Unit 6

Cante Hondo

"Deep song," most traditional category of songs in the Andalucian region, the southern area of Spain where an oppressed underclass largely of gitanos (Roma or gypsy) absorbed the imprint of Arabic and Jewish cultures and sang of profound feelings and deep sorrows.

Romani

"Gypsies". Mistaken to have come to Hungary from Egypt.

Sean Nos

"Old Style," represents unaccompanied, typically nonpulsatile singing. Traditionally sing in gaelic but can also be sung in English.

Consonance

"Pleasant" combination of two pitches.

Verbunkos

"Recruiting". Romani bands were associated with the word for recruiting because they were sought after in the 18th century as an attraction at military recruiting events.

Fuente de Piyaya

"The Fountain of Piyaya" by Jose Menese with Melchor de Marchena, guitar.

Die Lustige Baurin

"The Merry Farmer's Wife"

Dissonance

"Unpleasant" combination of two pitches.

Global Pop

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World Beat

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World Music

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Miles Davis

1940s&50s; black jazz musician invented bebop, rejecting white expectations for black music; challenged traditions, spontaneous, FREE; inspired challenging of authority and encouraged people to stand up for civil rights. Adopted influences from rock.

Bones

2 animal knucklebones clacked together in the players hand. Used as percussion.

Binary

2 part dance music forms

Jarana

5 course guitar slightly smaller than the Spanish guitar.

Black Elk

9 year old boy from the Lakota people (Sioux Indians) who traveled into the spirit world and then became a Lakota holy man.

Koko

A bebop performance by Charlie Parker

Arpa

A diatonically tuned harp, Latin America.

Hackbrett

A dulcimer or zither with strings struck with hammers.

Honky Tonk

A genre from Texas that featured the electric slide steel guitar.

Chicha

A hybrid sound style combining Colombian cumbia, Cuban percussion, and North American rock with the local huayno

Zarzuelas

A kind of Spanish opera or operetta.

Balalaika

A lute type instrument with frets and a distinctive triangular sound body.

Berimban

A musical bow tapped with a stick and equipped with a half-gour resonator placed against the chest. The player can effect slight changes in pitch by varying the tension or by holding a coin as a bridge against the string. Rhythmic instrument.

Bard

A person who was a combination poet, composer, and musician - indispensable member of the inner circle of every ancient Irish King's court.

Disco

A shortened term for the european term for dance club.

Requinto

A small guitar, mexican.

Ritmo

A song. Performance consists of variations of polyrhythmic ostinatos, periodically interrupted for instrumental solos.

Swing

A style of jazz played by big bands popular in the 1930s. Also a type of dance.

Solfege

A system in which each pitch in the scale is associated with a particular syllable.

Sampling

Ability to digitally record and easily play back any sound source.

Socialist Realism

Aesthetic style during the communist period in which the arts served the state. Social relism enforced to greater or lesser degrees professional composition and so-called folk ensembles.

String Band

African American band consisting of violin, guitar, and banjo. Ensemble also popular with whites.

Hollers

African American singing style. Wordless melodies sing by stevedores (people who move cargo on ships).

Batuque

Afro-Brazilian dance.

Drum Machines

Allowed the digital creation of drum parts without a live drummer.

Ragtime

American popular music form. Chiefly a piano genre. "Syncopated orchestras".

Cajon

An open wooden box that a drummer sits on and plays with his or her hands.

Provikvaniyo

An ornamentation: a sudden yell upward at the ends of the phrases.

Electronica

Another term for techno because of its unrelenting mechanistic aesthetic.

Tin Pan Alley

Area in NYC where popular music publishers were concentrated. Quickly adopted ragtime's syncopations in popular songs.

Diskantzither

Austrian zither, some melody strings over a fretted fingerboard (like a guitar) and other unstopped strings used for bass and harmony pitches.

Gaida

Bagpipe with a drone pip and a melody pipe.

Uilleann Pipes

Bagpipes with a reed pipe, has a bellows operated by the left elbow.

Jarocho

Bands from Veracruz region, known for lively fast dances and songs such as the famous La Bamba.

Choros

Bands of street musicians who play version of popular dances like the lundu, the polka or maxixe (a highly syncopated Brazilian dance form).

Earl Scruggs

Banjo player in bluegrass genre.

