Unit 7B

Hueristics are

Simple thinking strategies for solving problems quickly and efficiently

An algorithm is a

Specific kind of prototype

Which of the following best illustrates functional fixedness?

Wynona can't find a hammer and doesn't realize she could use her shoe to pound a nail into the wall.

Jamilla systematically tried each successive key on her dad's key ring until she found the one that unlocked his office door. This best illustrates problem solving by means of:

an algorithm

Noam Chomsky has emphasized that the acquisition of language by children is facilitated by

an inborn readiness to learn grammatical rules

A single, memorable case of welfare fraud can have a greater impact on people's estimates of welfare abuse than do statistics showing that this case is actually the exception to the rule. This illustrates that judgments are influenced by the:

availability heuristic

Our tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can remember instances of its occurrence is called

availability heuristic

An unwillingness to give up our beliefs even when the evidence proves us wrong is called

belief perseverance

Despite overwhelming and highly publicized evidence that Senator McEwan was guilty of serious political corruption and misconduct, many who had supported her in past elections remained convinced of her political integrity. Their reaction best illustrates

belief perseverance

Jahmal cites his cousin Luana's many car accidents as evidence that women are worse drivers than men. He overlooks the fact that his wife and three daughters have had far fewer car accidents than he and his two sons. Jahmal's prejudicial conclusion about women's driving skills best illustrates the effects of

confirmation bias

People have a tendency to search for information that supports their preconceptions. What do psychologists call this tendency?

confirmation bias

Generating the single correct answer to an intelligence test question illustrates

convergent thinking

Generating multiple possible answers to a problem illustrates

divergent thinking

The inability to take a new perspective on a problem is called

fixation

Raul and Sophia were having a picnic when it started to rain. They did not think of using their big plastic tablecloth as a temporary rain shelter and so were drenched within minutes. Their oversight best illustrates

functional fixedness

The tendency to think of objects only in terms of their normal uses is called:

functional fixedness

The system of rules in a language that enables us to understand and communicate with others is called

grammar

representativeness heuristic refers to our tendency to

judge the likelihood of category membership by how closely an object or event resembles a particular prototype.

B.F. Skinner emphasized the importance of _____ in language acquisition

reinforcement

Because Ken is 6'6", people often mistakenly assume that he must be a member of his college's basketball team. This mistaken judgment best illustrates the impact of:

representativeness heuristic

The tendency to conclude that a person who likes to read poetry is more likely to be a college professor of classics than a truck driver illustrates the use of

representativeness heuristic

Semantics refers to the

rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences

A European visitor to the United States asked a taxi driver, "Can you please a ride to the airport me give?" This visitor has apparently not yet mastered the ________ of the English language.

syntax

A mental set is a

tendency to approach a problem in a way that has been successful in the past

Which of following best illustrates overgeneralization in a young child's speech pattern?

"Momma holded the baby."

telegraphic speech is

A grammatically correct two-word utterance

Which of the following is the best example of framing?

A television advertisement for lotion claims that it is made of 75 percent organic materials, not that it contains 25 percent artificial ingredients.

Which of the following best illustrates confirmation bias?

Asked to write an opinion paper on capital punishment, MacKenzie primarily searches for evidence that supports her opposition to the practice.

Chomsky's theory of language development suggests that child have an inborn

Language acquisition device

In the words "helped" and "called," the "Ed" ending is a(n)

Morpheme

The best evidence is that there is a critical period for language acquisition is the fact that

People most easily master the grammar of a second language during childhood

The smallest speech units that carry meaning are called

morphemes

The smallest distinctive sound unit of language is a

phoneme

A best example of a category of objects, events, or people is called a(n):

prototype

People are likely to take less time to recognize a woman as a nurse than a man as a nurse because a woman more closely resembles their nurse:

prototype