Unit 5: Enlightenment and Revolutions

First Industrial Revolution

beginning in Great Britain in the 1780s, which gave rise to textiles, steam power, railroads, iron, and coal

How did environmental factors contribute to industrialization from 1750 to 1900? (5.3)

-A variety of factors contributed to the growth of industrial production and eventually resulted in the Industrial Revolution, including: Proximity to waterways; access to rivers and canals Geographical distribution of coal, iron, and timber Urbanization Improved agricultural productivity Legal protection of private property Access to foreign resources Accumulation of capital -The development of the factory system concentrated production in a single location and led to an increasing degree of specialization of labor

What were the causes and effects of economic strategies of different states and empires during the Industrial Age?

-As the influence of the Industrial Revolution grew, a small number of states and government promoted their own state-sponsored visions of industrialization example: Muhammad Ali's development of a cotton textile industry in Egypt -The expansion of U.S. and European influence in Asia led to internal reform in Japan that supported industrialization and led to the growing regional power of Japan in the Meiji Era

How did the Enlightenment affect societies OVER TIME?

-Enlightenment ideas and religious ideals influence various reform movements. These reform movements contributed to the expansion of rights, as seen in: expanded suffrage abolition of slavery end of serfdom -Demands for women's suffrage and an emergent feminism challenged political and gender hierarchies examples: Mary Wollstonecraft's "A Vindication of the Rights of Women" Olympe de Gouges's "Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen" Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized the Seneca Falls conference (1848)

What was the intellectual and ideological context of the Atlantic Revolutions from 1750- 1900?

-Enlightenment philosophies applied new ways of understanding and empiricist approaches to both the natural world and human relationships; they also reexamined the role that religion played in public life and emphasized the importance of reason. Philosophers developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions in all areas of life often preceded revolutions and rebellions against existing governments Nationalism also became a major force shaping the historical development of states and empires

effect on mass culture

By the late 1880s- consumerism, leisure activities such as biking and boating; sporting events such as soccer, baseball, golf; music halls, public parks

What were the causes and effects of the many revolutions in the period 1750 to 1900?

-People around the world developed a new sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs, and territory. This was sometimes harnessed by governments to foster a sense of unity -18th century market the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing governments, leading to the establishment of new nation-states around the world -Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encouraged the development and systems of government and various ideologies, including democracy and 19th-century liberalism. -Colonial subjects in the Americas led a series of rebellions inspired by democratic ideals. The American Revolution, and its successful establishment of a republic, the United States of America, was a model and inspiration for a number of revolutions that facilitated the emergence of independent states examples: Haitian Revolution, Latin America such as in Mexico, and South America. -The ideas of the Enlightenment philosophers, as reflected in revolutionary documents-including the American Declaration of Independence during the American Revolution, the French "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen" during the French Revolution, and bolivar's "Letter from Jamaica" on the eve of the Latin American revolutions- influence resistance to existing political authority, often in pursuit of independence and democratic ideals -Newly imagined national communities often linked this new national identity with borders of the state, and in some cases, nationalists challenged boundaries or sought unification of fragmented regions examples for national unification or liberation: propaganda Movement in the Philippines, Maori nationalism and the New Zealand wars, Puerto Rico writing of Lola Rodriguez de Tio, Germany and Italian unifications, Balkan nationalism, Ottomanism

How did technology shape economic production over time, starting with the Industrial Age?

-The development of machines, including steam engines and internal combustion engine, made it possible to take advantage of both existing and vast newly discovered resources of energy stored in fossil fuels, specifically coal and oil. The fossil fuels revolution greatly increased the energy available to human societies. -The 'Second industrial revolution' led to new methods in the production of steel, chemicals, electricity, and precision machinery during the second half of the 19th century -Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph made exploration, development, and communication possible in interior regions globally, which led to increased trade and migration

What were the economic systems, ideologies, and institutions and how did they contribute to change in the period from 1750 to 1900?