Bajo Sexto

Bass guitar with 6 double courses tuned an octave lower than a traditional Spanish guitar.

Head

Beginning tune in jazz.

Blues

Black "songsters" throughout the southern US applied mournful styles to existing ballads and other songs, and by the 20th century this became Blues. 12 measure sections.

Jazz

Black slang word referring to its lively and "hot" energy (often in the context of sex, to the further outrage of critics), so different from the genteel and graceful syncopations of ragtime.

Turlough O'Carolan

Blind Irish harpist who drew upon folk tunes of various regions.

Bayan

Botton accordion

Carnaval

Brazil's annual national Lent celebration, known for its colorful parades, wild street parties, and awesome live performances by large samba "schools"

Heitor Villa-Lobos

Brazil's most famous composer who explored modhina. Dissonant, primitive adaptions of folk and popular styles, made him controversial.

Weeping Mary

By John McCurry, classified as a "set piece," a song of irregular poetic meter not based on Biblical text, used for various occasions and not a specific place in a worship service.

Harmonic Progression

Chord progression. Sequence of chords work together with melody and phrases to create a sense of forward motion.

Horo

Circle dance

Sean O Riada

Classically trained composer who led a reform movement in the 1960s that reinvigorated sean nos (a traditional song form) and regional styles, and created a new form of ensemble playing that shunned Romantic-style playing and instruments such as the piano.

Tanchaz

Club, dance house; name comes from the traditional village music hall.

Asymmetrical Meters

Complex meters with beats that quickly change duration.

Pete Seeger

Composer of "If I had a hammer," professional. Folk Music Revival.

Woody Guthrie

Composer of "This is Your Land," professional. Folk Music Revival.

String Bands

Consist of banjo, guitar, fiddle, and later, bass (European double bass of the violin family) and traditional dances tunes and accompanied singers.

Schrammel Ensemble

Consists of 2 violins, accordion or sometimes clarinet, and harp-guitar.

Silvestre Revueltas

Contemporary and friend to Chavez also wrote pieces representing Mexico's pre-Colombian past, but he is best known for his brash and dynamic representations of contemporary mariachis and other folk groups.

Estribillos

Contrasting refrains, (contrasting coplas or stanzas)

Synthesizer

Could create rhythmic textures in addition to or even over drums.

Robert Johnson

Country blues musician

Counterpoint

Creating independent melodies that work together to control consonance and dissonance in a kind of musical resolution.

Jaleo

Cries of the audience, including ole and bravo.

Rhythm and Blues

Danceable upbeat up-tempo tunes.

Carnaval

Days preceding Lent, big street party.

Agogo

Double iron bell in Briazilian samba school.

Hard Rock

Earlier form, louder than traditional rock.

Bessie Smith

Early master of blues singing.

Rock and Roll

Early on, just a name for white musicians performing what had been an African-American style. Use of electric guitar, small ensembles, emphasis on singing, strong beats with in a four beat cycle, creative use of technology, emotional powerful styles, and simplified harmonic progressions.

Country Blues

Early style of blues, also known as folk blues, primarily associated with male singer-guitarists from the Mississippi region.

Pedal Steel Guitar

Electronically amplified instrument played without a resonator. The strings and fingerboard are set horizontally on a stand in front of the sitting player. The pitch can be altered through foot pedals. Resembles a zither more than a lute.

Loops

Electronically repeating sections.

Celts

Ethnic group that arrived in Ireland during the Bronze Age, but who also include other groups in the other British Isles, Northern France, and Spain.

Teglaporos a Kalapom

Example of szajbogo, mouth bass dance.

Blue Notes

Expressive, small (microtonal) changes and slides lowered the pitches of certain scale steps relative to the European diatonic scale, and these notes became known as blue notes.

Louis Armstrong

Extraordinary New Orleans trumpet player. Jazz musician.

Carter Family

Family who between 1927 and 1943 recorded over 300 songs and sold millions of recordings. "Hillbilly music" by recording company terms. Then later became known as country by 1940.

Igor Stravinsky

Famous Russian composer who wrote a completed commemoration of the formula song tradition by writing his ballet svadebka (The Wedding) for choir and percussion.

Federico Garcia Lorca

Famous Spanish poet who wrote the artistic quality the Spanish call duende - literally "demon" - but implying the authentic spirit of artistic expression, even bordering on spiritual possession.

