm organizations 1914 act designed to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890; certain activities previously committed by big businesses, such as not allowing unions in factories and not allowing strikes, were declared illegal. 1914 law that strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act

recall election

process through which voters can shorten an office holder's term, one of several Progressive Era reforms that increased voters' power over government an election during the term of an elected government official in which citizens vote directly on whether to remove the individual from office a special election called by voters to remove an elected official before his/her term expires.

Progressives

reformers who worked to stop unfair practices by businesses and improve the way grovernment works. A group of reformers who worked to solve problems caused by the rapid industrial urban growth of the late 1800s.

Ida Tarbell

reporter who exposed illegal actions committed by the Standard Oil Company. Leading muckraking journalist whose articles documented the Standard Oil Company's abuse of power. Leading muckraking journalist whose articles documented the Standard Oil Company's abuse of power

Elkins Act (1903)

sponsored by President Theodore Roosevelt, provided for the regulation of interstate railroads. The act forbade rebates or other rate reductions to shipping companies. Railroads were not allowed to offer rates different from the published rates. Imposed fines on railroads that gave special rates to favored shippers Strengthened the *Interstate Commerce Act* by imposing heavy fines on railroads offering rebates and on the shippers accepting them

Prohibition

the period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional amendment A total ban on the sale and consumption of alcohol A law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages

Theordore Roosevelt

was the 26th President of the United States (1901-1909). He is noted for his exuberant personality, range of interests and achievements, and his leadership of the Progressive Movement thought monoply was bad for America he attacked businneses he was president in 1910 and din not support muckrakers thought they brought out the bad in society