-Western European countries began abandoning mercantilism and adopting free trade policies, partly in response to the growing acceptance of Adam Smith's theories of laissez-fair capitalism and free markets. -The global nature of trade and production contributed to the proliferation of large-scale transnational businesses that relied on new practices in banking and finance examples of TNC: Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC), Unilever based in England and the Netherlands operating in West Africa and Belgian Congo, examples of financial instruments: stock markets, Limited-liability corporations -The development of industrial capitalism led to increased standards of living for some, and to continued improvement in manufacturing methods that increased the availability, affordability, and variety of consumer goods

What were the causes and effects of calls for changes in industrial societies from 1750 to 1900? (5.8)

-in response to the social and economic changes brought about by industrial capitalism, some governments, organizations, and individuals promoted various types of political, social, educational, and urban reforms -In industrial states, many workers organized themselves, often in labor unions, to improve working conditions, limit hours, and gain higher wages. Workers' movements and political parties emerged in different areas, promoting alternative visions of society -discontent with established power structures encouraged the development of various ideologies, including those espoused by Karl Marx, and the ideas of socialism and communism -In response to the expansion of industrializing states, some governments in Asia and Africa, including the Ottoman Empire and Qing China, sought to reform and modernize their economies and militaries. Reform efforts were often resisted by some embers of government or establishment elite groups

Zionism

A idea for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine. Jews were so persecuted and discriminated against, the idea was that Jews would not be fully safe until they have a sovereign country of their own.

During the industrial age, How have different modes of production changed over time? How have different locations of production developed and changed over time?

-rapid development of steam-powered industrial production in European countries and the US contributed to the increase in these regions' share of global manufacturing during the first Industrial Revolution. While Middle Eastern and Asian countries continued to produce manufactured goods, these regions' share in global manufacturing declined examples: Shipbuilding in India and Southeast Asia; Iron works in India; Textile production in India and Egypt -As new methods of industrial production became more common in parts of northwestern Europe, they spread to other parts of Europe and the United States, Russia, and Japan

John Locke (1632-1704)

1. English philosopher who wrote "The Second Treatise of Government" 2. Viewed humans as basically rational beings who learn from experience 3. Formulated the theory of natural rights, arguing that people are born with basic rights to "life, liberty, and property" 4. Insisted that governments are formed to protect natural rights 5. Stated that the governed have a right to rebel against rulers who violate natural rights

water frame

1780's; Richard Arkwright; powered by water wheels; turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels, led to development of mechanized looms. This will end cottage industries and move production into factories that have large water wheels.

Transnational Corporation

A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located. This includes banks such as HSBC and Unilever

Lola Rodriguez de Tio

famous poet from Puerto Rico who openly criticized the Spanish. She encouraged resistance in Puerto Rico and then from Cuba.

Voltaire (1694-1778)

A later French philosopher who promoted civil liberties. He was influenced by his time living in Britain, so he strongly advocated for religious liberty, civil rights, and a check on absolute monarchy such as a strong Parliament. He is one of the most famous philosophers, with his quick wit. He openly published letters and idea. He talked to Catherine the Great and Frederick the Great, and was a huge influencer of his day.

Baron Montesquieu (1689-1755)

A later French philosopher who talked about separation of powers in government. This idea was used first by the American- and later most democratic government.

Spinning Jenny

A machine that could spin several threads at once. Invented by James Hargreaves

steam engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery, first textiles. Coal becomes important, and within 50 years the world has steam powered trains

Monopoly

A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller. The seller than completely controls prices.

Commodore Matthew Perry

A navy commander who, on July 8, 1853, became the first foreigner to break through the barriers that had kept Japan isolated from the rest of the world for 250 years.

mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestors

Consumerism

A preoccupation with the purchasing of material goods. Producers started to advertise so people would buy more.

nation-state

A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality. Countries use to be large, multi-cultural states. Since the 1700s, there has been a push to create nation-states as people use nationalism to try and create smaller countries. Some modern examples include Japan, South Korea. Today- there is much migration so having a nation-state is difficult. But this was hugely popular in the 1800 and 1900s.