Duke Ellington

Famous jazz piano player and band leader. Played in Harlem's clubs with his band until his death.

John McCurry

Farmer in rural Georgia in 1850s who earned money on the side as a singing master, teaching shape note singing to churches of the region. He also composed a number of songs, including "Weeping Mary."

Fleadh

Festivals formed to help preserve traditional music and support more traditional playing and singing.

Ring Shout

First practiced by African slaves in the West Indies and the United States, in which worshippers move in a circle while shuffling their feet and clapping their hands. Despite the name, shouting aloud is not an essential part of the ritual.

Bob Dylan

Folk singer who "went electric". Adopted the electric guitar and other idioms of rock and integrated them into the complex poetry and tradition of social protest.

Parlondo Rubato

Free speech rhythm

Tango

From Argentina, slow urban couple dance with pronounced downbeats.

Samba

From Brazil, simple duple syncopated dance now known in many rural, urban, and ballroom types.

Rumba

From Cuba, highly syncopated simple duple rural dance later known in a ballroom version

Jota

From that rondallas play, a coupe dance in quick triple meter often accompanied by song. It is based on regular phrases of four groups of three beats, a form tied to the copla.

Huapango

From the rural regions around Mexico City in central Mexico, this ensemble includes a medium-sized guitar knonw as jarana and a special large guitar, the huapanguera. However its most distinctive instrument is the violin, which plays the fast-running figures rather than the slow countermelodies of the mariachi.

Western Sing

Fusion of country and big band jazz originating in Texas.

Syncretism

Fusion of cultures that takes place when different ethnic groups meet.

Hip-Hop

General term for African American styles with these elements.

Techno

Genre of synthesized music, a constant rapid-fire hit hat cymbal, 16 beat phrases, novel timbers, and variety created by sudden changes in texture or "breaks."

The Chieftans

Group of musicians who brought traditional Irish music to the world stage for more than 45 years.

Rasgueado

Guitar playing technique for flamenco

John Philip Sousa

Had a wind band who played in open air pavilions (piccalo part, red white and blue).

Peyote

Hallucinogenic cactus consumed as a sacrament in all night ceremonies accompanied by music.

12 Bar Blues

Harmonic progression found in Blues. Slow back and forth harmonics developed into 12-bar blues.

Shape Note Singing

Have a conductor whose only job is to stand in the middle of the square and beat time. This position of conductor rotates so that almost everyone will have a turn.

Bela Bartok

Hungarian composer

Cimbalon

Hungarian hammered zither that came from Turkey and replaced the bagpipes played by Gypsies.

Magyars

Indigenous Hungarians

British Invasion

Influx of bands and musicians from Britain during the 60's. Huge influence on the American music scene.

Pre-Colombian

Instruments that existed before Columbus. Mostly vertical flutes, drums, and rattles.

Powwows

Intertribal meetings, evolved into popular events where people from many different groups gathered for music, dance and celebration.

Reel

Irish duple meter dance

Bebop

Jazz genre, smaller ensembles preferring intimate nightclubs to large dance halls, and intricate solos to elaborate orchestrations. Led to jazz being art music.

The Social Harp

John McCurry's collection of songs all in the "old" style of 3 (instead of 4) individual parts and 4 (instead of 7) shapes corresponding to 4 solfege syllables (mi, fa, sol, and la).

Bill Monroe

Kentuckian who created on eof the most enduring country music genres when he put together a string band that focused on quick tempos and instrumental vituosity. Bluegrass Boys.

Samba Schools

Large associations of Brazilian dancers who parade the streets during Carnaval, competing for the recognition of the judges, street revelers and millions who watch the spectacle on tv.

Guitarron

Large bass guitar used in mariachi bands. Played by plucking not strumming.

Tupan

Large cylindrical bass drum, slung across the body, and played with two sticks.

Broadsides

Large sheets, a kind of musical newspaper sold by the street singer. Ex. Greensleves and Scarborough Fair.

Autos

Latin American folk religious dramas

Criollos

Latin American people of European decent.

Mestizos

Latin American people of mixed heritage.

Landler

Like the waltz, a triple-meter couple dance, but faster.

Banjo

Long-neck lute, originated in NW Africa, a favorite among Spanish and Portuguese sailors. American lute with circular resonator. Dry and Bright timbre. Suited to quick arpeggiations and interpolations of drone pitches in between melody notes.

