UNIT 5- Ch 30 w/ rationales
A client with peripheral arterial disease asks the nurse about using a heating pad to warm the feet. The nurse's best response is which of the following? "It is better to put the heating pad on your abdomen, which causes vasodilation and warmth to your feet." "A heating pad to your feet is fine as long as the temperature stays below 105 degrees F." "A heating pad to your feet is a good idea because it increases the metabolic rate." "It is better to soak your feet in hot water as long as the water temperature is below 110 degrees F."
"It is better to put the heating pad on your abdomen, which causes vasodilation and warmth to your feet." Explanation: It is safer to apply a heating pad to the abdomen, causing a reflex vasodilation in the extremities. Heat may be applied directly to ischemic extremities; however, the temperature of the heating source must not exceed body temperature. Excess heat may increase the metabolic rate of the extremities and increase the need for oxygen beyond that provided by the reduced arterial flow through the diseased artery.
When administering heparin anticoagulant therapy, the nurse needs to make certain that the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is within the therapeutic range of: 1.5 to 2.5 times the baseline control. 2.5 to 3.0 times the baseline control. 3.5 times the baseline control. 4.5 times the baseline control.
1.5 to 2.5 times the baseline control. Explanation: A normal PTT level is 21 to 35 seconds. A reading of more than 100 seconds indicates a significant risk of hemorrhage.
A patient is admitted to a special critical care unit for the treatment of an arterial thrombus. The nurse is aware that the preferred drug of choice for clot removal, unless contraindicated, would be: Alteplase. Reteplase. Urokinase. Streptokinase
Alteplase. Explanation: Alteplase has fewer disadvantages than the other thrombolytic agents. Refer to Table 18-2 in the text.
A nurse suspects the presence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. What assessment data would the nurse correlate with a diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm? (Select all that apply.) A pulsatile abdominal mass Low back pain Lower abdominal pain Decreased bowel sounds Diarrhea
A pulsatile abdominal mass Low back pain Lower abdominal pain Explanation: Some patients complain that they can feel their heart beating in their abdomen when lying down, or they may say that they feel an abdominal mass or abdominal throbbing. The most important diagnostic indication of an abdominal aortic aneurysm is a pulsatile mass in the middle and upper abdomen. Signs of impending aneurysm rupture include severe back or abdominal pain, which may be persistent or intermittent. Abdominal pain is often localized in the middle or lower abdomen to the left of the midline. Low back pain may be present because of pressure of the aneurysm on the lumbar nerves.
The nurse is assessing a client with severe hypertension. Which symptom indicates to the nurse that the client is experiencing dissection of the aorta? Numbness and pain of the left arm Pain when flexing the neck forward Gradual onset of a frontal headache A ripping sensation in the chest
A ripping sensation in the chest Explanation: Aortic dissections are commonly associated with poorly controlled hypertension. Dissection is caused by rupture in the intimal layer. A rupture may occur through adventitia or into the lumen through the intima, allowing blood to reenter the main channel and resulting in chronic dissection or occlusion of branches of the aorta. The onset of symptoms is usually sudden and described as severe, persistent pain that feels like tearing or ripping. An aortic dissection does not cause pain and numbness of the left arm. Pain when flexing the neck forward is not associated with an aortic dissection. An aortic dissection does not cause a headache.
To assess the dorsalis pedis artery, the nurse would use the tips of three fingers and apply light pressure to the: Inside of the ankle just above the heel. Exterior surface of the foot near the heel. Outside of the foot just below the heel. Anterior surface of the foot near the ankle joint.
Anterior surface of the foot near the ankle joint. Explanation: The dorsalis pedis pulse can be palpated on the dorsal surface of the foot distal to the major prominence of the navicular bone.
To assess the dorsalis pedis artery, the nurse would use the tips of three fingers and apply light pressure to the: Inside of the ankle just above the heel. Exterior surface of the foot near the heel. Outside of the foot just below the heel. Anterior surface of the foot near the ankle joint.
Anterior surface of the foot near the ankle joint. Explanation: The dorsalis pedis pulse can be palpated on the dorsal surface of the foot distal to the major prominence of the navicular bone.
