Unit 6 APHG

A CBD's accessibility produces extreme competition for the limited available land. Land values very high in CBD.

- a CBD has a 3-dimensional character: more space used vertically than elsewhere in the urban area - land uses commonly found elsewhere in urban area are rare in the CBD

Quaternary

- concerned with collection, processing, and manipulation of information & capital (finance, administration, insurance, legal services, marketing)

Primary

- extractive sector; direct extraction of natural resources from the environment; hunting and gathering, herding, fishing, mining, farming, lumbering,...

Secondary

- manufacturing sector; processes raw materials & transforms them into finished industrial products; almost infinite range of commodities (toys, chemicals, buildings, etc.)

Quinary

- require a high level of specialized knowledge or skill (scientific research, high-level management)

Tertiary

- service sector; engaged in services (transportation, banking, education, ...)

The Bid-Rent Theory

- suggests that as one movers farther from the CBD, the value of land decreases, so only commercial landlords can afford to own buildings in the CBD, which they rent out to businesses

Public Services in CBDs

-City hall, courts, county and state agencies, libraries -remain to facilitate access for people living in all parts of town -semi-public places such as places of worship/social service agencies -Sport facilities and convention centers have been constructed downtown, many people attracted(large range) so cities place them in CBDs to stimulate more business for downtown restaurants, bars, hotels

Social Area Analysis and the 3 models of urban structure

-Concentric Zone Model: 2 families with the same income and ethnic background. one family lives in a newly constructed home, the other lives in an older one. The family in the newer house=outer ring, older house: more likely in an inner ring -Sector Model: 2 families who own their homes. Family with the higher income will not live in the same sector of the city as the family with the lower income -Multiple nuclei Model: people w/ same ethnic/racial background are likely to live near each other

Census combines MSAs and µSAs in several ways

-Core-based statistical area (CBSA): any one MSA or µSA -Combined statistical area (CSA): 2 or more contiguous CBSAs tied together by commuting patterns -primary statistical area (PSA) is a CSA, an MSA not included in a CSA, or a µSA not included in a CSA

Public transit in cities

-Dallas/LA opened light-rail lines (trolleys) -Boston/Chicago renovated subway systems -Chicago pioneered construction of heavy-rail rapid transit lines in the median strips of expressways -NY renovated subway system to be more hospitable(cleaning and less graffiti)

Alternative fuel Vehicles to reduce pollution/conserve nonrenewable resources Air pollution controlled through technology:

-Diesel=more efficiently burn fuel at a greater compression/at high temperatures -Hybrid=gas engine powers vehicle at higher speeds, low speeds=electric motor when Gas engine is at its least efficient -Ethanol=distilling crops, primarily sugarcane, corn, soybeans, or from cellulosic biomass: trees, grass, algae to be more environmentally safe -Plug-In Hybrid= battery supplies power at all speeds, recharged when moving w/ gas engine or when parked with an outlet -Hydrogen Fuel cell: Hydrogen forced through a PEM is combined w/ oxygen from air to produce an electric charge. Used for small vehicles now or in larger cities where hydrogen fueling stations are constructed

Business services in CBDs

-Offices cluster because of accessibility -even w/ tech, face-to-face still important for business -advertising, banking, finance, journalism, law depend on proximity to professional colleagues, rely on each other for business: chain of interdependency: continues to draw offices to CBD -Central location helps business that employ from a variety of neighborhoods, central location readily accessible to all

Hoyt's SECTOR city MODEL

A city develops in a series of sectors. Certain areas are more attractive for certain activities, due to the environment/chance. Activities expand outward in wedges from the center as the city grows. Once district with higher income housing is made, most expensive new housing built on outer edge of that sector, farther from the center. Best housing therefore is found in a corridor from downtown--> outer edge of the city. Industry/retail along good transport lines. Poorer people live along undesirable areas(traffic/noise/pollution), rich can afford to be farther. Zones expand along transportation routes to separate. Criticism: applies best to UK cities, doesn't take private car ownership into consideration(allowing cheaper land outside boundaries), assumes no bad interfering physical features Example: based on Chicago, higher income residential built along desirable lake michigan and north of the CBD (Blue/#2 sector is TRANSPORT AND INDUSTRY

Underground CBD

A vast underground network exists beneath most CBDs. "Underground city" includes garages, loading docks for deliveries, pipes for water/sewers. Electric cables run below as well: not enough space above for poles/unsightly/hazardous for such a dense network to be above ground. Subway trains. Cold weather areas have extensive underground pedestrian passages/shops: segregate from vehicles/shield from weather

Louis Wirth

Argued during 1930s that an urban dweller follows a different life than a rural dweller. Wirth defined a city as a permanent settlement w/ large size, high population density, and socially heterogeneous people

A financial adviser that helps a public school district cut down on unnecessary costs would fall under which service category?

Business Services

Why does New York have more specialized stores than smaller urban places?

Central place theory predicts how and where central places in the urban hierarchy (villages, town, cities) would be functionally and spatially distributed. It is assumed that the largest central place in a region or area provides the greatest number of services to that region and that the smallest would provide fewer services. New York City is a central place that provides a large variety of services and functions that are not available in smaller cities, towns, or villages in the area.

Periodic Markets

a collection of individual vendors who come together to offer goods and services in a location on specified days. Typically set up in a street or other public space, set up in another location on the next day. Exist to provide goods to residents of developing countries, as well as rural areas in developed countries where sparse pop./low in come produce purchasing power too low to support full-time retailing. Different from full time retailing in that many vendors are mobile/part time/unlike constantly supplied retail stores.

settlement

a permanent collection of buildings where people reside, work, and obtain services

What transportation types do cities use?

Copenhagen, Denmark: building many cycling lanes around city, many now commute by bike San Francisco, California: hybrid-electric buses and transportation that is low-emission Singapore: building new train stations so more people can access them, limits car ownership, efficient transport systems reduce pollution Building new transportation. Trains and buses are more realistic in some cases for many people. If they are sustainable in a city, then building new ones will help the population to still be able to have transportation without the pollution.

As long as demand for single family detached houses remains high, land on the fringe of urban areas will be converted from open space--> residential land use

Costs of Sprawl: Local authorities spend $ extending utilities/roads to connect developments not contiguous to existing built-up areas More agricultural land lost through construction of isolated housing developments More energy expended: trips to work/services must cover longer distances

How is the air kept clean?

