Unit 7c Terms and people
open shop
A company with a labor agreement under which union membership cannot be required as a condition of employment.
modernism
A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement.
Bolsheviks
A group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917
Langston Hughes
A leading poet of the Harlem Renaissance. He wrote "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" and "My People"
Harlem Renaissance
A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished
Sussex pledge
A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning.
Ku Klux Klan
A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.
Fourteen Points
A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.
Paul Robeson
African American actor and singer who promoted African American rights and left-wing causes
Bessie Smith
African American blues singer who played and important role in the Harlem Reniassance.
Marcus Garvey
African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.
Allied powers
Alliance of Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, and France during World War II.
Margaret Sanger
American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.
Gertrude Stein
American writer of experimental novels, poetry, essays, operas, and plays. In Paris during the 1920s she was a central member of a group of American expatriates that included Ernest Hemingway. Her works include Three Lives (1908), Tender Buttons (1914), and The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1933).
Dawes Plan (1924)
An arrangement negotiated in 1924 to reschedule German reparations payments. It stabilized the German currency and opened the way for further American private loans to Germany.
Emma Goldman
An outspoken radical who was deported after being arrested on charges of being an anarchist, socialist, or labour agitator.
Sigmund Freud
Austrian neurologist known for his work on the unconscious mind. Father of psychoanalysis.
consumerism (autos, radio, movies)
Automobiles became more affordable; there was an average of one car per family in the US. The production of the automobile became important to industry and changed all that Americans did socially. The radio enabled people from one end of the country to the other to listen to the same pograms. 1st radio station in 1920. The movie industry became big in the 1920s and movie starts were idolized. By 1929, 80 million tickets were sold each week.
David Lloyd George
Britain's prime minister at the end of World War I whose goal was to make the Germans pay for the other countries' staggering war losses
Georges Clemenceau
"tiger of France", the French prime minister who wanted to ensure that Germany would never again threaten France; at the Paris Peace Conference.
Charles Lindberg
United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)
Sinclair Lewis
United States novelist who satirized middle-class America in his novel Main Street (1885-1951). first American to win a Nobel Prize in literature
submarine warfare
Used during World War I mainly between German U-Boats and Atlantic supply convoys for Great Britain
Lost Generation
Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe
Spanish flu pandemic of 1918
July 1918- first wave with WW1 troops coming home, not actually Spanish in origin Sept 1918- 2nd wave, effecting civilians more [Boston, Philly, D.C.]
jazz age
Name for the 1920s, because of the popularity of jazz-a new type of American music that combined African rhythms, blues, and ragtime
Teapot Dome
Scandal during the Harding administration involving the granting of oil-drilling rights on government land in return for money
Henry Ford
1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.
Prohibition; Volstead Act (1919)
18th Amendments bans the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages in order to promote a sober workforce but fails and it is ratified in 1919 by the Volstead Act
Scopes trial; Clarence Darrow
1925- a highly publicized trial where John Thomas Scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school. Scopes was prosecuted by William Jennings Bryan and defended by Clarence Darrow; Scopes was convicted but the verdict was later. Displayed the fundamentalism prevalent in rural areas at the time
Schenck v. United States
A 1919 decision upholding the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during World War I. Justice Holmes declared that government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils.
Lusitania
A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.
Duke Ellington
Born in Chicago middle class. moved to Harlem in 1923 and began playing at the cotton club. Composer, pianist and band leader. Most influential figures in jazz.
Calvin Coolidge
Became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business.
Washington Conference (1921)
Conference of the major powers to reduce naval armaments among Great Britain, Japan, France, Italy, and the United States
Jeannette Rankin
First woman elected to the United States House of Representatives and the first female member of Congress. A Republican and a lifelong pacifist, she was the only member of Congress to vote against United States entry into both World War II and World War I. Additionally, she led resistance to the Vietnam War.
Central Powers
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire
Alfred E. Smith
He was the Democratic presidential candidate in the 1928 election. He was the first Catholic to be elected as a candidate.
