Unit 7 bacteria and viruses

Describe in your own words how a vaccine works

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Distinguish between a antibiotic and a pathogen.

A antibiotic is a medicine used to stop the growth of harmful bacteria, and pathogens are agents that cause disease.

Antibodies

A antibody is a protein that can attach to a pathogen and make it useless.

****************Describe how a bacteriums small size could be an advantage, or a disadvantage for its survival.

A small size would be an advantage because the bacterium would be hard to detect.

Describe a typical bacterium

A typical bacterium consists of cytoplasm & DNA surrounded by a cell membrane & a cell wall. Most bacteria have DNA that is one coiled, circular chromosome.

Vaccines

A vaccine is a mixture containing material from one or more deactivated pathogens such as viruses.When an organism is given a vaccine for a viral disease the vaccine triggers the production of antibodies. Because the vaccine contains deactivated pathogens the organism suffers only mild symptoms or none at all. After being vaccinated against a particular pathogen the organism will not get as sick if exposed to the pathogen again. Vaccines can prevent disease in humans as well as animals.

Compare a vaccine and a antibody.

A vaccine is given to you and contains dead protozoans and a antibody is made by your body to fight the virus.

Replication of viruses

A virus cannot infect every cell. A virus can only attach to a host cell with specific molecules on its cell wall or cell membrane. These molecules enable the virus to attach to the host cell. After a virus attaches to the host cell, its DNA or RNA enters the host cell. Once inside the virus either starts to replicate or becomes latent. After a virus becomes active and replicates in the host cell it destroys the host cell. Copies of the virus are then released into the host organism, where they can infect other cells.

Describe the structure of a virus

A virus is a strand of DNA or RNA surrounded by a layer of protein that can infect and replicate in a host cell.

virus

A virus is a strand of DNA or RNA surrounded by a layer of protien that can infect and replicate in a host cell. If you have a cold it could have been caused by a virus. A virus does not have a cell wall, a nucleus, or any other organells present in cells. The smallest viruses are between 20 and 100 times smaller than most bacteria. Viruses can have different shapes such as the crystal, cylinder, sphere, and bacteriophage. they are not living. Viruses must use organisms to carry on the processes we normally associate with a living cell. Viruses must be inside a cell to replicate. When a virus

Characteristics of viruses

A virus is a strand of DNA or RNA surrounded by a layer of protien that can infect and replicate in a host cell. If you have a cold it could have been caused by a virus. A virus does not have a cell wall, a nucleus, or any other organells present in cells. The smallest viruses are between 20 and 100 times smaller than most bacteria. Viruses can have different shapes such as the crystal, cylinder, sphere, and bacteriophage.

Aerobic bacteria

Aerobic bacteria need oxygen to survive. Most bacteria in an environment are aerobic.

Anaerobic bacteria

Anaerobic bacteria do not need oxygen to survive.

Your body produces protiens called in response to infection by a virus

Antibodies

what do vaccines stimulate the production of?

Antibodies

Use the term antibodies in a sentence.

Antibodies are in your body and protect you from viruses.

What is made by the body to fight viruses

Antibody

Archaea

Archaea are similar to bacteria and share many characteristics with them, including the lack of a membrane bound structure. It's chromosome is also circular like in bacteria. There are some important differences b/w archaea and bacteria. The ribosomes of Archaea resemble the ribosomes of eukaryotes than those of bacteria. Archaea also contain molecules in their plasma membranes that aren't found in any other organism. Archaea can live in places where few organisms can survive, such as very warm areas or those with little oxygen. Both bacteria and archaea are important to life on earth.

Mutations of viruses

As viruses replicate their DNA or RNA frequently mutates, or changes. These mutations enable viruses to adjust to changes in their host cells. For example, the molecules on the outside of the host cells change over time to prevent viruses from attaching to the cell. As viruses mutate, they are able to produce new ways to attach to host cells. These changes happen so rapidly that it can be difficult to cure or prevent viral diseases before they mutate again.

What are some ways that bacteria are beneficial to the environment?

Bacteria are beneficial to the environment because they turn nitrogen from the atmosphere into a form usable to plants. Also they decompose decaying matter by feeding on dead organic matter.

What are bacteria?

Bacteria are microscopic prokaryotes.