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country. This can be a spectrum with focusing on being proud of a shared culture on one side. On the other it goes to the extreme where people think others are inferior. In the 1700 and 1800s, this united people to break away from larger empires with the desire to form countries based on nationality.

Dreyfus Affair (1894)

Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish Officer in the French army, was accused of being a spy, and other crimes against France. People thought he wrote letters to the Germans telling them about secrets of the French army. He was framed, but spent months in jail. This became a huge scandal that showed how prominent anti-Semitism still was in Europe. Spurred Zionism.

Russia Early Industrialization

focus on railroads and exports such as raw materials including wheat- then coal, iron, and steel but economy still mostly agricultural

automatic loom

Allowed cloth to be made more quickly; the Japanese invention helped create the Toyota Loom Works, which developed into the car company we know today.

Ottomanism

An ideology developed by the Ottoman govt in order to strengthen their subjects' loyalty and solidarity. Focused on the idea the all subjects are equal (despite religious/ethnic/linguistic differences) and deserved equal rights (reinforced by Imperial decree of 1856). Nationalism was too strong, though and people view it with suspicion.

Theodor Herzl

Austrian journalist and Zionist; formed World Zionist Organization in 1897; promoted Jewish migration to Palestine and formation of a Jewish state

Industrialized after England

Belgium, Netherlands, France, Germany, then the US, Japan, and some of Russia

Cecil Rhodes

Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism. He founded De Beers Diamonds (still mostly a monopoly). He built many roads in South Africa used to take raw materials for the UK.

Manchester

City in England; one of the leading industrial areas; example of an Industrial Revolution City; first major rail line linked Manchester to Liverpool in 1830.

Tran-Siberian Railroad

Constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role. Raw materials more easily extracted and transported such as coal.

creoles

Descendants of Spanish Europeans, but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.

Italian Unification

During 1848, Italy was separated into many states. Cavour worked to unify the North then helped Giuseppe Garibaldi unify the South staring with Sicily. Garibaldi eventually stepped aside and handed over all of Southern Italy to Victor Emmanuel II (King of Sardinia) rule all of the now unified Italy. Cavour used nationalism and encouraged a war between France and Austria.

end of serfdom

English ended serfdom under Elizabeth in 1574, French in 1789, and Russia under Alexander II in 1861.

cause of Haitian Revolution

Enlightenment ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity, successes of the American and French Revolution, horrible conditions of slavery, ratio of slaves to Europeans, brilliance of Toussaint L'Ouverture

causes of French Revolution

Enlightenment ideas, social inequality, economic problems, monarchy refused to reform inspiring radicals and peasant uprisings

Social Contract

First argued by Hobbes who said that life was difficult, but my agreeing to this, people give up some rights to the central government, and the central government then provides law and order. Locke expanded on this to say that the social contract meant people have the right to then create the best government- even if with rebellion. Montesquieu then added on to it again 50 year later saying part of a responsible government would have separation of powers, and the government should answer to the will of the people. This idea inspired revolutions.

Suffrage

the right to vote in political elections also called franchise. This term is used for men and women, but women achieved suffrage much later than most men.

Jose Rizal

He went to university in Spain and was exposed to enlightenment ideas. Came back to the Philippines and published articles calling for more autonomy. He was part of the Propaganda Movement, and he was killed for his ideas. He became a martyr, inspiring the Philippines Revolution.

interchangeable parts

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing. Eli Whitney started the practice with weapons in the US.

German Unification

In the 19th-century, various independent German-speaking states, led by the chancellor of Prussia Otto von Bismarck, unified to create a Germanic state. The state expanded with von Bismarck's military exploits against Austria, France and Denmark. Unification was complete by 1871 with the Prussian king, Wilhelm, named the first leader of Germany. Used nationalism and manipulated neighbors into wars for Germany's benefit.

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone

Steam powered ships

Invention by Robert Fulton in 1807 that allowed for faster transportation of products along rivers and across oceans (1819).

