unit 5 ib psych test

cultural norms

- a set of rules based on socially or culturally shared beliefs of how an individual ought to behave to be accepted within that group

self-selected cultures

- a way in which an individual may escape their identity confusion -may form cultures with like-minded people who wish to have an identity not influenced by global cultures and its values such as fundamentalist religious groups

tajfel study kandinsky vs klee (1970)

- boys 14-15 placed in two groups, one where they liked kandinsky paintings and one who liked klee paintings - each boy had to award point to two other boys, one from same and one from different - boys generally awarded more points to people in their own group

uncertainty avoidance/uncertainty tolerant

- deals with a society's tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity - russia, argentina=uncertainty avoidance (much more rule and law based) -US, china=uncertainty tolerant

emic approach

- develops research question after spending time with the local community -applies their findings to the local community being investigated - develops tests in consultation with local experts to apply to the community. theories are generated after spending time within the culture -collects data only after they are familiar with the local culture (inductive)

aronson and steele (1996)

- how stereotype threat affects test performance in african americans -african americans did poorly when they believed the test was of their ability (verbal speaking=threat condition) -did just as well as white americans when believed test was of problem solving skills

retention social cognitive learning theory

- how well behavior remembered, needs to be memory to refer to

festinger 1956

- investigate the self fulfilling prophecy - religious cult in Chicago that believed the world would end on December 21 - observers immersed themselves in the group to observe their behavior (covert observation) - group explained that God did not destroy the world because of their prayers - this was to protect their group self-esteem - high ecological validity

Norasakkunkit & Uchida (2014)

- looks at hikikomori (a culture bound syndrome) -used sample of 195 male university students - participants given a standardized test to see if at high or low risk for hikikomori -another test given to see the participants attitudes on social harmony and conformity -test looked at 3 levels:perception of current self, ideal self, and general japanese society -asked to take another test on their sense of local identity (high collectivism and social harmony) and global identity (high on individualism and achievement) -both groups agreed harmony and conformity valued in japanese society -those at high risk ranked social harmony as a much lower value -high risk students scored lower in both global and local identity

social identities examples

- male, australian, student, member of a swimming team, surfer

separation

- negative to global culture and positive to local culture

identification in social cognitive learning theory

- occurs with another person (the model) involves taking on (or adopting) observed behaviors,values, beliefs, etc. - imitation involves copying a single behavior - identification involves behaviors being adopted

Sherif 1954

- organized summer camp with two groups of boys - had them name themselves two groups and played activities (kept separate from each other) - after establishing group identities, researchers introduced conflict through games where one group benefited and the other didn't (lose vs win situation) which resulted in negative attitudes to the out group -when bus broke down, both groups got over conflicts in order to achieve overall goal of bus working

etic approach

- plans out research before arriving in field -applies their research findings globally; assumed that behaviors are universal - uses standardized tests and theories from their own culture and applies them to the local people -begins gathering data as soon as they arrive in the field _deductive)

alpert and postman (1947)

- see effect of stereotyping on recall -saw participant of white man holding razor and black man on subway -white people saw black holding razor and vice versa

Local Culture

- the culture we grow up in and share with others in the same environment

power distance

- the extent to which less powerful members of organizations, institutions, countries, families, etc, accept and expect that power is distributed unequally - ex)russia and china=accept others in power, america and canada are low power distant

attention social cognitive learning theory

- the extent to which we are exposed/notice the behavior (must occur for behavior to be imitated)

motivation social cognitive learning theory

- the will to perform the behavior (rewards and punishments)

reproduction social cognitive learning theory

- to perform behavior model has demonstrated

drury 2009 study

- used virtual reality stimulator to experience an emergency in London metro (had to escape a fire) -they could either help people or push them out of the way to try and make it to safety - primed beforehand thinking about emergency situation (read news report about fire in king cross metro where 31 people died); asked to close their eyes and imagine sights, noises, smells, and other sensations - those in high group identification (script told included you and others) gave more help and pushed others less than those individual identification (script told included only them)

martin and halverson 1989

- wanted to see if gender stereotyping would influence recall in 5 and 6 year old children -child shown 16 pictures, have conformed to gender stereotypes and half didnt - children easily recalled sex of actor in scenes where they conformed to gender norms

Delocalization

-globalization increasing the proportion of global consciousness but little connection to the place where they live

Indulgence vs. Restraint

-good to be free -doing what your impulses want you to do is good -in a resained culture, feeling that life is hard and duty, not freedom, is the norm -armenia, canada, brazil=indulgent -russia, china, japan=restrained

Integration

-positive attitude towards both global and local culture

Odden & Rochat (2004)

-studied role of social cognitive learning theory in Samoa; behavior of line fishing and conceptual understanding of rank and hierarchy -social norms limit the amount of time parents spend with their children (samoa very high power distant); children learn things on their own - through interviews and observations, young males observe their parents fishing but are never given direct instruction (at 10 years old would take equipment and start experiment; learned how to fish by age 12) - same with social system, no direct instruction until high school; children observe and hear their parents and their conversations

global culture

-the culture that we come to learn and perhaps adapt to by contact with other cultures (such as travel, working in international companies, media/social networking)

Masculinity/Femininity

-the degree to which force is endorsed practically, tactically, and socially -in masculine culture, men=tough -in feminine culture, much softer and nurturing -US and china more masculine, greenland, denmark=more feminine because they are socialist countries and are awful

polychronic cultures

people accomplish many different things at once -does not fully value orderliness

social roles and labels

people of ten times behave according to social role they are in - labels shape behavior (giving kid responsibility=take on that responsible role)

monochronic cultures

people tend to do one thing at a time - values orderliness and appropriate time and place for everything

Conformity

Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Grain of truth hypothesis

Argues that an experience with an individual from a group will then be generalized to the group

Culture

Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.