A home health nurse is seeing an elderly female client for the first time. During the physical assessment of the client's feet, the nurse notes several circular ulcers around the tips of the toes on both feet. The bases of the ulcers are pale, and the client reports the ulcers to be very painful. From these assessment findings, the nurse suspects that the cause of the ulcers is which of the following? Arterial insufficiency Venous insufficiency Neither venous nor arterial Trauma
Arterial insufficiency Explanation: Characteristics of arterial insufficiency ulcers include location at the tips of the toes, extreme painfulness, and circular shape with pale to black ulcer bases. Ulcers caused by venous insufficiency will be irregular in shape, minimal pain if superficial (can be painful), and usually located around the ankles or the anterior tibial area.
The nurse is caring for a client with Raynaud's disease. What are important instructions for a client who is diagnosed with this disease to prevent an attack? Report changes in the usual pattern of chest pain. Avoid situations that contribute to ischemic episodes. Avoid fatty foods and exercise. Take over-the-counter decongestants.
Avoid situations that contribute to ischemic episodes. Explanation: Teaching for clients with Raynaud's disease and their family members is important. The nurse should instruct the clients to avoid situations that contribute to ischemic episodes. Reporting changes in the usual pattern of chest pain or avoiding fatty foods and exercise does not help the client to avoid an attack; it is more contributory for clients with CAD. In addition, the nurse advises clients to avoid over-the-counter decongestants.
Health teaching includes advising patients on ways to reduce PAD. The nurse should always emphasize that the strongest risk factor for the development of atherosclerotic lesions is: Cigarette smoking. Lack of exercise. Obesity. Stress.
Cigarette smoking. Explanation: Nicotine decreases blood flow, increases heart rate and blood pressure, and increases the risk for clot formation by increasing platelet aggregation. Smokers have a four-fold higher risk of developing pain from arterial disease than nonsmokers. Carbon monoxide, produced by burning tobacco, combines with hemoglobin more readily than oxygen, thus depriving tissues of oxygen.
A client is recovering from surgical repair of a dissecting aortic aneurysm. Which assessment findings indicate possible bleeding or recurring dissection? (think hypovolemic shock) Urine output of 15 ml/hour and 2+ hematuria Blood pressure of 82/40 mm Hg and heart rate of 125 beats/minute Urine output of 150 ml/hour and heart rate of 45 beats/minute Blood pressure of 82/40 mm Hg and heart rate of 45 beats/minute
Blood pressure of 82/40 mm Hg and heart rate of 125 beats/minute Explanation: Assessment findings that indicate possible bleeding or recurring dissection include hypotension with reflex tachycardia (as evidenced by a blood pressure of 82/40 mm Hg and a heart rate of 125 beats/minute), decreased urine output, and unequal or absent peripheral pulses. Hematuria, increased urine output, and bradycardia aren't signs of bleeding from aneurysm repair or recurring dissection.
The nurse assesses a patient with hip pain related to intermittent claudication. She knows that the area of arterial narrowing is the: Common iliac artery. Common femoral artery. Anterior tibial. Posterior tibial.
Common iliac artery. Explanation: The location of the claudication occurs in muscle groups distal to the diseased vessel. Hip or buttock pain may result from reduced blood flow from the common iliac artery.
The nurse is caring for a client recovering from acute axillary lymphangitis. Which treatment will the nurse anticipate being prescribed for this client after antibiotic therapy has concluded? Arm sling Aspirin therapy Physical therapy Compression sleeve
Compression sleeve Explanation: Lymphangitis is an acute inflammation of the lymphatic channels. It arises most commonly from a focal area of infection in an extremity caused by bacteria. At the conclusion of antibiotic therapy used for an acute attack, a graduated compression sleeve should be worn on the affected extremity for several months to prevent long-term edema. An arm sling is not required. The client will not need aspirin therapy as there is no surgery and/or risk of clots. The client will not need physical therapy as there should be no lingering effects from treatment of lymphangitis.