Tambura

Long-necked fretted lute with four strings or double courses.

Guitar

Lute chordophone. Like the banjo, popular with Spanish sailors. Rhythmic and chordal accompaniment provided to song by guitar.

Domra

Lute with a round sound body, usually used to strum chords.

Palos

Many types of song forms associated with particular cities or regions of andalucia.

Ghost Dance

Mass participation dance, rather than a ritual performed by few. Wovoka predicted this dance would bring back Native American ancestors. Helped create a shared cultural identity among disparate indigenous people.

Aretha Franklin

Matched the power and popularity of rock and roll bands and often reflected the concerns of the African American community.

Bodhran

Medium sized circular drum frame whose original function may have been as a kitchen tray occasionally beaten for certain religious rituals. Held upright in the lap.

Frontline

Melody instruments of the dixieland style. Often a trumpet, cornet, clarinet, sax, or trombone.

Son

Mexican instrumental music. Usually use the sesquialtera (juxaposition of simple triple and compound duple meters), strumming guitars, and a fast stamping couple dance known as the zapateado.

Fandango

Mexican music and dance festival

Stephen Foster

Minstrel musician whose songs include "Oh Susanna" and "Old Folks At Home" which went on to be icons of America.

Ronda

Most common Spanish folk song, the song of the roving bands of musicians known as rondallas.

Step Dances

Most common dance types in traditional Irish music, include the reel, jig, slide, slip jig, and hornpipe.

Huayno

Most popular dance from throughout the Andes, a lively duple meter dance with a characteristic long-short-short rhythm, often played on a bomba (bass drum).

Szajbogo

Mouth sounds that create a kind of vocal percussion, mouth bass.

Big Bands

Multiple wind instrument of the same type so each would have a written out part in order to harmonize with the others.

MPB

Musica popular brasileria, next generation of Brazilian popular song writers.

Blocos Afro

Musical clubs that championed a re-introduction of self-consciously African elements into their bands as a way to re-establish African traditions and an ethnic identity.

Carlos Chavez

Musical composer of the Aztec Renaissance. Wrote Sinfonia India. Used indigenous (Indian) folk songs and percussion instruments to evoke his ancient Mexican heritage.

Dixieland

Name for a style of early jazz. Careful polyphony with nuanced phrasing and rhythm. Developed in New Orleans.

Irish Harp

National symbol of Ireland, diatonic chordophone

Hymns, anthems, spirituals

New songs (from lining out) that included harmony and instruments.

Bossa Nova

New sound meaning "new skill or knack." Intimate songs that featured sophisticated harmonies and rhythms and emphasized the poetry of the lyrics. It also became a familiar ballroom dance.

Funk

New style. Layered texture would include a prominent slap bassline, and wind instruments (in the music as well as Brown's intermittent whoops, yells, grunts, and screams.

Autoharp

New variation of the European zither. Invented in Germany. Pressing down different buttons will result in dampers being raised from certain combinations of strings, so that when a player strums all the strings a chord will sound.

El Camaron

Nickname of the singer Jose Monge Cruz who added electric bass and other innovations.

Slow Airs

Nonpulsatile or slow instrumental pieces, counterpart to Sean Nos singing.

Keria

Notch flute from the Andes region.

Solea

Oldest form of flamenco songs, often danced by women and sung by a man with guitar accompaniment.

Keening

Oldest form of nonpulsatile singing songs of lament.

Wind Band

Orchestra made up primarily of aerophones.

Brass Band

Orchestra made up primarily of buzzed-lip instruments.

CHilena

Originated in Acapulco from Chilean sailors. Group usually includes a guitar called a requinto, and sometimes wind instruments and a string bass.

Mariachi

Originated in the ranches around Guadalajara. Mexican popular band style. Ensmebles included large bass guitars known as guitarron and a pair of trumpets. Songs are typically love ballads, often sung in parallel thirds echoed by the trumpets and violins during instrumental breaks.

Siku

Panpipes from the Andes region.

Open, Closed

Pattern of unresolved (open) and resolved (closed) cadences repeated.

Gudulka

Pear-shaped vertical bowed fiddle, occasionally having sympathetic strings as well.