Gugliemo Marconi

Italian inventor credited with the invention of the radio

Zaibatsu

Large conglomerate corporations through which key elite families exerted a great deal of political and economic power in Imperial Japan. By WWII, four of them controlled most of the economy of Japan. Private corporations set Japan's industrialization apart from others.

Abolitionism

Militant effort to do away with slavery. and serfdom. The slave trade was banned in Europe before slavery itself, early 1800s. In most countries in the Americans, slavery then fizzled out- except the US and Brazil. The Portuguese and Portuguese colonies were the last to end slavery.

stock markets

New financial instruments--especially ways for businesses to raise money--were developed in this period. This includes insurance, corporations, and ____ ____, exchanges where corporate shares could be sold.

mulattoes

People of African and European or Native American descent

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

peninsulares

Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class.

Declaration of the Rights of Men

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. The king refused to accept the limited monarchy.

Second Industrial Revolution

Steel, chemicals, oil, electricity. This is the name for the new wave of more heavy industrialization starting around the 1860s.

Unilever

Transnational business based in England and the Netherlands operating in British West Africa and the Belgian Congo to source palm oil for soap and other products. Today a major TNC

Meiji Restoration (1868)

The Japanese dynasty after the 1850s. In response to the Americans forcibly opening up Japan to international trade, the Meiji created an industrial state with centralized power.

Feminism

The belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men. Olympe de Gouges argued feminism during the French Revolution. Mary Wollstonecraft in England argued that women should have the means to not be reliant on men. Almost 60 years later, women in the US also took up the fight. From the Enlightenment all the way to women's suffrage granted after WWI- women fought for economic and political rights. The movement continues to day for economic, social, and political equality.

Egypt's Industrialization

Under Muhammad Ali, reformed the military including sending officers to France for education, started schools, taxed peasants so much they gave up their land. Then the government used the land for cotton production- built textile factories and weapons factories.

Japan's Industrialization

adopted reforms to preserve Japanese culture, but only those that they liked. Education, roads, military, new constitution, and criminal codes. subsidized industry such as tea, silk, weapons, and shipbuilding

Industrialization

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

limited-liability corporations

The form of business where ownership is in which the owners are liable only up to a certain amount of their individual investment.

Simon Bolivar

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. He supported ideas from the Enlightenment but many of the other creoles did not support his ideas such as emancipation of slaves.

Opium Wars

Wars between Britain and the Qing Empire (mind 1800s), caused by the Qing government's refusal to let Britain import Opium. China lost and Britain and most other European powers were able to develop a strong trade presence throughout China against their wishes.

Enclosure Movement

The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century. This kicked many farmers off of their land as many farms changed to growing sheep.

Agricultural Revolution

The second large revolution with farming increasing farming practices such as crop rotation, and using the seed drill. But the increase in food also happened because of the introduction of foods from the Americas such as the potato. The introduction of new food is before large mechanization.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.

Jamaica Letter

Written by Simone Bolivar, in this letter he argues that liberty should come to Latin America but before true freedom can be experienced, there should be a period of transition in which a dictator should rule. Bolivar believed in natural rights.

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Wrote the Communist Manifesto. This divided society into proletariat (workers) and bourgeoisie (owner exploiters)

Adam Smith

a philosopher who specialized in economics. He wrote the Wealth of Nations (1776). He is arguing against mercantilism and calling for a new economic system of free trade (less government involvement). He uses the term 'laissez-faire'. Foundation of capitalism, which is the most common economic system today.

conservatism (conservative)

a political ideology that resists change

wrought iron

a tough, malleable form of iron suitable for forging or rolling rather than casting, obtained by puddling pig iron while molten. . This was used in transportation and industry

Declaration of Independence (1776)

address to King George but really meant for the general public as published in newspapers. Expressed 'unalienable rights' from John Locke and other ideas of how a government should be organized expressed in the Enlightenment

reaction to capitalist economy

focus on reforms such as those of utilitarianism by John Stuart Mill; the call for an end to bourgeoisie exploitation, and an end to all social classes in Marxism;

Japan early industrialization

focused on military, textiles, and shipbuilding

Utilitarianism

idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people; many of these ideas first expressed by John Stuart Mill eventually pass such as safe working conditions.