Which class of medication lyses and dissolves thrombi? Fibrinolytic Anticoagulant Platelet inhibitors Factor XA inhibitors
Correct response: Fibrinolytic Explanation: Thrombolytic (fibrinolytic) therapy lyses and dissolves thrombi in 50% of clients. Anticoagulants, platelet inhibitors, and factor XA inhibitors do not lyse or dissolve thrombi.
A patient who had a colon resection 3 days ago is complaining of discomfort in the left calf. How should the nurse assess Homan's sign to determine if the patient may have a thrombus formation in the leg? Dorsiflex the foot while the leg is elevated to check for calf pain. Elevate the patient's legs for 20 minutes and then lower them slowly while checking for areas of inadequate blood return. Extend the leg, plantar flex the foot, and check for the patency of the dorsalis pedis pulse. Lower the patient's legs and massage the calf muscles to note any areas of tenderness.
Dorsiflex the foot while the leg is elevated to check for calf pain. Explanation: Homan's sign is indicated by pain in the calf after the foot is sharply dorsiflexed.
As the clinic nurse caring for a client with varicose veins, what is an appropriate nursing action for this client? Demonstrate how to self-administer IV infusions. Demonstrate how to apply and remove elastic support stockings. Assess for the sites of bleeding. Assess for skin integrity.
Demonstrate how to apply and remove elastic support stockings. Explanation: The nurse demonstrates how to apply and remove elastic support stockings. Varicose veins do not require the nurse to demonstrate how to self-administer IV infusions. Varicose veins require the client to elevate legs regularly and perform leg exercises. However
As the clinic nurse caring for a client with varicose veins, what is an appropriate nursing action for this client? Demonstrate how to self-administer IV infusions. Demonstrate how to apply and remove elastic support stockings. Assess for the sites of bleeding. Assess for skin integrity.
Demonstrate how to apply and remove elastic support stockings. Explanation: The nurse demonstrates how to apply and remove elastic support stockings. Varicose veins do not require the nurse to demonstrate how to self-administer IV infusions. Varicose veins require the client to elevate legs regularly and perform leg exercises. However, it does not involve bleeding or skin lesions.
Which is a characteristic of arterial insufficiency? Diminished or absent pulses Superficial ulcer Aching, cramping pain Pulses are present but may be difficult to palpate
Diminished or absent pulses Explanation: A diminished or absent pulse is a characteristic of arterial insufficiency. Venous characteristics include superficial ulcer formation, an aching and cramping pain, and presence of pulses.
Which aneurysm results in bleeding into the layers of the arterial wall? Saccular Dissecting False Anastomotic
Dissecting Explanation: Dissection results from a rupture in the intimal layer, resulting in bleeding between the intimal and medial layers of the arterial wall. Saccular aneurysms collect blood in the weakened outpouching. In a false aneurysm, the mass is actually a pulsating hematoma. An anastomotic aneurysm occurs as a result of infection at arterial suture or graft sites.
A client with venous insufficiency asks the nurse what they can do to decrease their risk of complications. What advice should the nurse provide to clients with venous insufficiency? Elevate the legs periodically for at least an hour. Avoid foods with iodine. Elevate the legs periodically for at least 15 to 20 minutes. Refrain from sexual activity for a week.
Elevate the legs periodically for at least 15 to 20 minutes. Explanation: The nurse should advise the client to periodically elevate the legs for at least 15 to 20 minutes. Avoiding foods with iodine or refraining from sexual activity for a week does not relate to venous insufficiency.
The nurse is caring for a client with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Which assessment finding is most likely to indicate a dissection of the aneurysm? Severe pain Hematemesis Rectal bleeding Hypertensive crisis
Explanation: Pressure from an enlarging or dissecting abdominal aortic aneurysm is likely to be exhibited as severe pain. A decrease in blood pressure will result as the client goes into shock from hemorrhaging. Blood in emesis or rectal bleeding is not associated with rupture of AAA.
Providing postoperative care to a patient who has percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), with insertion of a stent, for a femoral artery lesion, includes assessment for the most serious complication of: Hemorrhage. Thrombosis of the graft. Decreased motor function. Stent dislodgement.
Hemorrhage. Explanation: All choices are serious and require medical/surgical intervention. However, hemorrhage is the most serious complication that requires immediate attention.