Batucada

Percussive samba bands

Scott Joplin

Pianist and cornet player from Texas. Invited by Frederick Douglass to play at the Chicago exposition. Foremost composer of Ragtime.

Filip Kutev

Pioneering composer and choral director who organized the Bulgarian State Radio and Television Female Vocal Choir. He harmonized and arranged many folk songs while retaining many of their distinctions.

Hawaiian guitar

Played horizontally on a player's lap. By tuning the strings to pitches of a single triad (called "slack key" tuning), players of the Hawaiian guitar could slide whole chords up and down.

R. Carlos Nakai

Player who popularized the Native American flute. Nakai's recordings often place the flute's distinctive timbre and ornamentation on a bed of synthesized or soft instrumental tones.

Mountain Dulcimer

Plucked or strummed zither with frets over a distinctive curved hourglass shaped resonator. It originated from similar instruments brought by German perhaps Scandinavian immigrants.

Gusli

Plucked zither with a wing shape, originally thought to have come from Byzantium in the Middle Ages.

Citera

Plucked zither with frets (from Hungary)

Singing Cowboys

Popular in recordings and Hollywood movies, often in small vocal ensembles like those of gospel groups.

Conjunto

Popular music from northern Mexico and southwest United State. Has a gentle back and forth motion between phrases and a regularity of phrases and harmony set atop vigorous rhythms and lively tempos.

Progressive Rock

Popular music style that emulated the seriousness of purpose, experimentation and influences from art music after the beatles.

Minstrel Show

Popular theater that combined music and skits imitating blacks often in degrading stereotypes.

Lining Out

Process of singing in which a minister would sings a line that was then repeated by the congregation, who might not otherwise be able to read with the music or the words.

Antonio Carlos Jobin

Produced an album called Chega de Saudade which referred to a new sound, called "bossa nova" in the liner notes, meaning "new skill or knack." Intimate songs that featured sophisticated harmonies and rhythms emphasized the poetry of the lyrics.

Breaks

Purely transitional sections which were originally used for transition and contrast but where perfect for dancing.

Golpe

Rapping of the guitarists fingers on the body of the instrument.

Accordion

Reed aerophone with keys and hand -pumped bellows

Strophic

Repeating melody with different words on each repetition.

Solo

Repetition of the tune featuring only a single instrumentalist with rhythm section accompaniment.

Soul Music

Replaced rhythm and blues as the genre evolved and the sound was associated with particular African American labels.

Conciones Revolutionaries

Revolutionary songs

Palmas

Rhythmic hand clapping that accompanies flamenco

Zapateado

Rhythmic stamping of their feet to create percussion.

Scratching

Rhythmically moving a record back and forth, creating distinctive whoops as the turn table passed quickly over the record.

Kaval

Rim-blown flute held at an angle in front of the player. Related to the Middle Eastern nay flute.

Gitanos

Roma or gypsy group that settled in Spain in the 15th century.

Rondallas

Roving bands of musicians that serenade inhabitants of towns throughout Spain, also called tuna.

Dmitri Pokrovsky

Russian musician who formed a new group that applied ethnomusicological studies to create a new sort of folk ensemble that recovered regional singing and improvisational style

Bateria

Samba percussion band.

Anhemitonic

Scale of 5 pitches per octave with no semitones

Pentatonic

Scale with 5 pitches per octave

Bean an Fhir Rua/O'Farrel's Welcome To Limerick

Sean Nos type song.

Strains

Section of American march/dance music.

Estribillo

Section of Latin American folk song.

Verso

Section of Latin American folk song.

Falsetas

Series of introductory phrases.

Prichitaniya

Series of laments sung by a bride while her bridesmaids are dressing her. They express her sorrow over leaving her family.

The Sacred Harp

Shape note hymnbook

The Southern Harmony

Shape note hymnbook

Furulya

Shepherd's vertical duct flute.

Dilmano, Dilbero

Short lively tune that demonstrates a complex sequence of meters. Arranged by Filip Kutev. It was originally from the Shopski region for folk ensemble and women's choir. Its text is about a flirting couple, reproduction and fertility.

Isorhythm

Short rhythms repeat as the melody notes change

Barbershop

Small American a capella vocal ensemble music.

Charango

Small guitar-like lute with 5 double courses of nylon or metal. Traditionally, the resonator is made from an armadillo shell.

