Unit 6
What are characteristics of a core country?
-Economically developed -centers of business and finance -jobs focused on skill are dominant -Capital intense production -Benefits from international trade -Exploits weaker countries
What are some variables that Weber's theory does not take in to consideration?
-Environmental obstacles (weather, mountains, water, ect.) -Gas prices -Worker unions - Poor infrastructure
How did the diffusion of industrialization beginning in the 1700s affect people around the world?
-Increase food supplies lead to increased populations -People moved from agricultural jobs to factory jobs -Pollution levels increased -Rise of imperialism
What are characteristics of a periphery country?
-Least developed -Lots of low skill intensive jobs -Provides semi-periphery and core with cheap raw goods and services - Have agricultural economies -Receives jobs at few profits -Weak labor and environmental laws (perfect for exploitation)
What are characteristics of a semi-periphery country?
-Mid income, emerging economy -Provides goods and services to cores that the cores used to do themselves
Which of the following map scales would be most useful for studying the details of geographic features in the landscape of a farming community? 1 : 3,000,000 1 : 1,000,000 1 : 750,000 1 : 125,000 1 : 10,000
1 : 10,000
Sustainable Development Goals
17 goals adopted by the UN in 2015 to reduce disparities between developed and developing countries by 2030
Which statement describes the relative location of Barcelona, Spain? 386 miles east of Madrid and 644 miles south of Paris in the Northern Hemisphere and Eastern Hemisphere 41 N, 2 E the capital of the Catalonia region one of the largest cities in Spain
386 miles east of Madrid and 644 miles south of Paris
Developed Country (MDC)
A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development.
Developing Country (LDC)
A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development
Outsourcing
A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers.
ecoturism
A form of tourism that supports the conservation and sustainable development of ecologically unique areas
trading bloc
A group of neighboring countries that promote trade with each other and erect barriers to limit trade with other blocs
physical map
A map that shows mountains, hills, plains, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc.
cooperative store
A member-owned, member-governed business that operates for the benefit of its members according to common principles agreed upon by the international cooperative community.
development
A process of improvement in the conditions of people in a country through the diffusion of knowledge and technology.
Industrial Revolution
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.
right-to-work laws
A state law forbidding requirements that workers must join a union to hold their jobs.
Post-Fordism
Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks.
Which of the following is most characteristic of societies currently in the last stage of the demographic transition? Hyperinflation Unemployment Youth dependency Aging population Overpopulation
Aging population
fair trade
Alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and worker owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organizing, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards.
Post-industrialized landscape
An area that used to be full of factories and have lots of workers but the country has moved farther in development so the factories are abandoned
Gender Inequality Index (GII)
An indicator constructed by the U.N. to measure the extent of each country's gender inequality in terms of reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market.
Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)
An indicator constructed by the U.N. to measure the gender gap in the level of achievement in terms of income, education, and life expectancy.
Bulk-reducing industry
An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.
Bulk-gaining industry
An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.
Where is the term "Special economic zones (SEZ)" used?
China
What are examples of semi-periphery countries?
China, India, Mexico, Brazil, South Africa
Which type of map would have the largest scale? World map Continent map Country map Regional map City map
City map
Would a food packaging company (such as chips or soda) be close to consumers or close to materials.
Close to materials because it is bulk-reducing
According to Wallerstein (1982, 2004), what are the three structural positions of the modern world system?
Core, Semi-Periphery, and Periphery
Where is the term "Free zones" used?
Dominican republic
What stage of Rostow's Model was the US in during the turn of the century (1800s-1900s)?
Drive to maturity
What are examples of trading blocs?
EU, WTO, NAFTA,SPEC, Mercosur
What elements does Wallerstein's Theory include?
Economic and Political elements
Structural Adjustment Program
Economic policies imposed on less developed countries by international agencies to create conditions encouraging international trade, such as raising taxes, reducing government spending, controlling inflation, selling publicly owned utilities to private corporations, and charging citizens more for services.
What stage of Rostow's Model did the US reach in the 1920s?
High Mass consumption
preconditions for takeoff
Improving infrastructure and farming techniques, increase in productivity
multiplyer effect
In economics, the something is the idea that an initial amount of spending (usually by the government) leads to increased consumption spending and so results in an increase in national income greater than the initial amount of spending. ...
Human Development Index (HDI)
Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, education, and life expectancy
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country.
Site factors
Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside the plant, such as land, labor, and capital.
Situation factors of industry
Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory.