Characteristics of bacteria

Bacteria are microscopic prokaryotes. They can be found almost everywhere on Earth. Bacteria can live in or on almost every organism, both living and dead. They are much smaller than plant or animal cells. There are 3 shapes of bacteria. Bacilli, Cocci, Sprillia

Size and shape of bacteria

Bacteria are much smaller than plant or animal cells. Bacteria are generally only 1-5 micrometers wide. Bacteria generally have one of three shapes, Round or Sphere shaped, Rod shaped, and Spiral shaped.

draw and name the shapes of bacteria and viruses

Bacteria are spiral, sphere, and rod shaped. Viruses are crystal, cylinder, sphere, and bacteriophage(look like rocket ship) shaped.

How do bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics?

Bacteria become immune to antibiotics by mutations. Random mutations occur to the bacterium's DNA allowing it to survive or resist a specific antibiotic.

Bacterial diseases

Bacteria can harm your body and causes disease in one of two different ways. Some bacteria make you sick by damaging tissue. For example the disease tuberculosis is caused by a bacterium that invades lung tissue and breaks it down for food. Other bacteria cause disease by releasing toxins. For example Clostridium Botulinum can grow in improperly canned foods and produce toxins. If the contaminated food is eaten, the toxins can cause food poisoning, resulting in paralyzed limbs or even death.

Use the term bacteria in a sentence.

Bacteria causes plaque.

Structure of bacteria

Bacteria consist of cytoplasm and DNA surrounded by a cell membrane and cell wall. Most bacteria have DNA that is one coiled circular chromosome. Some have a flagella that helps them move and the have cell walls. They also contain ribosomes. Many bacteria also have one or more small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids that are separate from its other DNA. Some bacteria have specialized structures that help them survive, eg. the pneumonia bacteria has a thick covering, or capsule around its cell wall. This capsule protects the bacteria from drying out, and prevents white blood cells from surrounding and antibiotics from entering it. Many bacteria have capsules with hairlike structures called Pili, that help the bacteria stick to surfaces.

Name and explain all the ways bacteria help or hurt.

Bacteria hurt by causing disease and infecting organisms. But they can also help by helping with the digestive system. Also they can be used to clean up the environment naturally.

Describe one way bacteria is harmful to health.

Bacteria is harmful to your health because it causes illness and can damage tissue.

How do bacteria obtain food?

Bacteria obtain food by photosynthesis, Parasitism, chemosynthesis, or by decomposition.

Reproduction of bacteria

Bacteria reproduce asexually by fission. Fission is cell division that forms two genetically identical cells. Fission can occur quickly as often as every 20 minutes under ideal conditions. Bacteria produced by fission are identical to the parent cell. However, genetic variation can be increased by a process called conjugation, two bacteria of the same species attach to each other and combine their genetic material. DNA is transferred between the bacteria. This results in new combinations of genes, increasing genetic diversity. New organisms are not produced during conjugation, so the process is not considered reproduction.

Analyze how bacteria that can form endospores would have an advantage over bacteria that can't form endospores

Bacteria that can form endospores would be able to survive in an extreme environment because they form endospores around some of their DNA so that the DNA stays protected when the cell breaks down., while bacteria without endospores wouldn't be able to survive because there's nothing to protect its DNA.

What role do bacteria play in a cow's digestion?

Bacteria that live in the cows rumen help digest the cellulose in the plants that the cow eats.

Binary Fission

Binary Fission is the method of reproduction.

In which process do bacteria and other organisms clean up environmental pollution?

Bioremediation

Bioremediation

Bioremediation is the use of organisms such as bacteria to clean up environmental pollution. These organisms often break down substances that are harmful such as sewage into less harmful material that can be used as landfill or fertilizers.

Define bioremediation in your own words.

Bioremediation is when bacteria are used to clean up pollution in the environment.

Which process increases genetic diversity

Conjugation

How does conjugation increase the genetic diversity of bacteria?

Conjugation increases the genetic diversity when two bacteria attach together and combine their genetic material. This results in a new combination of genes.

Define conjugation in your own words.

Conjugation is when two bacteria join together and combine genetic material, which results in new combinations of genes.

Conjugation

Conjugation is when two bacteria of the same species attach to each other and combine their genetic material. DNA is transferred between the bacteria. This results in new combinations of genes, increasing genetic diversity. New organisms are not produced during conjugation, so the process is not considered reproduction.

Cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria are producers, they use photosynthesis and live in water. They contain chlorophyll.

List the different shapes a virus can have

Cylinder, crystal, sphere, bacteriophage

Identify ways bacteria can be beneficial.