London, UK, uses parking sensors to tell motorists where nearby parking is so they can reduce the amount of fuel consumption from cars/congestion for better air quality Melbourne, Australia: commitment to carbon neutrality, less fossil fuels being burned and going into the air Curitiba, Brazil: planted many trees and public parks for less congestion, purer air Using less fossil fuels sounds like a good idea to not have to breathe them in and keep the air pure with non-polluting energy sources.

How do companies and factories deal with their pollution?

Portland, Oregon aims for all new buildings to achieve zero carbon emissions, factories use less resources that cause pollution Destroying pollutants before they enter the atmosphere More energy-efficient operations, using energy-efficient technology Destroying pollutants before entering the atmosphere sounds like a good option to stop the pollution problem before it even starts.

Gravity Model

Predicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it. Best location minimizes distance that potential customers must travel

Grape Example

Primary: the farm, the grape Secondary: the raisin, the wine Tertiary: the store where the grape and products of the grape are sold Quaternary: the bank where the farmer went to get a loan or the marketing company that created the commercial for the wine, or the lawyer who helped paten the wine logo. Quinary: Production of a hybrid grape, genetically altered

Market Area Analysis

Process that is used to determine whether or not to locate a service in a particular place/or to close it

An Illinois supreme court judge would fall under which service category?

Public Services

Public services

Purpose is to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses. 10% of all US jobs, excludes educators, 1/6th of Public sector employees work for the federal gov't, 1/4 of them work for a 50 state gov't, 3/5 work for one of the tens of thousands of local governments

Why do people move to the city?

Push Lack of electrical, water and sewage services. Hard work, long hours and little pay for farmers. Shortage of education, health and welfare services. Chance of natural disasters leading to crop failure. Pull The availability of schools, doctors, hospitals and entertainment. A greater variety of jobs with higher wages. Improved housing. More reliable sources of food More enjoyment of life

Central Business District (CBD)

The downtown or nucleus of a city where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated; building densities are usually quite high; and transportation systems converge. (Downtown/Center city) -less than 1% of urban land, but large % of the public, business and consumer services. Easiest part of the city to reach/focal point of transportation, so services attracted because of accessibility. One of the oldest parts of the city, at or near the original site of the settlement. Along body of water, a primary transport route prior to the 20th century.

How do cities handle population growth?

Vancouver, Canada: increasing green jobs Stockholm, Sweden: residents pride themselves on their care for the climate, culture of environmental friendliness Austin, Texas: influx of young people moving to the city has pushed governments to prioritize sustainability in new buildings Having a culture of care for the environment, it is a good way to handle population growth so that the new people are open to helping the environment.

Why does the US have so much local gov't fragmentation

Very difficult to annex suburban jurisdictions, so very fragmented local government. Many different types of local governments: county, school, services. Makes it difficult to solve regional problems of traffic, waste-disposal, affordable housing. Most US metropolitan areas have a council of gov, consists of representatives of various local govs. Good for big projects/that need cooperation

Filtering

a process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner occupancy to rented apartments and ultimately to abandonment -Many inner-city houses built by wealthy in 19th have been subdivided by absentee landlords into smaller dwelling for low-income families -Landlords stop maintaining houses when collected rent is less than the cost of maintenance/taxes. Building soon deteriorates/grows unfit for occupancy -schools/shops close b/c they are no longer needed in inner-city neighborhoods w/ rapidly declining populations -Some financial institutions sped up abandonment through redlining

Informal Settlement(Squatter settlements)

a residential area where housing has been built on land to which the occupants have no legal claim or has not been built to the city's standards for legal buildings. Estimated 175 mil-1 bil people live in Informal Settlements worldwide

suburb

a residential or commercial area situated within an urban area but outside the central city

Social Challenges in Urban Areas/Inner-city Neighborhoods

a. Inadequate Job Skills: inner-city residents lack technical skills needed for most jobs b/c fewer than half complete high school. Atmosphere that ignores good learning habits (attendance/hw completion). In past, ppl w/ limited edu could find jobs (factory/clerks) but now these jobs require skills in computing/handling electronics. Remaining low-skill jobs (custodial/fast food) b/c these are increasingly in distant suburbs poorly served by public transport b. Poverty: unwed mothers give birth to 2/3 of babies in US inner-city neighborhoods, 80% kids live w/ only 1 parent in inner-city. Inadequate child-care services, so single mothers choose between working or staying home w/ kids--> so low income. Gov provides little incentive for dads to stay, only small % of dads are tracked down to provide child-support. If husband moves back, wife could lose welfare benefits, leaving them financially worse off living together c. Homelessness: several million in the US. Most b/c they can't afford housing/have no regular income. Affordable housing is increasingly difficult to find in cities. Homelessness could have happened from family problems/job-loss d. Drug Use: In a hopeless environment--> some turn to drugs. Rates are much higher in inner cities. Some drug users obtain money through crime. Gangs can form in neighborhoods to control profitable drug distribution e. Crime: Inner-city neighborhoods have a high share of a metropolitan areas serious crimes. high % of victims and perpetrators in cities are minorities. Violence may erupt when 2 gangs fight over boundaries of drug distribution area f. Inadequate Services: Lack adequate police/fire protection, shops, hospitals, health care facilities. Food deserts are common in low-income areas g. Finance Problems: low-income people require public services, but they can pay very little of the taxes needed to support the services. Lack of funds to pay for much-needed services

3 types of services

consumer, business, public

brownfields

contaminated industrial or commercial sites that may require environmental cleanup before they can be redeveloped or expanded

What is the principal enticement for talented individuals?

cultural diversity

These differences in rural vs urban may still exist in...

developing countries, but in developed social distinctions between rural/urban are blurred. According to Wirth's definition, nearly everyone in a developed country is now urban. Regardless of where you live, you have access to urban jobs, service, culture, recreation

Sustainable Development

development that meets the needs of the present w/out compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs Sustainable Developments that will make cities more environmentally sustainable: -transport that is more energy-efficient/less polluting -decrease in use of the 3 fossil fuels -increase in use of renewable energy -use of carbon capture and storage, involves capturing waste co2(carbon dioxide), transporting to a storage site, depositing it where it will not enter atmosphere(usually underground)

Each service has a

distinctive market area

An advantage of the Harris and Ullman multiple nuclei model over the Burgess concentric zone model and the Hoyt sector model of internal city structure is that the multiple nuclei model

easily incorporates construction of a new airport on the urban periphery. It DOS NOT easily incorporate depiction of linear and areal physical relief features. These are like Mountains, topographic features. The only answer hat they can't all do is a new airport construction

Why is a settlement's economic base important? Provide an example:

exporting by the basic businesses in a settlement brings more money into the local exporting by the basic business brings more money into the local economy=stimulating provision of more non-basic services for the settlement. 1. New basic businesses attract new workers to a settlement 2. New basic business workers Bring families w/ them 3. New nonbasic services opened to meet needs of new workers and families Example: new car assembly plant opens, new supermarkets, restaurants and other consumer services soon follow. Opposite order does not occur.