Which of the following characteristics is currently shared by Switzerland, Canada, and New Zealand? Low population-growth rates Prime urban systems High infant-mortality rates Membership in the European Union (EU) More than ten percent of the population involved in sheep farming
Low population-growth rates
cottage industry
Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.
What type of region is reflected on the map (pretend the map is representing different views of people)? Formal Functional Agricultural Perceptual Mental
Perceptual
What are examples of periphery countries?
Peru, Afghanistan, Peru, Kenya, Zimbabwe
What stage of Rostow's Model was the US in during the early 1800s?
Preconditions for takeoff
Quaternary Sector
Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.
Quinary Sector
Service sector industries require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high-level management.
Just-in-time delivery
Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed
Microloans
Small-business loans often used to buy equipment or operate a business
Fordism
System of standardized mass production attributed to Henry Ford.
What stage of Rostow's Model was the US in during the mid 1800s?
Takeoff
Millenium Development Goals
The United Nations mandate of eight development goals designed to eliminate poverty by the year 2015
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
The amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same goods and services in another country
Value Added
The gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy.
Adolescent Fertility Rate (AFR)
The number of births per 1,000 women ages 15 to 19
Pupil/teacher ratio
The number of enrolled students divided by the number of teachers
Maternal Mortality Rate
The number of women who die giving birth per 100,000 births
Literacy Rate
The percentage of a country's people who can read and write.
Female labor force participation rate
The percentage of women holding full-time jobs outside the home
Secondary Sector
The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.
Primary Sector
The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.
Tertiary Sector
The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment.
relative location
The position of a place in relation to another place
map scale
The relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth's surface.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
The total output of all economic activity in the nation, including goods and services.
Productivity
The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it.
Gross National Income (GNI)
The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country
How do geographers use cartographic scale? To increase the amount of land that can be shown on a map To simplify the amount of detail which will be presented on the map. To reduce the amount of distortion caused by a particular projection. To show how maps can be used in different ways. To indicate the relationship between size on the map and in reality.
To indicate the relationship between size on the map and in reality.
What stage of Rostow's Model was the US in in the 1600s?
Traditional Society
What three categories of cost was Weber's Least Cost Theory based off of?
Transportation, Labor, and Agglomeration
What are examples of core countries?
US, UK, Japan, Australia, Germany, ect.
In the GII, is a score of .89 good or bad?
Very bad
Dependency Theory
a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones
economy of scale
a proportionate saving in costs gained by an increased level of production.
high mass consumption
advanced technology fuels mass production and mass consumption as people now "need" countless goods, there is more economic growth then population growth, people have lots of expendable income to drive extra purchasing
office parks
agglomerations of office buildings with facilities established for the phones, internet, and transportation that allow the successful conduct of business
Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI)
an indicator of development that modifies the HDI to account for inequality within a country
growth pole
an urban center with certain attributes that, if augmented by a measure of investment support, will stimulate regional economic development in its hinterland
Export processing zone
areas where governments create favorable investment and trading conditions to attract export-oriented industries
Would an automobile be close to market or close to materials
close to market because it is bulk-gaining
Has outsourcing lead to an increase or decrease of jobs in MDCs?
decrease
Drive to Maturity
development of wider industrial and commercial base
What are other names for export processing zones?
free zones, Maquiladora (mexico), Special economic zone
Containerization
grouping individual items into an economical shipping quantity and sealing them in protective containers for transit to the final destination
Which change most reduced fertility rates in less developed countries? building hospitals and healthcare facilities increasing educational opportunities for girls implementing pro-natalist policies discouraging the use of birth control promoting fundamentalist religious values
increasing educational opportunities for girls
One would expect to find a population with a relatively young age structure in less developed countries highly developed countries countries with a low death rate countries with a low fertility rate countries with a high standard of living
less developed countries
per capita
per person
What type of map is shown above? physical political dot graduated symbol isoline
physical
Comparative Trade Advantage
producing something if he can produce it at lower cost than anyone else. Less opportunity cost
Microfinance
provision of small loans and other financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries
takeoff
rapid growth in limited fields, subsistence to commercial agriculture
comparative advantage
the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer
friction of distance
the increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance
Weber's Least Cost Theory
theory that described the optimal location of a manufacturing firm in relation to the cost of transportation, labor, and advantages through agglomeration
what are the 5 stages of economic growth?
traditional society, preconditions for takeoff, takeoff, drive to maturity, high mass consumption
Traditional Society
type of society in which behavior is characterized by and based on long-standing customs, habits, and traditions
complementary trade
when two regions specifically satisfy each other's needs through exchange of raw materials and or finished goods