Digestion, food production eg pickles, decomposition, and bioremediation.

Extremophiles

Extremophiles live in extreme conditions, they prefer little or no oxygen anaerobic.

Contrast fission and conjugation.

Fission is cell division that forms two genetically identical cells. And conjugation is when two bacteria of the same species attach to each other and combine genetic material to increase genetic variation.

Fission

Fission is cell division that forms two genetically identical cells. Fission can occur quickly, as often as every 20 minutes under ideal conditions.

Some bacteria have whip like structures called that are used for movement

Flagella

What is not a beneficial use of bacteria?

Food poisoning

Why is HIV considered latent?

HIV is considered latent because it does not immediately start attacking cells or causing symptoms right away.

Halophiles

Halophiles love salt live in the dead sea and the great salt lakes.

Scientists hope to be able to use viruses for gene therapy because viruses can.....

Inject genetic material into host cells.

Which best explains how mutation benefits a virus.

It enables the virus to adjust to changes in its host cell.

Beneficial bacteria

Many organisms including humans need bacteria to survive. Some types of bacteria help with digestion and other bodily process. For example one type of bacteria in your intestines makes vitamin k which helps your blood clot properly. Animals also benefit from bacteria. Without bacteria some animals would not be able to digest food. Bacteria and other microscopic organisms live in a large section of the cows stomach called the rumen. The bacteria help break down a substance in grass called cellulose into smaller molecules that the cow can use.

Viral diseases

Many viruses cause human diseases but they can also cause animal diseases. They can also infect plants causing millions of dollars on damage to plants. Most viruses attack and destroy specific cells. The destruction of cells causes the symptoms of the disease. Some viruses cause symptoms soon after infection. Other viruses might not cause symptoms right away. These viruses are called latent viruses. Latent viruses continue replicating without damaging the host cell. HIV is one example of a latent virus that might not cause immediate symptoms. HIV affects the white blood cells which are part of the immune system. Initially, infected cells function normally, so an HIV infected person might not appear sick. However the virus can become active and destroy cells in the bodies immune system making it hard to fight other infections. It can often take a long time for symtoms to appear after infection. People infected with latent viruses might not know for many years that they have been infected.

Methane makers

Methane makers give off methane gas. They live in swamps and animal intestines.

antibiotics

Most bacterial diseases in humans can be treated with antibiotics. Antibiotics are medicines that stop the growth and reproduction of bacteria. Many antibiotics work by preventing bacteria from building cell walls. Others affect ribosomes in bacteria, interrupting the production of proteins. Many types of bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics over time. Some diseases such as tuberculosis are now more difficult to treat. Bacteria become immune to antibiotics by mutations. Random mutations occur to the bacterium's DNA allowing it to survive or resist a specific antibiotic.

Immunity to viruses

Most people who get infected with chicken pox develop an immunity to the disease. This is an example of an acquired immunity. When a virus infects a person, his or her body begins to make special proteins called antibodies. An antibody is a protein that can attach to a pathogen and make it useless. Antibodies bind to viruses and other pathogens and prevent them from attaching to a host cell. Antibodies also target viruses and signal the body to destroy them. These antibodies can multiply quickly if the same pathogen enters the body again making it easier for the body to fight infection. Another type of immunity called natural immunity develops when a mother passes antibodies on to her unborn baby.

How does mutation enable viruses to continue causing diseases?

Mutation enables viruses to continue causing diseases because the virus changes so rapidly that the host cell is not able to cure or prevent viral diseases from mutating.

Compare the benefits of nitrogen fixation and decomposition.

Nitrogen fixation and decomposition are both beneficial to the environment because they return chemicals to the soil that other organisms can use.

Nitrogen fixation

Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen compounds that are usable by living things.

Harmful Bacteria

Of the 5000 known species of bacteria, relatively few are considered to be pathogens. Pathogens are agents that cause disease. Some pathogens live normally in your body but cause illness only when your immune system is weak. Pathogens can enter your body through a cut, the air you breath, or the food you eat. Once inside your body they can reproduce and cause disease.

How does pasteurization affect human health?

Pasteurization affects human health in a positive way because it makes food safer and last longer thereby making food poising much less common than it used to be.

Pasteurization

Pasteurization is the process of heating food to a temperature that kills most harmful bacteria. Products such as milk and yogurt are usually pasteurized in the factory before they are brought to supermarkets. After pasteurization, foods are much safer to eat and they do not spoil as quickly.