Castanets

Small pairs of wooden idiophones clacked together in the palm of a dancer's hand

Zhaleyka

Small single reed shepherd's pipe.

Doo-wop

Small unaccompanied vocal ensemble, secular.

Play, Skomoroshek

Song by Dmitri Pokrovsky Ensemble. An example of a formula wedding song.

Formula songs

Song with short phrases repeated over and over again with different kinds of lyrics and having driving isorhythmic patterns.

Habanera

Spanish/Latin American dance rhythm, made famous in the French opera Carmen by George Bizet.

Coplas

Spanish/Latin American poetic form, pairs of lines of lyric songs. Each line corresponds to a musical phrase of regular length, with a pause between each line during which time the instruments (or shouts from musicians) fill in.

Zapateados

Stamping, boot-tapping dances.

Equal Temperment

Standard tuning system of 12 pitches per octave.

Coplas

Stanzas in Spanish folk songs, originally meant couplet.

James Brown

Started funk by emphasizing texture and rhythm that would sometimes halt the flow of harmonic progression completely.

Tempo Giusto

Strict Tempo

Bluegrass

String band genre in US.

Cakewalk

Strutting dance with a cake prize, presumably originating in blacks comic parody of white formal dances.

Nuevo Flamenco

Style of experimental hybrids.

Capolera

Stylized martial arts dance (Brazilian)

Gangsta Rap

Subgenre of hip hop that reflects violent inner-city youths; controversial

Samba Cancao

Sung version of the samba

Vocables

Syllabes without literal meaning.

Vocables

Syllables without linguistic meaning.

Atabaque

Tall drum, Afro-Brazilian.

Yodeling

Technique of quickly switching between vocal registers

MIDI sequencers

Technology that allowed people to play all notes played by synthesizers and drum machines in repetitive loops.

Rhythm Section

The harmonic oom-pah of ragtime piano, double bass or tuba, drums, and perhaps banjo.

Triads

Three-pitch structure, most common set of consonant interval (or "chords") by the 17th century.

George Gershwin

Tin Pan Alley songwriter who sought to adapt the new style to hybrid art music forms, including his famous Rhapsody in Blue, a work for piano with an ensemble in the form of a European classical orchestra.

Riverdance

Touring show of Celtic dancers

Modhina

Traditional Brazilian genre with smooth lyricism, can still be heard in Brazilian melody.

Ceili

Traditional social gatherings, ceili bands developed which largely replaced solo or small group heterophonic performances in the 1930s and 1940s.

Siquisiri

Traditional song of jarocho.

Bridge

Transitional section, usually one-section.

Hammered Dulcimer

Trapezoidal zither that is essentially the same instrument as the Eastern European cimbalon, although without the pedal damper. Played with mallets.

Sesquialtera

Two meters played simultaneously, creating polyrhythm. Latin American dance rhythm. Characteristic of the Colombian bumbuco, the Cuban cueca, the Argentinian gateo and malambo, and the Mexican jarabe.

Spirituals

Type of American religious song. A loud and expressive solo singer leads others into a spiritual.

Ballad

Type of folk song with 4-line stanzas and a repeating refrain. They also tell a story.

Charlie Parker

United States saxophonist and leader of the bebop style of jazz (1920-1955).

Glosolalia

Use of vocables in Spanish flamenco, typical way to introduce a flamenco song.

Tin Whistle

Version of the recorder, a type of duct flue, constructed cheaply with 6 holes.

How-downs and Breakdowns

Vigorous group dances featuring elaborate instrumental figurations.

Rap Music

When a DJ speaks rhythmic rhymes to dancers. (Jamaican and African American) also Muhammad Ali.

Turntablism

When the turntable turned into a musical instrument and became and art.

Celtic Music

Wider range of traditions on which the groups such as Altan and De Dannan drew.

The Beatles

a British rock band that had an enormous influence on popular music in the 1960s

Epic songs

hours long songs of heroic tales, sung by a single bard

Heavy Metal

loud and harsh sounding rock music with a strong beat

Conjunto Nortena

popular bands of the northern region, accordion is the most characteristic of the ensemble.

Elvis Presley

white singer born in 1935 in Tupelo, Mississippi; chief revolutionary of popular music in the 1950s, fused black rhythm and blues with white bluegrass and country styles; created a new musical idiom known forever after as rock and roll