Basic business:

exports primarily to customers outside the settlement

Rush hour

heaviest flow of commuters is into CBD is morning/out in evening. Rush Hour is 4 consecutive 15-min periods w/ the heaviest traffic. So few people live close to place of employment in CBD, urban areas have heavy commuting rates

Central Place Theory

helps service providers select the most profitable location. A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther. explains how the most profitable location can be identified. First proposed in the 1930s by German geographer Walter Christaller As with central place theory, there are more lower-order global cities and few higher-order global cities.

Why many low-income ppl and minorities can't live in many suburbs:

high cost of housing/unwelcoming attitudes of established residents. Suburban communities discourage their entry b/c of fear that property values will decline if high-status composition of the neighborhood is altered

Activities Excluded from CBD

high rents and land shortage discourage manufacturing and residential activities

Public housing

housing in cities has a high cost, so governments sometimes step-in to own/support managment of housing for low-income households. Public Housing is government owned housing rented to low-income ppl, w/ rents set at 30% of tenant's income. Other countries: national gov subsidies gov/charitable groups to built/own much of housing for low-income Many were demolished/removed b/c of unsatisfactory living environments. In high-rise PH problems were the worst: broken elevators, juveniles terrorized by other tenants, high drug use and crime. Too many-low income fams concentrated in a high-density environment, leads to social challenges. This lowered amount of PH, # needing PH sored, left many w/out affordable housing. Cities try to reduce the hardship, US law requires they be reimbursed for moving expenses and rent increases over a 4 year period. Cities also renovate old housing for low-income families through PH programs. By renting renovated houses, a city disperses low-income families throughout cities. Some PH in Gentrified areas, some of housing that replaced the demolished PH may be too expensive for former PH residents.

Lack of Manufacturing in CBD

modern factories require large parcels of land to spread operations among 1-story buildings. Suitable land generally available. in suburbs, in past: inner-city factories and retail relied on waterfront CBDs lined w/ piers, but today's ocean vessels are unable to maneuver tight, shallow waters of old CBD harbors. They more downstream to more modern facilities. Port cities transform waterfront from industry to commercial recreational activities. Old factories replaced w/ apartments, offices, shops, parks, museums. CBD waterfronts now major tourist attractions. Many consumer services for tourists.

Why cities became popular:

offer detached single-family dwelling. Private land, parking, greater opportunities for home ownership. Space/privacy, retreat from stress of urban living/working. Fams w/ kids: more space to play, protection from high crime/heavy traffic in inner-city life. Incomes rose in 21st, more able to afford to buy suburban homes along with GI-bill after war and more mortgages offered

retailers w/ high ranges

often specialists, infrequently patronizing customers. Once preferred CBD b/c of widespread customers, have now moved suburban, some w/ high range still in CBD b/c visited by tourists/ locals patronize as a leisure activity

Need range/threshold to compute the market area

once range is determined, service provided counts the number of potential customers in a location(The irregularly shaped circle)

Communities specialize in the provision of

particular services, the specialized services= a community's economic base

Problems vehicles create for urban areas?

pollution/congestion in city areas/conserving nonrenewable resources(petroleum for gas)

Business services

purpose is to facilitate the activities of other businesses. 1/4 of all jobs in US. 3 main types: professional services, transportation services and financial services

Consumer services

purpose is to provide services to individual consumers who desire them and can afford to pay for them. 1/2 of all jobs in the US are in consumer. 4 main types: retail, health, education(public teachers both public/consumer due to tax dollars), leisure

Someone whose job is to create a holiday marketing campaign/commercial for Coca Cola would fall under which of Rostow's stages of economic growth?

quaternary

Rank-size distribution

ranking settlements from largest to smallest (population) produces a regular pattern

Someone whose job is working along an assembly line at a Honda car factory would fall under which of Rostow's stages of economic growth?

secondary

retailers serving CBD workers

serves people who work in CBD and shop during lunch or working hours. Sell office supplies, computers, clothing, shoe repair, rapid photocopying, dry cleaning. These are expanding in CBD b/c # of office workers have increase.downtown offices require more services

Nonbasic business:

serves primarily customers living in the same settlement

Geographers connect services to settlements because

services are located in settlements

Market area picture

small dots=people large dot=service area=market area radius=range sufficient number of people in area to support a service=threshold

Rank-size rule

such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.SO 2nd largest city=1/2 size of largest (straight line means the settlement follows, not straight it does not follow) Illinois example: Aurora would be 1/2 population of Chicago(but is not because C is 2 mil, A is 200,000) US is pretty straight/pretty much follows

Few humans lived in urban settlements until

the 19th century

Urbanization:

the process by which the population of an urban settlement grows

Annexation

the process of legally adding land to a city. Chicago's annexation of surrounding areas was rapid in the 1800s, but slowed in the 1900s.

Why are individuals with special talents not evenly distributed across cities?

they are attracted to the cities w/ the most job opportunities/financial incentives. However, principal enticement is cultural. Richard Florida found that individuals w/ special talents gravitate toward cities that offer more cultural diversity.

