Unit 4- Learning

Behavior that is evoked by a specific stimulus and that will consistently and predictably occur if the stimulus is presented This behavior is known as.....

Respondent Behavior

Which of the following would a social learning theorist be most likely to propose as a cause for a fear of flying? a. A person observed someone else's fear of flying. b. The fear is related to childhood trauma. c. A person had been negatively reinforced for flying on a plane. d. A person has maladaptive thoughts about the safety of planes. e. The fear was passed on from parents genetically

a. A person observed someone else's fear of flying.

In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, the bell served as a(n): a. CS. b. CR. c. US. d. UR e. Conditioned Reinforcer

a. CS.

Students leaving when the bell rings is an example of which type of learning or conditioning? a. Classical Conditioning b. Operant Conditioning c. Modeling d. Latent Learning e. Cognitive Learning

a. Classical Conditioning

In Teaching a cat to jump through a hoop, whcih reinforcement schedule would produce the most rapid learning a. Continous b. Fixed Ratio c. Variable Ratio d. Fixed Interval e. Variable Interval

a. Continous

When Mary was young, her father was trying to learn how to speak German and would listen to German tapes for hours in her presence. Mary paid very little attention to the tapes. Many years later, when Mary was in Germany, she was able to say a few German words in order to make herself understood. This is an example of a. Latent Learning b. Classical Condtioning c. Retroactive Interfernece d. Procedural Memory e. Biological Constraints on Learning

a. Latent Learning

Which of the following is true of negative reinforcement and punishment? a. Negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding. b. Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments increase the rate of operant responding. c. Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding. d. Negative reinforcers have no effect on the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding. e. Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments have no effect on the rate of operant responding.

a. Negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding.

The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was: a. Skinner b. Pavlov. c. Watson. d. Bandura. e. Garcia.

a. Skinner

Shelby keeps poking Sean in Mr. McFarland class. Mr. McFarland tells Sean to ignore Shelby. Mr. McFarland is hoping that ignoring Shelby's behavior Shelby's behavior will a. extinguish the behavior b. make the behavior latent c. positively reinforce the behavior d. negatively reinforce her behavior e. punish her

a. extinguish the behavior

Gayle's teacher wants to increase effective study habits in her students by using negative reinforcement. Gayle's teacher would most likely enforce this by a. removing an unpleasant stimulus b. removing a pleasant stimulus c. introducing an unpleasant stimulus d. introducing a pleasant stimulus e. rewarding successive approximations of effective study habits

a. removing an unpleasant stimulus

An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of: a. successive approximations. b. classical conditioning. c. secondary reinforcement. d. latent learning. e. delayed reinforcement.

a. successive approximations.

Just before someone dies a horribly gruesome death in the movie SAW VIII, they play some menacing sounding music. When I hear the music I tense up in anticipation of the scary event. In this situation, the music serves as which element of classical conditioning? a. US b. CS c. CR d. UR e. delayed reinforcer

b. CS

When a child fails a test, his/her parents take the phone to prevent the failure of a test of happening again. Which principle of Operant Conditioning is being used? a. Shaping b. Negative Punishment c. Positive Reinforcement d. Negative Reinforcement e. Positive Punishment

b. Negative Punishment

Madeline wants her son to be well-behaved when they go to church. For every five minutes he sits still, she gives him a piece of candy. What type of learning is Madeline employing? a. Extinction b. Operant Conditioning c. Modeling d. Observational Learning e. Classical Conditioning

b. Operant Conditioning

Garcia & Koeling were famous for studying which application of Classical Conditioning? a. Observational Learning b. Taste Aversion c. Latent Learning d. Higher-Order Conditioning e. Spontaneous Recovery Effects

b. Taste Aversion

Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol? a. negative reinforcement b. classical conditioning c. latent learning d. operant conditioning e. observational learning

b. classical conditioning

According to B. F. Skinner, human behavior is controlled primarily by: a. biological predispositions. b. environmental influences. c. emotions. d. unconscious motives. e. conscious thoughts.

b. environmental influences.