A patient with diabetes is being treated for a wound on the lower extremity that has been present for 30 days. What option for treatment is available to increase diffusion of oxygen to the hypoxic wound? Surgical debridement Enzymatic debridement Hyperbaric oxygen Vacuum-assisted closure device
Hyperbaric oxygen Explanation: Hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) may be beneficial as an adjunct treatment in patients with diabetes with no signs of wound healing after 30 days of standard wound treatment. HBO is accomplished by placing the patient into a chamber that increases barometric pressure while the patient is breathing 100% oxygen. Treatment regimens vary from 90 to 120 minutes once daily for 30 to 90 sessions. The process by which HBO is thought to work involves several factors. The edema in the wound area is decreased because high oxygen tension facilitates vasoconstriction and enhances the ability of leukocytes to phagocytize and kill bacteria. In addition, HBO is thought to increase diffusion of oxygen to the hypoxic wound, thereby enhancing epithelial migration and improving collagen production.
The nurse is caring for a patient who has started anticoagulant therapy with warfarin (Coumadin). When does the nurse understand that therapeutic benefits will begin? Within 12 hours Within the first 24 hours In 2 days In 3 to 5 days
In 3 to 5 days Explanation: Oral anticoagulants, such as warfarin, are monitored by the PT or the INR. Because the full anticoagulant effect of warfarin is delayed for 3 to 5 days, it is usually administered concurrently with heparin until desired anticoagulation has been achieved (i.e., when the PT is 1.5 to 2 times normal or the INR is 2.0 to 3.0) (Holbrook et al., 2012).
Which sign or symptom suggests that a client's abdominal aortic aneurysm is extending? Increased abdominal and back pain Decreased pulse rate and blood pressure Retrosternal back pain radiating to the left arm Elevated blood pressure and rapid respirations
Increased abdominal and back pain Explanation: Pain in the abdomen and back signify that the aneurysm is pressing downward on the lumbar nerve root and is causing more pain. The pulse rate would increase with aneurysm extension. Chest pain radiating down the arm would indicate myocardial infarction. Blood pressure would decrease with aneurysm extension, and the respiratory rate may not be affected.
Which of the following is the hallmark symptom for peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in the lower extremity? Intermittent claudication Acute limb ischemia Dizziness Vertigo
Intermittent claudication Explanation: The hallmark symptom of PAD in the lower extremity is intermittent claudication. This pain may be described as aching or cramping in a muscle that occurs with the same degree of exercise or activity and is relieved with rest. Acute limb ischemia is a sudden decrease in limb perfusion, which produces new or worsening symptoms that may threaten limb viability. Dizziness and vertigo are associated with upper extremity arterial occlusive disease.
A client is receiving enoxaparin and warfarin therapy for a venous thromboembolism (VTE). Which laboratory value indicates that anticoagulation is adequate and enoxaparin can be discontinued? Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPPT) is half of the control value Prothrombin time (PT) is 0.5 times normal. International normalized ratio (INR) is 2.5. K+ level is 3.5.
International normalized ratio (INR) is 2.5. Explanation: Oral anticoagulants such as warfarin are monitored by PT or the INR. Because the full anticoagulant effect of warfarin is delayed for 3 to 5 days, it is usually administered concurrently with heparin until desired anticoagulation has been achieved (i.e., when the PT is 1.5 to 2 times normal or the INR is 2.0 to 3.0)
The nurse is caring for a patient with peripheral arterial insufficiency. What can the nurse suggest to help relieve leg pain during rest? Elevating the limb above heart level Lowering the limb so that it is dependent Massaging the limb after application of cold compresses Placing the limb in a plane horizontal to the body
Lowering the limb so that it is dependent Explanation: Persistent pain in the forefoot (i.e., the anterior portion of the foot) when the patient is resting indicates a severe degree of arterial insufficiency and a critical state of ischemia. Known as rest pain, this discomfort is often worse at night and may interfere with sleep. This pain frequently requires that the extremity be lowered to a dependent position to improve perfusion to the distal tissues.