Service providers pay attention to factors that can be found in census date when determining threshold and making services available

younger, poorer, families, or something that can appeal to almost everyone like groceries or fast food. Demographics=what service applies to who when making services available

European Colonial Legacy on Urban Areas

-all Spanish colonized cities in Latin America were built according to laws of the indies, drafted 1573. Outlined how colonial cities should be constructed. Gridion street plan centered on a church/central plaza, walls around -Fés, Morocco: European powers built a new city next to an existing one. have a precolonial city/and a new one built by french colonialists. Precolonial Muslim city laid out surrounding a mosque w/ commercial core/bazaar inside and was cramped w/ narrow streets. New city was for colonial needs(administration, military, international trade, housing for colonists) and had wider streets/lower density/large houses -New Delhi was built by already existing Delhi, India. Old Delhi was narrow/densely packed buildings. new Delhi has broad boulevards/large government structures -Europeans also demolished some precolonial cities. French colonial city of Saigon, Vietnam (Now Ho Chi Minh City) was built by demolishing existing/replacing it w/ a new city w/ colonial principles

Benefits of Motor Vehicle Transportation

-comfort, choice, flexibility: can live wherever you want/travel whenever. Not constrained by timetable of public transport, comfort of own car(music, seats, people) no unpleasant people/noise/unclean -perceived cost: motorists perceive cost of using vehicles less than that of the cost of public transport. Pay a fare each time/higher than fuel costs in the US, most costs on a car are annual fees for insurance, regardless of driving amount

How have some urban centers tried to manage/control vehicle use/problems? Road congestion controlled through:

-computer/handheld device/vehicle monitors/radio transmit info on traffic congestion -traffic hot spots displayed on electric maps through seasons in roadbeds/cameras at strategic locations -congestion charges to drive into the central area in a certain time frame(working hours&days/varies depending on time of day such as rush hour) -tolls to drive on Freeways during congested times -permits to be able to drive during the busiest times of day -bans from portions of central areas of cities

Drawbacks of Motor Vehicle Transportation

-consumption of land: average city allocates 1/4 of land to roads and parking lots, can disrupt by new construction in old areas, less space for services/prices higher to rent b/c of less space -congestion: average American wastes 18 gal gas/loses 42 hrs per year sitting in traffic jams, US total cost of congestion valued at $160 billion per year

Public Transit services in other countries

-extensive networks of bus, tram, subway lines maintained, funds still provided for construction -systems are of greater importance, more options/types Munich, Germany, is typical of many public transport-oriented cities in developed countries. Shown here are its underground rail (a), elevated rail (b), and street car (c) systems.

Density gradient is becoming weaker in recent years:

-fewer people living in the center=gap in center -fewer differences in density within urban areas, # of people living on a hectare o land has decreased in central residential areas through population decline/abandonment of old housing, and density has increased on the periphery through construction of apartment and town-houses, & diffusion of suburbs across a larger area. These reduce extremes in density between inner/outer areas within cities

(Sub-saharan) African City Model

-huge cities characterized by squatter settlements on the outskirts of cities -cities in North Africa influenced by Islamic tradition(Mosque in center w/ a bazaar) -residential homes based on ethnicity(tribalism) in ethnic neighborhoods -three CBDs: colonial, open-air market, traditional CBD Example: Cairo, Egypt

Consumer Services in CBDs

-in past, 3 types of retail services clustered in a CBD b/c they required accessibility to everyone in the region: retailers w/ high thresholds, those w/ high range, those that served people working in the CBD -Changing shopping habits/residential patterns reduce importance of retail services in the CBD Patrons tend increasingly to be downtown employees who shop during the lunch hour, total volume of sales stable in a CBD, pattern of demand changed. Department stores can't attract old customers, smaller shops that cater to special needs of Downtown labor force are expanding

What are the two dimensions of urbanization?

-increase in number of people living in urban settlements -increase in the percentage of people living in urban settlements

Public Transportation in the US growth:

-minimal in the not-largest cities in the US -invention of railroad in 19th enabled ppl to live in suburbs, work in the central city -20th suburban boom=motor vehicle reliance -trolleys are making a comeback, new subway/renovating systems, taxes allocated to new systems/cleaning old ones up -fares don't cover operating costs in the US, not prioritized by governments/favored by people in the US -low income workers living inner-city need to travel to lower-skill jobs in suburbs, but these don't have good transport reaching, so unemployment is high/or have to have gov/employers subsidize vans for transport

Changes in Consumer Services Offered in a city:

-most now located in suburbs to be near suburban residents. Some now returning to inner-city, to meet the day-to-day needs of residents of gentrified neighborhoods. Inner city Consumer Services are also attracting people looking for leisure activities(tourists), old buildings converted to attractions

Place and region help to explain why every city is unique

-place is a specific pt on earth, distinguished by particular characteristics. Each city= a unique location, places (CBD and residential areas w/ diverse cultural/economic people) -region=area of Earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristics. Urban areas have grown so large=now constitute regions w/ widely varying features

Scale & space help to explain why different cities are interrelated

-scale is relationship between the portion of earth being studied compared to the whole Earth. Local scale=cities are centers of diversity. Global Scale= economic wellbeing/cultural vibrancy of a city depends on global economic/cultural patterns/processes -space=physical gap/interval between 2 objects. Ppl/activities are arranged within a city according to properties of distribution. Density declines w/ increasing distance from the city, distinctive groups/activities concentrated in different areas, physical structure of a city (street layout) follows a regular pattern

LDC have fastest growing city's and largest cities by population

1) higher pop. growth due to less gender equality/females in the work force 2) more people leaving farming and joining industry as country's develop/more economic opportunities(Ex. factories for developed countries)

According to the GM, consumer behavior reflects 2 patterns

1. Greater the # of people living in a place=the greater the # of potential customers for a service 2. The farther people are from a service, the less likely they are to use it

Services account for more than 2/3 GDP in developed countries, compared to less than

1/2 in developing countries

How has "where people live" in the U.S. change from 1950 to 2000?

1950 - 20% in suburbs, 40% in cities, 40% in rural 2000 - 50% in suburbs

Burgess' CONCENTRIC ZONE city MODEL:

1: CBD(non-residential) 2: Zone in Transition/Transition Zone(industry and poor quality housing, immigrants first live here) 3: blue-collar residential(modest houses/stable working class families) 4: middle-income residential(Newer/better houses for middle class) 5: commuter residential(beyond built up area of city, people live in small communities/commute to work in the CBD) A city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings. Land is more expensive closer to CBD, poorer live closer to CBD because they must rent land, wealthier w/ transport access live away. Criticism: Only in the US it applies, assumes flat land, commuter villages defy the model Chicago

Harris/Ullman MULTIPLE NUCLEI city MODEL

A city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve. Other nodes: port, neighborhood business center, university, airport, park. Some activities are attracted to a particular node, whereas others avoid them. University node: attracts well-educated residents, pizzerias, bookstores Airport node: hotels and warehouses Incompatible land-use activities avoid clustering: heavy industry/high income housing rarely exist together May have... Edge Cities: the nodes of consumer/business services around the beltway(highway encircling urban area/ outskirts of city region). Originated as suburban residences for people working in the CBD, and then shopping malls were built to be near residents. Edge cities now also contain business services. Each area has a speciality, and is a node of a certain industry. Happens because some industries need a transport hub, some activities repel each other or attract, Sometimes industries moved outside city because land is too expensive. Example: Los Angeles (Very Spread out)

Underclass

A group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic characteristics. Usually live in inner-city neighborhoods w/ many social challenges

Few people live within walking distance of their employment, because of this urban areas are characterized by ...?