Vittorio Orlando
He was the Italian representative at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. He pushed for a revenge-based treaty at Versailles, hampering the 14 points.
George Creel
Headed the Committee on Public Information, for promoting the war effort in WWI
Henry Cabot Lodge
Henry Cabot Lodge was a Republican who disagreed with the Versailles Treaty, and who was the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He mostly disagreed with the section that called for the League to protect a member who was being threatened.
Zimmermann telegram
January 1917 the British intercepted a telegram from the German government to the Mexican government offering German support if Mexico declared war against the US; offered to return land Mexico lost the US
Selective Service Act
Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft
Espionage Act (1917)
Law which punished people for aiding the enemy or refusing military duty during WW1
Louis Armstrong
Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians.
fundamentalism
Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).
Ernest Hemingway
Lost Generation writer, spent much of his life in France, Spain, and Cuba during WWI, notable works include A Farewell to Arms
Palmer raids
Part of the Red Scare, these were measures to hunt out political radicals and immigrants who were potential threats to American security; led to the arrest of nearly 5,500 people and the deportation of nearly 400.
Billy Sunday
Preacher and Former Pro Baseball Player- Key figure in the prohibition movement
Warren G. Harding
Pres.1921 laissez-faire, little regard for gov't or presidency. "return to normalcy" after Wilson + his progressive ideals. Office became corrupt: allowed drinking in prohibition, had an affair, surrounded himself w/ cronies (used office for private gain). Ex) Sec. of Interior leased gov't land w/ oil for $500,000 and took money himself. Died after 3 years in office, VP: Coolidge took over
reservationists
Senators who pledged to vote in favor of the Treaty of Versailles if certain changes were made - led by Henry Cabot Lodge
irreconcilables
Senators who voted against the League of Nations with or without reservations
Big Four
The Big Four were the four most important leaders, and the most important ones at the Paris Peace Conference. They were Woodrow Wilson- USA, David Lloyd George- UK, George Clemenceau- France, and Vittorio Orlando- Italy.
immigration quota laws (1921, 1924)
The first of these acts greatly limited immigration to 3 percent of the number of foreign-born persons from a given nation counted in the 1910 census. The second of these passed by Congress ensured the discrimination against Southern and Eastern European Immigrants by setting the quotas of 2 percent based on the Census of 1890.
Russian Revolution
The revolution against the Tsarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917.
Kellogg-Briand Treaty (1928)
This Treaty renounced the aggressive use of force to achieve national ends; almost all the nations of the world signed it. It proved ineffective because it 1) permitted defensive wars 2) failed to provide for taking action against the violators of the treaty. .
organized crime
a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit
Sedition Act (1918)
added to Espionage Act to cover "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the American form of government, the Constitution, the flag, or the armed forces.
Georgia O'Keeffe
an American artist. She was known for her paintings of enlarged flowers, New York skyscrapers, and New Mexico landscapes. O'Keeffe has been recognized as the "Mother of American modernism".
League of Nations
an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations
Aimee Semple McPherson
evangelist, founder of four square church of god, 1920s, used hollywood like tactics to get more followers, was popular on the radio, faked death. appealed to poor white people, practiced healing, anti evolution
Red Scare
fear that communists were working to destroy the American way of life
propaganda
information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.
neutrality
policy of supporting neither side in a war
American Expeditionary Force
the U.S. forces, led by Gen. John Pershing, who fought with the allies in Europe during WWI
mobilization
the process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war
Treaty of Versailles
the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans
Sacco and Vanzetti
were two italian born american laborers and anarchists who were tired convicted and executed via electrocution on Aug 3 1927 in Ma for the 1920 armed robbery. it is believed they had nothing to do with the crime
T. S. Eliot
wrote "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," "The Waste Land" and "The Hollow Men;" British WWI poet, playwright, and literary critic
F. Scott Fitzgerald
wrote The Great Gatsby