The process of killing bacteria in a food product by heating it is called

Pasturization

Pathogens

Pathogens are agents that cause disease. Some pathogens live normally in your body but cause illness only when your immune system is weak. Pathogens can enter your body through a cut, the air you breath, or the food you eat. Once inside your body they can reproduce and cause disease.

Pili

Pili are hairlike structures on capsules that help the bacteria stick to surfaces.

Prokaryotic

Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that do not have a nucleus or other membrane bound structure.

Organisms that cause disease are called

Protazoans

Treating and preventing viral diseases

Since viruses are constantly changing viral diseases can be difficult to treat. Antibiotics work only against bacteria not viruses. Antiviral medicens can be used to treat certain viral diseases or prevent infection. These medicines prevent the virus from entering a cell or stop the virus from replicating. Antiviral medicines are specific to each virus. Like bacteria viruses can rapidly change and become resistant to mediceines. One of the best way to prevent a viral infection is to limit contact with an infected human or animal. The most important ways to prevent infections is to practice good hygiene.

Movement of bacteria

Some bacteria are able to move around to find the resources they need to survive. These bacteria have special structures for movement. Many bacteria have long whip like structures called flagella. Others twist and spiral as they move. Still other bacteria use their pili like grappling hooks or make thread like structures that enable them to push away from a surface.

Obtaining food and energy/bacteria

Some bacteria take in food and break it down and obtain energy. Many of these bacteria feed on dead organisms or organic waste. Others take in their nutrients from living hosts. For example, bacteria that cause tooth decay live in dental plaque on teeth and feed on sugars in the foods you eat and the beverages you drink. Some bacteria make their own food. These bacteria use light energy to make food, like most plants do. These bacteria live where there is lots of light, such as the surface of lakes and streams. Other bacteria use energy from chemical reactions and make their own food. These bacteria live in places where there is no sunlight, such as the dark ocean floor.

Endospores

Sometimes environmental conditions are unfavorable for the survival of bacteria. In these cases some bacteria can form endospores. Endospores form when a bacterium builds a thick internal wall around its chromosome and part of the cytoplasm. An endospore can protect a bacterium from intense heat, cold, or drought. It also enables a bacterium to remain dormant for months or even centuries. The ability to form endospores enables bacteria to survive extreme conditions that would eventually kill them.

Capsule

The capsule is a thick covering that protects it from drying out, not all bacteria have this. It also prevents white blood cells from surrounding and antibiotics from entering it.

The long whip like structure that some bacteria use for movement is?

The flagella.

What are the three basic shapes of bacteria.

The three basic shapes of bacteria are sphere, a rod, or a spiral.

Thermophiles

Thermophiles live in ocean vents and hot springs, they can withstand 60c to 80c.

How do viruses affect human health?

They affect human health by making humans sick but they can help the body gain immunities to certain viruses.

What describes pathogens.

They cause disease.

What is not a characteristic of bacteria

They have a membrane bound organelle.

What describes antibotics

They stop the growth and reproduction of bacteria.

What disease is not caused by a virus

Tuberculosis

Why might using bacteria to clean up oil spills be a good option?

Using bacteria to clean up oil spills might be a good idea because it breaks down pollution faster, because without using bacteria, the harmful substances would take hundreds of years to break down and would contaminate water and soils.

a is made by using pieces of deactivated viruses or dead pathogens.

Vaccine

Are viruses alive explain why or why not.

Viruses are not alive because they do not have the characteristics of a living organism.

What describes viruses

Viruses do not contain organelles

Viruses and organisms

Viruses must use organisms to carry on the processes we normally associate with a living cell. Viruses must be inside a cell to replicate. When a virus enters a cell it becomes lantent or active. lantent viruses go througth a inactive period. Their genetic material becomes part of the host genetic material. For a period of time the virus does not take over the cell to produce more viruses. Once the virus become active a virus takes control and start reproducing.

What good vitamin do some human intestinal bacteria produce?

Vitamin K

Use the term pasteurization in a sentence.

You should only drink pasteurized milk and fruit juices to avoid food poisoning.

what term is describing bacteria cleaning up the environment.

bioremediation

Bacteria can form a to survive when environmental conditions are severe.

endospore

what structure helps bacteria move

flagella

Bacteria in our food

found in cheese choclate yogurt pickles and sour cream

What structure is not found in a bacterium?

nucleus