Causes of American Revolution

ideas of Enlightenment, long distance to Europe, no representation in parliament, unfair mercantilism, taxes,

effects of French Revolution

monarchy beheaded and creation of first French Republic, abolition of feudalism, Declaration of the Rights of Man, Reign of Terror, and eventually the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte

Capital

money for investment

Enlightenment

movement starting in the mid-1600s that emphasized reason and logic over tradition. Influenced by humanism, greater knowledge of the world and the various social structures, and the Scientific Revolution. The main ideas that will spur revolutions is natural rights, constitutions, religious tolerance, and self-determination (leading to nationalism). By the 1800s, these ideas will also spur demands for suffrage for women, feminism, and calls to end slavery, and the end of serfdom.

Decline of Ottoman Empire in Europe

nationalism increased in Eastern Europe- first Greece won independence than others railed around shared cultures and with the help of Russia, Britain, and France others won independence.

Britain's Advantages

natural resources such as iron and coal, natural waterways; resources from the colonies including from the slave trade; large and strong merchants and navy; a government that protected private property; growing population and urbanization; later Britain also had railways and advanced machines

labor unions

organizations of workers that advocated for better working conditions such as low wages, long hours, unsafe factories. These are how people eventually reduced the work week to 5 days, forced overtime pay, and increased suffrage in Europe, and how women got the right to vote in many countries.

Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation

prominent bank established and based in Hong Kong since 1865 when Hong Kong was a colony of the British Empire.

New Zealand Wars

series of armed conflicts that took place in New Zealand from 1845 to 1872 between the British New Zealand government and the Māori. Until at least the 1980s, European New Zealanders referred to them as the Māori wars. The British took control of the islands by 1878.

global manufacturing declined

shipbuilding, iron works, mining, textiles in India; textiles and carpet making in India- British actively reduced as well as competition

causes of Creole Revolutions

social inequality with strict classes, mercantilism, enlightenment ideas, saw opportunity after Napoleonic Wars and the return of absolutism in Spain, charismatic leaders such as Bolivar, Hidalgo, and San Martin.

cottage industry/putting out system

system of production in which work was controlled by a central agent but conducted by various people in their own homes, less efficient and unreliable than later factories, but increased production at the time. Gave women some independence though the pay was low

division of labor

the assignment of different parts of a manufacturing process or task to different people in order to improve efficiency.

Empiricism

the belief that knowledge comes from sensed experiences including observation and experiments. Ideas made popular with Francis Bacon and his Scientific Method.

Socialism

the idea that social should share in the ownership of the means of production.

Latin American Revolutions/ Creole Revolutions/ Bolivar Revolutions

the many names of the revolutions that occurred against the Spanish in Latin America. (some historians include Brazil)

Deism

the religion of most of the philosophers in the enlightenment. This says that god made the world. However, similar to a clockmaker, the creator then stands back and lets nature happen. It is our job then as Christians to try to understand the 'clock' with scientific inquiry- but don't expect God to act in our day to day lives.

Coaling Stations

these were refueling stations used by navies' coal-powered steamships. The need for these was one of the driving forces behind the establishment of European and American bases/colonies around the globe, such as the fighting for Capetown in South Africa.

child labor

this became common in factories and working in mines. Unions, social activists and reformers focused on getting children into school instead of working. In 1843, the UK made it illegal for children under 10 to work, and in 1881 school became mandatory.

effects of Haitian Revolution

war and freedom, constitution, land redistribution, first country in Latin America to win independence

effect of Creole Revolutions

war and independence, new constitutions, little social change for women, native Americans, slaves (despite official emancipation in some constitutions), or others at the bottom, split into smaller states

Effect of American Revolution

war and independence, very first constitution with separation of powers, and federal government, inspired other revolutions, France's help was costly

electricity

with the invention of the electrical generator, electricity becomes viable a and street lights and electric trains are in London by 1890s