A high degree of commuting

Central place

A market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area. Centrally located to maximize accessibility. Businesses compete w/ each other to serve as a market for goods/services for surrounding region. Competition creates a regular pattern of settlements.

Redlining

A process by which banks/financial institutions draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries. As a result, fams who try to fix up houses in the area have difficulty borrowing money. It is illegal, but enforcement of laws against it is frequently difficult. Banks can be required to demonstrate than inner-city neighborhoods within the service area receive a fair share of its loans

Gentrification

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area. Substantially renovated inner-city area that has attracted higher income residents (especially single ppl and couples without kids--> b/c not concerned w/ quality of inner city schools and are attracted by less commuting and culture(theaters, bars, stadiums, night life) Positives: low-cost loans and tax breaks from the city for those who renovate b/c it is so expensive to do so in the inner city. Areas are nicer, wealthier, w/ less crime Negatives: subsidies for middle class are at expense of those w/ lower incomes, who could by forced to move out of the gentrified area b/c rents in area are suddenly become too high for them

Medieval World Cities

After collapse of Roman Empire in 5th Century, Europe's cities were diminished or abandoned. European Feudal Cities Begin in 11th Century Independent cities formed in exchange for military service to feudal lord. Improved roads encouraged trade Dense and compact within defensive walls

Provide examples of alpha, beta, and gamma cities:

Alpha: New York and Chicago Beta: houston Gamma: phoenix

Gamma World Cities:

Amsterdam, Dallas, Houston, Melbourne, Geneva, Johannesburg (South Africa)

Food desert

An area characterized by a lack of ready access to affordable, fresh and nutritious food. Has a substantial amount of low-income residents and are further than 1 mile to a grocery store. The threshold number of people needed to support a supermarket is lower in rural areas, or in urban because people have less money to buy and so supermarkets may not open in these areas because of the low threshold.

Central city (city)

An urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit known as a municipality. Has locally elected officials, ability to raise taxes, and responsibility for providing essential services. Boundaries define geographic area within which local government has legal authority over.

service

Any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it.

Why has the percentage of the world's population living in urban settlements increased? What does this say about a country's level of development?

As a result of changes in economic structure during the past 2 centuries, first in the Industrial Revolution in the 19th, growth of services in the 20th. The % of Urban dwellers increased in developed countries because rural residents--> factories/services in cities. Need for fewer farmers=less rural=lured to urban area, a more developed country has more urbanization due to less farming being practiced/more urban jobs.

Density Gradient

As you travel outward from a city-center there is a decline in the density at which people live, density change is an urban area is called the Density Gradient. According to the Density Gradient, the # of houses per unit of land diminishes as distance from the center city increases. In 1900, Cleveland had a strong density gradient, with high densities at the center and low densities farther out. Suburbanization flattened that density gradient.

What are global cities (world cities)?

Cities that play an especially important role in global business services

Urban models in Europe

Concentric Zone model: As in US urban areas, newer housing in Paris is in outer rings, and older housing is closer to the center. Unlike in US urban areas, much of the newer suburban housing is in high rise apartments rather than single-fam houses. Sectors model: As in US urban areas, higher-income people cluster in a sector in the Paris region. Wealthy live near palaces in southwestern sector, during IR in 19th factories built to south, east, north reinforcing wealthy clustering in the SW sector away from dis-amenities Multiple Nuclei Model: European urban areas have experienced a large increase in immigration from other regions of the world, in contrast to US urban areas, most ethnic.racial minorities reside in the Suburbs of Paris/European cities

Gateway Cities

Connect two areas and serve as the 'gateway' between them. For example, Boston and New York City were two main entry points for European immigration.

Urban Area

Consists of a central city and its surrounding built-up suburbs, a city and its contiguous built-up suburbs 2 types Urbanized area-An urban area w/ at least 50,000 inhabitants Urban Cluster-An urban area w/ between 2500 and 50000 inhabitants

Someone who works at a nail salon would fall under which service category?

Consumer Services

What energy sources do cities use?

Copenhagen, Denmark: Uses an energy-efficient district heating (and air cooling) systems that use less energy Vancouver, Canada: committed to getting 100% of energy from renewable sources by 2050, working towards this Washington DC: Switch to LED lights bought from savings on less energy Using energy-efficient systems that use less energy as cities work towards new types of energy, this is efficient for a community.

How do urban settlements in MDCs and LDCs vary in size? Why? Examples?

Developed countries have a higher % of urban residents, but developing countries have more of the very large urban settlements. Developed: Seoul/NY/Tokyo 3/10 larges by population, 7 others are all in developing states: Jakarta, Delhi, Manila, Shanghai, Karachi, Beijing, Guangzhou. In developing, migration from countryside is fueling half of the increase in population in urban settlements, other half results from high natural increase rates. Africa=NI rate accounts for 3/4 of urban growth. Fastest Growing Facts: All but 3 of 100 fastest growing urban settlements are in developing. Beihai, China. Ghaziabad, India and Sana'a, Yemen are fastest growing urban settlements. Exceptions in developed world are Las Vegas, Austin, Atlanta. In past, largest and fastest growing in developed due to the large economic growth there. In 1900 after diffusion IR to todays developed countries, all ten of worlds largest in Europe and North America

CBDs in Europe

Different land uses stem from medieval origins of CBDs: low rise buildings and walled communities Residences: more people live downtown in cities outside north america. CBD of Paris is 20 sq kilometers: 450,000 inhabitants. Comparable area around CBD of Detroit has 25000 inhabitants Consumer Services: More people live in Europe's CBDs because of an attraction to concentration of consumer services. Cultural activities & nightlife. W/ more people, Europe's CBDs contain more consumer services: groceries, bakeries, butchers Public Services: Most prominent structures in Europe's CBDs are public/semipublic services: Churches/former public squares. Parks were originally for private gardens for aristocratic families, and later opened to the public. Business services: contain professional/financial services. However they are less likely to be in skyscrapers. Some try to preserve historic CBDs(skyline/vibe) by limiting high-rise buildings. Renovations are common, but more expensive/less space. Rents much higher in CBDs than in US cities of comparable size

What are the factors that rank global cities?