A client is diagnosed with peripheral arterial disease. Review of the client's chart shows an ankle-brachial index (ABI) on the right of 0.45. This indicates that the right foot has which of the following? Moderate to severe arterial insufficiency No arterial insufficiency Very mild arterial insufficiency Tissue loss to that foot
Moderate to severe arterial insufficiency Explanation: Normal people without arterial insufficiency have an ABI of about 1.0. Those with an ABI of 0.95 to 0.5 have mild to moderate arterial insufficiency. Those with an ABI of less than 0.50 have ischemic rest pain. Those with tissue loss have severe ischemia and an ABI of 0.25 or less.
A client is diagnosed with peripheral arterial disease. Review of the client's chart shows an ankle-brachial index (ABI) on the right of 0.45. This indicates that the right foot has which of the following? Moderate to severe arterial insufficiency No arterial insufficiency Very mild arterial insufficiency Tissue loss to that foot
Moderate to severe arterial insufficiency Explanation: Normal people without arterial insufficiency have an ABI of about 1.0. Those with an ABI of 0.95 to 0.5 have mild to moderate arterial insufficiency. Those with an ABI of less than 0.50 have ischemic rest pain. Those with tissue loss have severe ischemia and an ABI of 0.25 or less.
The nurse is performing wound care for a patient with a necrotic sacral wound. The prescribed treatment is isotonic saline solution with fine mesh gauze and a dry dressing to cover. What type of debridement is the nurse performing? Surgical debridement Nonselective debridement Enzymatic debridement Selective debridement
Nonselective debridement Explanation: Nonselective débridement can be accomplished by applying isotonic saline dressings of fine mesh gauze to the ulcer. When the dressing dries, it is removed (dry), along with the debris adhering to the gauze. Pain management is usually necessary.
A client who is diagnosed with Raynaud syndrome reports cold and numbness in the fingers. Which finding should the nurse identify as an early sign of vasoconstriction? Cyanosis Gangrene Pallor Ulceration
Pallor Explanation: Pallor is the initial symptom in Raynaud syndrome followed by cyanosis and aching pain. Gangrene and ulceration can occur with persistent attacks and interference of blood flow.
A nurse is caring for a client following an arterial vascular bypass graft in the leg. What should the nurse plan to assess over the next 24 hours? Peripheral pulses every 15 minutes after surgery Ankle-arm indices every 12 hours Blood pressure every 2 hours Color of the leg every 4 hours
Peripheral pulses every 15 minutes after surgery Explanation: The primary objective in the postoperative period is to maintain adequate circulation through the arterial repair. Pulses, Doppler assessment, color and temperature, capillary refill, and sensory and motor function of the affected extremity are checked and compared with those of the other extremity; these values are recorded initially every 15 minutes and then at progressively longer intervals if the client's status remains stable.
A patient complains of a "stabbing pain and a burning sensation" in his left foot. The nurse notices that the foot is a lighter color than the rest of the skin. The artery that the nurse suspects is occluded would be the: Internal iliac. Common femoral. Popliteal. Posterior tibial.
Posterior tibial. Explanation: Clinical symptoms of PAD are manifested in organs or muscle groups supplied by specific arterial blood flow. The posterior tibial artery is a major artery that is a common site for occlusion.
Which of the following is the most effective intervention for preventing progression of vascular disease? Risk factor modification Use neutral soaps Avoid trauma Wear sturdy shoes
Risk factor modification Explanation: Risk factor modification is the most effective intervention for preventing progression of vascular disease. Measures to prevent tissue loss and amputation are a high priority. Patients are taught to: avoid trauma; wear sturdy, well-fitting shoes or slippers; and use pH neutral soaps and body lotions.