How do Kohler's ideas about learning differ from Skinner's? a. learning is gradual and does not occur rapidly/instantly b. learning is rapid and not time-consuming c. learning is 95% cognitive and 75% environmentally induced d. both Skinner and Kohler agree that learning is predominantly gradual e. Kohler thought learning was primarily based on direct experience whereas Skinner believed learning to be mainly observational

b. learning is rapid and not time-consuming

Escape from an aversive stimulus is ________ reinforcement. a. positive b. negative c. secondary d. partial e. delayed

b. negative

Mr. Zandee has stopped smoking because he wants to model healthy behavior patterns for his children. Mr. Zandee is apparently aware of the importance of ________ in his children's development. a. shaping b. observational learning c. generalization d. delayed reinforcement e. spontaneous recovery

b. observational learning

Tolman was most famous for his rat maze experiment that demonstrated what type of learning? a. Operant Conditioning b. Classical Conditioning c. Latent Learning d. Observational Learning e. Abstract Learning

c. Latent Learning

The law of effect was most clearly highlighted by: a. Pavlov's studies of conditioned salivation. b. Garcia and Koelling's research on taste aversion. c. Skinner's experiments on reinforcement. d. Bandura's studies of observational learning. e. Watson and Rayner's findings on fear conditioning.

c. Skinner's experiments on reinforcement.

Which of the following is the best example of social learning? a. Delilah was mildly shocked when she tried to remove her smoke detector batteries, so she now flinches whenever she has to change the smoke detector batteries. b. Rita is a passenger in her friend's car every day on the way to work. One day her friend is sick so Rita has to drive herself. She is able to navigate with no problem. c. Sydney starts using the same word choices and vocal inflections as members of the popular group at her school. d. Jerome gives his dog a treat every time his dog does not jump on guests, and eventually the dog stops jumping on guests even without a treat. e. Jezabeth was scratched by a cat, so now she is afraid of cats

c. Sydney starts using the same word choices and vocal inflections as members of the popular group at her school.

Mirror Neurons may a. allow an organism to replace an US w/ a CR b. help produce intrinsic motivation w/ humans c. be the mechanism by which the brain accomplishes observational learning d. produce neural associations of both classical & operant conditioning e. explain why primary reinforcers are more pleasing than conditioned reinforcers

c. be the mechanism by which the brain accomplishes observational learning

It is easier to train a dog to bark for food than to train it to stand on its hind legs for food. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in learning. a. primary reinforcement b. generalization c. biological predispositions d. negative reinforcement e. spontaneous recovery

c. biological predispositions

The most crucial ingredient in all learning to behaviorism/behaviorists is: a. shaping. b. modeling. c. experience. d. intrinsic motivation. e. maturation.

c. experience.

Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of: a. habituation. b. latent learning. c. generalization. d. delayed reinforcement. e. shaping.

c. generalization.

Sebastian wants to earn an "A" in his biology course but finds it difficult to stay motivated to study every night.? His teacher recommends that he surround himself with peers who study regularly to increase his studying behavior. Sebastian's teacher made her recommendation based on the learning concept of a. acquisition b. classical conditioning c. modeling d. generalization e. discrimination

c. modeling

Money is to food as ________ is to ________. a. partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement b. delayed reinforcer; immediate reinforcer c. secondary/conditoned reinforcer; primary reinforcer d. operant conditioning; classical conditioning e. discrimination; generalization

c. secondary/conditoned reinforcer; primary reinforcer

Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To his surprise, however, when he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety. This sudden anxiety best illustrates: a. delayed reinforcement. b. latent learning. c. spontaneous recovery. d. shaping. e. discrimination.

c. spontaneous recovery.

Lynda stayed out past her curfew. As a result, her parents revoked her driving privileges. Which of the following statements is true of Lynda's parents? a. Lynda's parents are using negative reinforcement to decrease her behavior of staying out past curfew. b. Lynda's parents are using positive reinforcement to decrease her driving behavior. c. Lynda's parents are using positive punishment to increase her good behavior d. Lynda's parents are using negative punishment to decrease her behavior of staying out past curfew. e. Lynda's parents are using negative reinforcement to increase her driving behavior.

d. Lynda's parents are using negative punishment to decrease her behavior of staying out past curfew.