Economic Factors: # of corps, Financial institutions, law firms(major businesses) Political factors: headquarters for international organizations/capitals Cultural factors: institutions that are cultural, media, sports, education Infrastructure factors: airport, health-care, communications systems Communications factors: telegraph/telephone in 19th century, 20th=computer Transportation factors: railroad 19th, motor vehicle/airplane 20th Communications and transportation enable decentralization but reinforce primacy of Global cities, transport ideas, people, products

Peripheral/Galactic City Model

Edge cities(where consumer/business services cluster) People moved into suburbs(still worked in the CBD)- bedroom Communities. Got tired of going downtown, so markets move to the suburbs, jobs then followed into these areas. Has lots of office and retail space/stores, people go to city for work, wasn't a city 30 years ago. Post-suburban growth Draper, Utah. Anaheim, CA. Henderson, NV. West Valley City, UT. Detroit, Michigan(lots of residential suburban neighborhoods surrounding) Chauncey Harris: a modification of the multiple nuclei model he co-authored. An urban area consists of an inner-city surrounded by large suburban residential and service nodes or nuclei tied together by a beltway or ring road(highway encircling urban area/ outskirts of city region)

retailers w/ high thresholds

Example: department stores traditionally prefer the CBD to be accessible to many people. Most high threshold shops have closed downtown branches, customers for downtown department stores now consist of office workers, inner-city residents, and tourists. Now prefer to be in suburban malls

Describe what is different about consumer and public services in global cities vs other market areas?

Global Cities: consumer w/ extensive Market Area, many consumer services, cultural significance in Global Cities is large, threshold of cultural places=global cities are good. Capitals, buildings of public office. NY is home of the UN=attracts people w/ business w/ UN from around the world, Brussels=most important center for EU activity Other Market Areas: Less consumer b/c less wealth, lower cultural interest=less threshold. Not as important in public, less public service spots=less business attracted

Periodic markers in a MDC

Farmers markets in an urban/suburban area providing fresh food to people/small town art fairs/specialty fairs

What are the major business services in global cities? Provide some examples.

Financial Institutions: centers of finance, corps obtain/store funds for expansion of production Headquarters of Large corps: shares of corps bought/sold in stock exchanges in Global Cities, running business factories behind scenes in an economic hub Lawyers, Accountants, other professional services: provide advice to crops/financial institutions helps corps anticipate changes in taste/shape changes

Megalopolis

Greek word for "great city." Region described as an MSA that may overlap and cause several large metropolitan areas to come so close together that they form one continuous urban complex. US one is MSAs in the northeast form one contiguous urban complex, extending from north of Boston to south of Wash DC. Central cities such as Baltimore, NY, Philadelphia retain distinctive identities, and the urban areas are visibly separated by parks/military bases/farms, but at the outer limits(periphery) of the urban areas, the boundaries overlap

urban hierarchies

Hamlets: few dozen people, limited services Villages: same except slightly larger and more services Towns: 50 to a few thousand people - urban area but smaller than city by population and area - surrounding farms or areas are called hinterlands Cities: large, densely populated areas with more services Metropolises: must have over 50,000 people, and include suburbs from which people commute to jobs - the central city and suburbs border each other, and are socially/economically dependent on each other. Megalopolis (conurbation): several metropolitan areas linked together to form one huge urban area (e.g., the east coast of U.S. - Boston, Massachusetts to Washington D.C.)

Social Area Analysis helps us understand

Helps to create an overall picture of where various types of people tend to live, depending on particular personal characteristics

Connection between hexagons and settlements

Hexagons represent a compromise between circles and squares. They stack together without gaps like squares, while the points along a hexagon are not the same distance from the center, the variation is less than with a square

Skyscrapers

High-rise structures economically feasible, give a distinctive image/unifying symbol. Unique skyline. First ones built in Chicago in the 1880s=due to elevator, steel girders, glass structures invention. Light/wind problems solved with artificial lighting, ventilation, central heating, air conditioning. Many cities have zoning ordinances early in the 20th century to control location/height. Wash DC: No skyscrapers b/c no building is allowed to be higher than the US. Capitol dome. Offices rise no more than 13 stories. Wash DC used more horizontal space, thus the cities' CBD spreads over a much wider area Vertical geography: nature of an activity influences which floor it occupies on a high-rise Lower floors: commercial, middle=offices, upper floors=apartments, top ones are commercial(observation deck and restaurants/bars) High rents for street level space, privacy vs attraction

Sector Model in Developing

In Latin American cities, wealthy people push out from the center in a well-defined elite residential sector. Elite sector forms on either side of a narrow spine that contains offices, shops, amenities attractive to the wealthy(restaurants, theaters, parks, zoos). Also b/c services like water/electricity are more readily available/reliable there than elsewhere. Wealthy avoid living near sectors that are noisy, polluting, or cater to low-income residents b/c they can afford more. Saõ Paulo, Brazil has an elite sector extending South from the CBD. Higher income, education levels, life expectancies in elite sector

Concentric Zones Model in Developing

Inner-rings house higher-income people, they have the most attractive residential areas as they are near business/consumer services, offer vital public service such as water, electricity, road paving, garbage pickup. As cities grow rapidly in developing countries, rings are being added on periphery to accommodate immigrants from rural areas attracted by job opportunities. Much of outer rings housing is informal settlements. Services few here b/c neither city or residents can afford. Homes are primitive have by scavenged materials, water from central wells/trucks, stolen electricity by running a wire from the nearest power-line. A resident may have to walk 2 hours to reach place of work w/ out the availability of buses or private cars

Why do you think rank-size rule hierarchy is more likely in MDCs and primate cities are more likely in LDCs?

It indicates that the society is sufficiently wealthy enough to justify the provision of goods and services to consumers throughout the country - if there isn't enough wealth in the society to pay for a variety of services throughout the country, then primate cities are the main settlement.