A physician admits a client to the health care facility for treatment of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. When planning this client's care, which goal should the nurse keep in mind as she formulates interventions? Decreasing blood pressure and increasing mobility Increasing blood pressure and reducing mobility Stabilizing heart rate and blood pressure and easing anxiety Increasing blood pressure and monitoring fluid intake and output
Stabilizing heart rate and blood pressure and easing anxiety Explanation: For a client with an aneurysm, nursing interventions focus on preventing aneurysm rupture by stabilizing heart rate and blood pressure. Easing anxiety also is important because anxiety and increased stimulation may raise the heart rate and boost blood pressure, precipitating aneurysm rupture. The client with an abdominal aortic aneurysm is typically hypertensive, so the nurse should take measures to lower blood pressure, such as administering antihypertensive agents, as ordered, to prevent aneurysm rupture. To sustain major organ perfusion, the client should maintain a mean arterial pressure of at least 60 mm Hg. Although the nurse must assess each client's mobility individually, most clients need bed rest when initially attempting to gain stability.
Which of the following are alterations noted in Virchow's triad? Select all that apply. Stasis of blood Vessel wall injury Altered coagulation Edema Tenderness
Stasis of blood Vessel wall injury Altered coagulation Explanation: Three factors, known as Virchow's triad, are believed to play a significant role in the development of venous thrombosis. They are stasis of blood, vessel wall injury, and altered coagulation. Edema and tenderness are clinical manifestations of venous thrombosis, but are not part of the triad.
A nurse is providing education about the prevention of arterial constriction to a client with peripheral arterial disease. Which of the following includes priority information the nurse would give to the client? Stop smoking. Keep your feet elevated above your heart. Wear antiembolic stockings daily to assist with blood return to the heart. Do not cross your legs for more than 30 minutes at a time.
Stop smoking. Explanation: Nicotine from tobacco products causes vasospasm and can thereby dramatically reduce circulation to the extremities. When the client elevates the feet above the heart level, the heart must work against gravity to supply blood to the feet. Antiembolic stocking are helpful for venous return to the heart, but constriction is not helpful for lack of arterial blood flow. Crossing the legs for more than a few minutes at a time compresses arteries and decreases blood supply to the legs and feet.
On a routine visit to the physician, a client with chronic arterial occlusive disease reports that he's stopped smoking after 34 years. To relieve symptoms of intermittent claudication, a condition associated with chronic arterial occlusive disease, which additional measure should the nurse recommend? Taking daily walks Engaging in anaerobic exercise Reducing daily fat intake to less than 45% of total calories Abstaining from foods that increase levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
Taking daily walks Explanation: Taking daily walks relieves symptoms of intermittent claudication, although the exact mechanism is unclear. Anaerobic exercise may make these symptoms worse. Clients with chronic arterial occlusive disease must reduce daily fat intake to 30% or less of total calories. The client should limit dietary cholesterol because hyperlipidemia is associated with atherosclerosis, a known cause of arterial occlusive disease. However, HDLs have the lowest cholesterol concentration, so this client should eat, not abstain from, foods that raise HDL levels.
What should the nurse do to manage persistent swelling in a client with severe lymphangitis and lymphadenitis? Teach the client how to apply a graduated compression stocking. Inform the physician if the client's temperature remains low. Avoid elevating the area. Offer cold applications to promote comfort and to enhance circulation.
Teach the client how to apply a graduated compression stocking. Explanation: In severe cases of lymphangitis and lymphadenitis with persistent swelling, the nurse teaches the client how to apply a graduated compression stocking. The nurse informs the physician if the client's temperature remains elevated. The nurse recommends elevating the area to reduce the swelling and provides warmth to promote comfort and to enhance circulation.
What should the nurse do to manage the persistent swelling in a client with severe lymphangitis and lymphadenitis? Teach the client how to apply an elastic sleeve Inform the physician if the client's temperature remains low Avoid elevating the area Offer cold applications to promote comfort and to enhance circulation
Teach the client how to apply an elastic sleeve Explanation: In severe cases of lymphangitis and lymphadenitis with persistent swelling, the nurse teaches the client how to apply an elastic sleeve or stocking. The nurse informs the physician if the client's temperature remains elevated. The nurse recommends elevating the area to reduce the swelling and provides warmth to promote comfort and to enhance circulation.
A client with a diagnosed abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) develops severe lower back pain. Which is the most likely cause? The aneurysm has become obstructed. The aneurysm may be preparing to rupture. The client is experiencing inflammation of the aneurysm. The client is experiencing normal sensations associated with this condition.