Bandura's Bobo Doll study was done to prove/ study which type of learning/conditiong? a. Classical Conditioning b. Operant Conditioning c. Memory Learning d. Observational Learning e. Latent Learning

d. Observational Learning

In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, the meat served as a(n): a. UR b. CR. c. CS. d. US. e. Primary Reinforcer

d. US.

Which psychologist applied classical conditioning techniques to humans in advertising? a. Pavlov b. Skinner c. Tolman d. Watson

d. Watson

John B. Watson considered himself to be a(n): a. psychoanalyst. b. cognitive psychologist. c. operant conditioner. d. behaviorist. e. physiological psychologist.

d. behaviorist.

A Skinner box is a(n): a. soundproofed cubicle in which organisms are classically conditioned in the absence of distracting noise. b. aversive or punishing event that decreases the occurrence of certain undesirable behaviors. c. "slot machine" used to study the effects of partial reinforcement on human gambling practices. d. chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward. e. television projection device designed for use in laboratory studies of observational learning.

d. chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward.

Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying: a. intrinsic motivation. b. respondent behavior. c. spontaneous recovery. d. operant conditioning e. latent learning.

d. operant conditioning

To produce the acquisition of a conditioned response, one should a. repeatedly present the UR to the organism b. administer the CS w/o the US c. make sure the US is presented before the CS d. pair the CS w/ the US several times and be sure to present the CS 1st e. Present the CS until it elicits the US

d. pair the CS w/ the US several times and be sure to present the CS 1st

Myron quit gambling after he lost over a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of: a. negative reinforcers. b. generalization. c. spontaneous recovery. d. punishment. e. secondary reinforcers.

d. punishment.

Edward L. Thorndike argued that responses that lead to satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated and that responses followed by unpleasant outcomes are less likely to be repeated. This became known as the law of a. Reinforcement b. Associations c. Punishment d. Outcomes e. Effect

e. Effect

In which scenario does sunblock serve as a conditioned stimulus? a. Ernesto received a free lifetime supply of sunblock when he won a trivia contest. b. Sophia broke out in a painful rash when she spread sunscreen on her skin because she is allergic to an ingredient in it. c. Sarah avoids sunblock because people compliment her on her tan when she goes without it. d. Helen pictures sunblock on her mantle to help her remember to buy some at the store. e. Lowell feels relaxed when he smells sunblock because it reminds him of his vacations at the beach.

e. Lowell feels relaxed when he smells sunblock because it reminds him of his vacations at the beach.

The researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning is: a. Thorndike. b. Deci. c. Skinner. d. Bandura. e. Pavlov.

e. Pavlov.

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement? a. Your Math teacher taking away HW problems when the class is quiet & on task. b. getting pain medication to ease arthritis pain c. assigning ISS for fighting in class d. going inside to escape rain e. buying a child a video game after throwing a tantrum

e. buying a child a video game after throwing a tantrum

A trainer wants to train a chicken to peck a key to obtain food. If she wants the chicken to learn this trick quickly and the behavior to be resistant to extinction, she should use ________ reinforcement until the response is mastered and then follow with a period of ________ reinforcement. a. positive; negative b. negative; positive c. primary; secondary d. partial; continuous e. continuous; partial

e. continuous; partial

After recovering from a serious motorcycle accident, Gina was afraid to ride a motorcycle but not a bicycle. Gina's pattern of fear best illustrates: a. negative reinforcement. b. conditioned reinforcement. c. spontaneous recovery. d. shaping. e. discrimination.

e. discrimination.

Using rewards to bribe people to engage in an activity they already enjoy is most likely to inhibit: a. respondent behavior. b. continuous reinforcement. c. latent learning. d. spontaneous recovery. e. intrinsic motivation.

e. intrinsic motivation.