The US fits the Rank-Size rule

New York City has a population of around 8,400,000 Los Angeles has a population of around 4,000,000 Chicago has a population of about 2,700,000 Houston has a population of about 2,300,000

Explain what the unintended consequences are to suburban sprawl in cities in the sunbelt states, such as Texas and Georgia.

Jobs and people that move to these states for cheaper areas end up raising the price of land. Due to the high amounts of infrastructure built here and with all the people coming in, they are running out of space to house all of these people. The suburban sprawl is becoming more built up and urban, ruining the benefits of the suburbs. And the more traditional sprawl areas are becoming so far away from the places of work of the people living there that they are no longer a good option. The low-cost housing is also disappearing because high-educated wealthier people want to live in the suburbs, and this leads to high-cost housing being built, so only the wealthy can afford to live in the suburban sprawl, which is not the intention of a suburban area. The suburban sprawl becomes like a mini city, with all of the amenities a city can offer. Overall, as people come for cheapness and space, the cities are built up and become more urban and expensive. Also these Sunbelt states are more conservative=government hold status quo of lower taxes for residents. But with more people coming=more public services are needed(infrastructure and police and libraries and SCHOOLS become overcrowded/bad). Leadership doesn't want to raise taxes, but they may need too.

Describe the three main difference between urban and rural settlements

Large size: in rural, you know most other people, related, friends are the same ones you see in local places, in urban, you know only a small % of other residents, meet people in specific roles, contractual relationships High density: Only way large #s of people can be supported in a small area=specialization. Each person in an urban area plays a specific role/does a certain task to allow the urban system to function, high density encourages groups to compete to occupy the same territory. Medieval in towns within walls, so very densely clustered people/shops in limited space Social Heterogeneity: The larger the settlement, the greater variety of people. greater freedom to pursue an unusual lifestyle. Rural=unusual actions are noticed/scorned, but in urban areas residents are more tolerant of diverse social behavior. Regardless of values preferences, in large urban areas, people can find others w/ similar interests. People may feel lonely or isolated if they are surrounded by indifferent/reserved urban settlers.

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

Larger urban areas Economic/cultural area of influence of a settlement that extends beyond urban area. Larger functional area of the settlement is the MSA Includes: -an urbanized area w/ a population of at least 50000 -county within which the city is located -adjacent counties w/ a high pop density and large % of residents working in the central city's county(25 persons per square mile. at least 50% working in the central city's county) US Bureau of the Census uses MSA method to find the larger functional area of a settlement

Smart Growth

Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland. Produce pattern of compact and contiguous development & protect rural land for agriculture, recreation, wildlife. Done by growth boundaries, not funding new highways/projects that would extend suburban sprawl. State development $ allocated to fill in already urbanized areas

How are rivers, lakes, streams kept clean?

Lima, Peru: Waterless toilets for slums, with a pick-up plan, Forres, Scotland: floating ecosystems for river restoration/water quality, increases purity of water naturally Portland, USA: Porous Asphalt for Stormwater management, allows rainwater to seep through, so it increases water quality by it going through to the soil quicker/picking up less pollution Floating ecosystems: it sounds like a good, NATURAL, way to increase water purity.

Alpha World Cities:

Los Angeles, Chicago, Washington D.C., Frankfurt, Milan, Hong-Kong

Lack of Residents in CBD

Many people used to live in or near the CBD. In 20th century, people were pulled to suburbs that offered larger homes w/ privacy and modern schools. Pushed by high rents/that business/retail services willing to pay. and by dirt, crime, congestion, and the experience of poverty by living downtown. In 21st century, pop. of many CBDs increasing. New apartment buildings constructed, abandoned warehouses, outdated office buildings converted to residential housing. CBD living is attractive to people w/out school aged children: empty nesters, or young professional w/out kids. These groups are attracted by the entertainment/night life clustered in the CBD, not worried about school quality. Some consumer services, like grocery stores may still be lacking despite growth. no grocery stores in the CBD due to less people actually living here/less people to support a business

Southeast Asian City Model

McGee model. Developed by T.G McGee. The focal point of the city is the colonial port zone combined with the large commercial district that surrounds it. McGee found no formal CBD but found seperate clusters of elements of the CBD surrounding the port zone: the government zone, the Western commercial zone, the alien commercial zone, and the mixed land-use zone with misc. economic activities.

Do developed countries have more small settlements or large settlements?

More small w/ small thresholds and ranges and far fewer large settlements with large/ thresholds/ranges. Developed countries have more small settlements because there are more services available for more people, there is not just 1 large hub where everyone must go, people don't have to go to just 1 hub for service

MDC have a higher % of urban residents

More urban areas, less farmers, more people employed in industry due to more developed countries being wealthier

What invention allowed the "suburban explosion in the twentieth century"

Motor vehicle dependence instead of railroads

suburbanization

Movement of upper and middle-class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social conditions (perceived and actual). In North America, the process began in the early nineteenth century and became a mass phenomenon by the second half of the twentieth century.

Limitations to the models of urban structure

None of the 3 taken individually completely explains why differing people live in distinctive parts of a city. Too simple/fail to consider variety of reasons leading people to select particular residential locations. Not relevant to contemporary urban patterns, because the models are based on conditions of US cities between the 2 world wars. If combined/rather than considered independently, they help geographers describe where different types of people live in a city. People reside in certain locations depending on particular personal characteristics. Most people live near others w/ similar characteristics according to the models.

Suburban Jurisdictions

Nowadays cities are surrounded by a collection of suburban jurisdictions w/ residents who prefer to remain legally independent of large city. Free from taxes/rules that apply to city life (driving speed/different schools/higher taxes in cities)

Ancient World Cities

Oldest cities are found in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and Indus Valley. Mesopotamia (Jordan/Iraq) Jericho 10,000 B.C. Ur 3,000 B.C. (Iraq) Walled cities based on agricultural trade Ziggurat (stepped temple Oldest cities are found in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and Indus Valley. E. Mediterranean Athens 2,500 B.C. 1st city to exceed 100,000 Many cities organized into city-states

Latin American City Model

Outermost ring is squatter settlements(informal), CBD divided into market sector and high rise sector for apartments, commercial spine runs from CBD, elite residential surround spines, around elite=middle class, around middle class is a ring of modest homes that transitions to poverty, disamenity-stable "slum" that radiates from the CBD. Example: mexico city, mexico

new urbanism

Outlined by a group of architects, urban planners, and developers from over 20 countries, an urban design that calls for development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs.