The aneurysm may be preparing to rupture. Explanation: Signs of impending rupture include severe back or abdominal pain, which may be persistent or intermittent. Abdominal pain is often localized to the middle or lower abdomen to the left of the midline. Low-back pain may be present because of pressure of the aneurysm on the lumbar nerves. Indications of a rupturing AAA include constant, intense back pain; falling blood pressure; and decreasing hematocrit. Rupture into the peritoneal cavity is quickly fatal. A retroperitoneal rupture of an aneurysm may result in hematomas in the scrotum, perineum, flank, or penis.
A nurse and physician are preparing to visit a hospitalized client with peripheral arterial disease. As you approach the client's room, the physician asks if the client has reported any intermittent claudication. The client has reported this symptom. The nurse explains to the physician which of the following details? The client can walk about 50 feet before getting pain in the right lower leg. The client's fingers tingle when left in one position for too long. The client experiences shortness of breath after walking about 50 feet. The client's legs awaken him during the night with itching.
The client can walk about 50 feet before getting pain in the right lower leg. Explanation: Intermittent claudication is caused by the inability of the arterial system to provide adequate blood flow to the tissues when increased demands are made for oxygen and nutrients during exercise. Pain is then experienced. When the client rests and decreases demands, the pain subsides. The client can then walk the same distance and repeat the process.
A pregnant client who developed deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in her right leg is receiving heparin I.V. on the medical floor. Physical therapy is ordered to maintain her mobility and prevent additional DVT. A nursing assistant working on the medical unit helps the client with bathing, range-of-motion exercises, and personal care. Which collaborative multidisciplinary considerations should the care plan address? The client is at risk for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia; therefore, the care plan should include sequential compression device application and strict bed rest. The client is at risk for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia; therefore, the care plan should include reporting evidence of bleeding or easy bruising. The client is at risk for developing another DVT; therefore, the care plan should include reporting redness, tenderness, or edema in the other lower extremity. The client is pregnant and receiving I.V. heparin, placing her at risk for premature labor; therefore, the care plan should include reporting signs of premature labor.
The client is at risk for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia; therefore, the care plan should include reporting evidence of bleeding or easy bruising. Explanation: Feedback about possible bleeding and bruising from physical therapy and other caregivers should be incorporated into the care plan to ensure safety and optimal outcomes. Using a sequential compression device, mandating strict bed rest, and reporting signs of DVT don't incorporate collaborative care. Reporting signs of premature labor doesn't address the consequences of thrombocytopenia, which may occur with I.V. heparin therapy.
The most important factor regulating the caliber of blood vessels, which determines resistance to flow, is: Hormonal secretion. Independent arterial wall activity. The influence of circulating chemicals. The sympathetic nervous system.
The sympathetic nervous system. Explanation: Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system causes vasoconstriction thus regulating blood flow. Norepinephrine is the responsible neurotransmitter.
The nurse is caring for a patient with venous insufficiency. For what should the nurse assess the patient's lower extremities? Rubor Cellulitis Dermatitis Ulceration
Ulceration Explanation: Venous ulceration is the most serious complication of chronic venous insufficiency and can be associated with other conditions affecting the circulation of the lower extremities. Cellulitis or dermatitis may complicate the care of chronic venous insufficiency and venous ulcerations.
What symptoms should the nurse assess for in a client with lymphedema as a result of impaired nutrition to the tissue? Loose and wrinkled skin Ulcers and infection in the edematous area Evident scaring Cyanosis
Ulcers and infection in the edematous area Explanation: In a client with lymphedema, the tissue nutrition is impaired as a result of the stagnation of lymphatic fluid, leading to ulcers and infection in the edematous area. Later, the skin also appears thickened, rough, and discolored. Scaring does not occur in clients with lymphedema. Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes.