Deep Culture

Below the surface are the more meaningful and powerful aspects of culture: a. Beliefs- what we see as truth b. Norms- unwritten rules for behavior c. values- what we hold most important

Bandura (1961)

Children observed and later spontaneously imitated observed aggressive behavior - children who observed aggressive models were significantly more aggressive (physically and verbally) than those who were either now shown a model or were shown a model playing with other toys

Hikikomori

Common among young adults in Japan Victims isolate themselves for months or years - local culture may alienate Japanese youths who may then decide not to conform to the cultural norms, but do not identify with or know how to access the globalized culture, and so they withdraw from society.

superordinate goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

identity confusion

Erikson's term for uncertainty about who one is and where one is going

acculturation gaps

Generational differences in acculturation and how this leads to conflict within the family

marginalization

Groups lacking desirable traits are excluded from society. These groups include poor, uneducated, race and language. These groups will stay on the margin of acceptance by society unless there is social intervention. - negative to both global and local culture

acculturative stress

stress resulting from the need to change and adapt a person's ways to the majority culture

long term orientation

the basic notion about the world is that it is flux, and preparing for the future is always needed - russia, china ukraine=flex humble "go with the flow" - libya, egypt, algeria=more constructive and has to plan

social comparison (stage 3)

the benefits of belonging to the in-group vs out group after we categorize people into us and them

Surface Culture

Part of culture that can be seen: Language, clothing, food, customs, and art.

social context

the context in which behavior occurs in - assumption includes that human beings are social animals and we have a basic need to belong

covert participant observation

the form of participant observation wherein the observed individuals are not told that they are being studied.

overt participant observation

the form of participant observation wherein the observed individuals are told that they are being studied

reciprocal determinism

the group influences the individual and vice versa

contact hypothesis

The idea that stereotypes and prejudice toward a group will diminish as contact with the group increases. - positive contact with out-groups allow us to improve inter-group relationships -modern research shows that people living in cities are more aware of cultural differences and engage in more stereotyping than people that do not live in cities

Asch Paradigm

Those participants who conformed reported knowing their response was incorrect -- Why?

Method triangulation

Use of multiple methods of data collection to study the same phenomenon.

in-group favoritism

a cognitive bias involving the predisposition to attribute more positive characteristics to members of in-groups than to those of out-groups

social identity theory (tajfel)

a person has multiple social selves that correspond to group membership - three psychological mechanisms: social categorization, social comparison, and the tendency for people to use group membership as a source of self-esteem

stereotype threat

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

obedience to authority

a tendency to comply with instructions from an authority

confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

minimal group paradigm

an experimental paradigm in which researchers create groups based on arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria and then examine how the members of these "minimal groups" are inclined to behave toward one another - being placed in a group randomly results in being seen as similar in attitude and behavior with others in their group which is enough to form a bond

Asch Experiment

experimented how people would rather conform than state their own individual answer even though they know the group's answer is wrong

central route persuasion

experts, evidence, objective resources, unarguable facts

social cognitive learning theory

humans learn behavior through observation learning (through models) - three parts: attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

reciprocity norm

if someone does something for you, you feel obligated to return the favoro

normative social influence

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

informational social influence

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality (have a piece of information you want)

Berry's Acculturation Model

integration, assimilation, separation, marginalization

enculturation

learning and maintaining the necessary and appropriate behaviors and norms of our own culture

bicultural identity

maintaining one's original cultural identity while integrating oneself into the dominant culture - both local and global culture

2 main studies for compliance

milgram shock and stanford prison zimbardo

peripheral route persuasion

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness

illusory correlation

the perception of a relationship where none exists

Acculturation

the process by which someone comes into contact with another culture and begins to adopt the norms and behaviors of that culture

social categorization

the process of classifying people into groups based on similar characteristics, whether it be nationality, age, occupation, diagnosis, or some other trait. - gives rise to in groups and out group (when people randomly assigned to a group, they automatically think of that group as their in-group (us) and all others as an out-group (them)

Globalization

the process of interaction and integration among people of different nations -driven by international trade and investment aided by modern information technology -reduction of commerce barriers, international agreements to promote trade, etc.

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Individualism vs. Collectivism

the worth of an individual versus the worth of a group - america and canada=individualistic -korea and china=collectivist

high balling (door in the face)

uses anchoring bias -throws out large request to make actual request seem more attractive

Assimilation

when an individual changes their own cultural identity and adopts the culture of their new country - positive to global culture and negative to local culture

Non-participant observation

when the researcher observes behavior without participating in that behavior