How does range affect human behavior?

People are willing to go only a short distance for everyday consumer services, but they will travel longer distances for more special/non-mundane services. As a rule, people tend to go to the nearest available service

Annexation became less common because...

Peripheral residents generally desired annexation in 19th b/c cities offered better services=water supply, sewage disposal, trash pickup, paved streets, public transportation, police/fire protection. BUT NOW= ANNEXING peripheral land by cities is less common b/c residents want to organize their own services than pay city taxes. Residents wish to be close to a city/but not part of it and its rules/taxes Instead of the possibility of being annexed by St. Louis, many residents of St. Louis County have incorporated their own municipalities.

Jobs can be categorized into five stages in:

Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth

Beta World Cities:

San Francisco, Sydney (Australia), Toronto, Zurich (Switzerland), Brussels, Madrid, Mexico City

Periodic markets in an LDC

Services available in an area that are not supplied by a retail store. Weekly market at Bats in Ethiopia. Local market in any developing country too supply people with what they readily need

Multiple Nuclei Model in Developing

Several nodes of informal settlements(squatter settlements), don't normally have a strong CBD in developing cities, various functions of CBD are dispersed to several nodes. In some developing countries, evidence of MN model is shown by cities containing a mix of ethnic groups. During Apartheid, South Africa's cities showed clear multiple Nuclei model evidence b/c each race was segregated into distinct neighborhoods.

Micropolitan Statistical Area (µSAs)

Smaller urban areas Includes: -an urbanized area w/ pop 10000-50000 -county its located in -adjacent counties tied to city

Census tracts help us analyze a social area

Social Area analysis depends on availability of data at the scale of individual neighborhoods. Info/data comes from a census. In the US, urban areas are divided into Census Tracts that contain approx. 5000 residents and correspond when possible to neighborhood boundaries. Every decade, US bureau of the census publishes data summarizing the characteristics of the residents/housing in each tract. Info can include racial characteristics, medium income of all families, and the % of adults who finished high school. Spatial distribution of these characteristics can be plotted on a map of the community's census tracts.

2 ways that suburbs display segregation

Social classes: housing in a given suburban community is usually built for ppl of a single social class w/ others excluded by virtue of cost, size, or location of the housing. By race/ethnicity still in some suburbs. Clustering/redlining. Segregation of land uses: Residents are separated from commercial and manufacturing activities that are confined to compact, distinct areas

High land costs in cities

Some of the most expensive real estate in the world (e.g. -Tokyo) - little available and so more expensive, so vertical expansion is only way for more space

Services in suburbs changing: consumer/business services expanding in suburbs due to:

Suburbanization of consumer services: most customers live there, retailing in malls of varying sizes. Large malls=department stores/specialty shops, don't want to make long trips to the CBD, supermarkets plenty, low density of residential construction discourages people from walking to stores, zoning practices restrict shops from residential areas Suburbanization of Business services: offices not requiring face-to-race contact move to suburbs (rents lower than in CBD) and factories/warehouses for more space, less $, better truck access

Difference between US and UK suburbs

Supply of land for construction of new housing is more severely restricted in European urban areas than in the US. Officials designate areas of mandatory open space, some surrounded by rings of open space called greenbelts. New housing built in older suburbs in greenbelts or in planned extensions to small towns/new towns beyond the greenbelts. Restriction of land on urban periphery drives up house prices

How do cities handle sewage and wastewater and/or trash.

Sweden: transforms waste into a clean-burning fuel for trucks, also turns it into fertilizer Lagos, Nigeria: provides incentives for recycling in low-income communities through bicycles for collection;jobs San Francisco: less trash goes to landfills, encourages participation/mandates it, pay as you throw something out Using waste as fuel, it sounds clever and if possible to do it without negative environmental effects would be good for society to not have to deal with the waste.

Site:

The "site" is the actual location of a settlement on the Earth, and the term includes the physical characteristics of the landscape specific to the area. Site factors include landforms, climate, vegetation, availability of water, soil quality, minerals, and wildlife. Examples of site factors include whether an area is protected by mountains or if there is a natural harbor present.

Situation:

The "situation" is defined as the location of a place relative to its surroundings and other places. Factors included in an area's situation include the accessibility of the location, the extent of a place's connections with another, and how close an area may be to raw materials if they are not located specifically on the site

market area (hinterland)

The area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services. Is a nodal region: a region w/ core where the characteristic is the most intense. To establish a market area, a circle is drawn around the node of service. Territory inside the circle is its market area

Sprawl

The development of suburbs at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area. When private developers select new housing sites, it is cheap land that can easily be prepared for construction-land not contiguous to existing built-up area. This is fostered by desire of families to own large tracts of land

Zoning Ordinance

The homogeneity in suburban communities is legally protected through zoning ordinances, which is a law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development, Identify districts designed only for single-fam houses, apartments, industry, commerce. Low-income families may have difficult finding affordable housing through provisions (requiring each has to sit on a large lot/prohibiting apartments)

BrownfPrimate city rule

The largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement Largest city is called primate city Mexico City is 5 times larger than Guadalajara(2nd largest) and Lima in Peru(9,562,280 in 2017), Arequipa(2nd largest)(1008290 in 2017)

Range

The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service. (radius of hexagon drawn to delineate a service's market area)

threshold

The minimum number of people needed to support the service, # of customers required to generate enough sales to turn a profit. Threshold can be based on money/demographics/or just amount of people.

Cities exist because they provide services.

The more people there are in one place, the higher the demand for services is, therefore when cities grow and expand, so do services and economic opportunities.

World Cities

The most important cities economically - headquarters of large businesses, media control centers, and political power. 3 most important are: New York, London, & Tokyo

Social Area Analysis

The study of where people of varying living standards, ethnic background, and lifestyle live within an urban area Helps us create an overall picture of where various types of people tend to live, depending on their personal characteristics. Spatial distribution of various characteristics can be plotted on a map and putting three models together, we can identify where certain people/services are likely to reside.

Economic base:

The unique cluster of basic businesses in a settlement

So many Americans travel by car b/c:

US gov pays 90% of cost of limited-access, high-speed interstate highways, also encouraged by policies that keep price of fuel below level found in Europe

the fastest growing consumer service is healthcare,

and the fastest growing business service is professional services(technical services like engineering and accounting and law)