A home health nurse is seeing an elderly male client for the first time. During the physical assessment of the skin on the lower legs, the nurse notes edema, brown pigmentation in the gaiter area, pedal pulses, and a few irregularly shaped ulcers around the ankles. From these findings, the nurse knows that the client has a problem with peripheral circulation. Which of the following does the nurse suspect? Arterial insufficiency Venous insufficiency Neither venous nor arterial insufficiency Trauma
Venous insufficiency Explanation: Symptoms of venous insufficiency include present pedal pulses, edema, pigmentation in gaiter area, and a reddish blue color. Ulcers caused by venous insufficiency will be irregular in shape and usually located around the ankles or the anterior tibial area. Characteristics of arterial insufficiency ulcers include location at the tips of the toes, great pain, and circular shape with a pale to black ulcer base.
Which client with a venous stasis ulcer is a candidate for topical hyperbaric oxygen therapy? a client with a chronic, nonhealing skin lesion a client whose ulcer includes necrotic tissue a client with an infected stasis ulcer a nonambulatory client
a client with a chronic, nonhealing skin lesion Explanation: Chronic, nonhealing skin lesions are treated with topical hyperbaric oxygen therapy. This approach delivers oxygen above atmospheric pressure directly to the wound rather than to the full body as with other disorders such as carbon monoxide poisoning. Necrotic tissue is debrided from a stasis ulcer. A client's infection is treated with an application of Silvadene, an antibacterial cream, or an antibiotic ointment and an occlusive transparent dressing such as Tegaderm that traps moisture and speeds healing.
The term for a diagnostic test that involves injection of a contrast media into the venous system through a dorsal vein in the foot is air plethysmography. contrast phlebography. lymphangiography. lymphoscintigraphy.
contrast phlebography. Explanation: When a thrombus exists, an x-ray image will disclose an unfilled segment of a vein. Air plethysmography quantifies venous reflux and calf muscle pump ejection. In lymphangiography, contrast media are injected into the lymph system. In a lymphoscintigraphy, a radioactive-labeled colloid is injected into the lymph system.
The most important reason for a nurse to encourage a client with peripheral vascular disease to initiate a walking program is that this form of exercise: reduces stress. aids in weight reduction. increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level. decreases venous congestion.
decreases venous congestion. Explanation: Regular walking is the best way to decrease venous congestion because using the leg muscles as a pump helps return blood to the heart. Regular exercise also aids in stress reduction and weight reduction and increases the formation of HDLs — which are all beneficial to a client with peripheral vascular disease. However, these changes don't have as significant an effect on the client's condition as decreasing venous congestion.
To check for arterial insufficiency when a client is in a supine position, the nurse should elevate the extremity at a 45-degree angle and then have the client sit up. The nurse suspects arterial insufficiency if the assessment reveals: elevational rubor. no rubor for 10 seconds after the maneuver. elevational pallor. a 30-second filling time for the veins.
elevational pallor. Explanation: If arterial insufficiency is present, elevation of the limb would yield a pallor from the lack of circulation. Rubor on elevation and increased venous filling time would suggest venous problems secondary to venous trapping and incompetent valves.
A nurse is instructing a client about using antiembolism stockings. Antiembolism stockings help prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVT) by: encouraging ambulation to prevent pooling of blood. providing warmth to the extremity. elevating the extremity to prevent pooling of blood. forcing blood into the deep venous system.
forcing blood into the deep venous system. Explanation: Antiembolism stockings prevent DVT by forcing blood into the deep venous system, instead of allowing blood to pool. Ambulation prevents blood from pooling and prevents DVT, but encouraging ambulation isn't a function of the stockings. Antiembolism stockings could possibly provide warmth, but this factor isn't how they prevent DVT. Elevating the extremity decreases edema but doesn't prevent DVT.
Two days after undergoing a total abdominal hysterectomy, a client complains of left calf pain. Venography reveals deep vein thrombosis (DVT). When assessing this client, the nurse is likely to detect: pallor and coolness of the left foot. a decrease in the left pedal pulse. loss of hair on the lower portion of the left leg. left calf circumference 1" (2.5 cm) larger than the right.
left calf circumference 1" (2.5 cm) larger than the right. Explanation: Signs of DVT include inflammation and edema in the affected extremity, causing its circumference to exceed that of the opposite extremity. Pallor, coolness, decreased pulse, and hair loss in an extremity signal interrupted arterial blood flow, which doesn't occur in DVT.