Unit 9 Study Guide

12. What were the causes of Nativism in post WW1 America?

" The case against the Reds" -Nativism in the 20s lead to 1. immigration limitations of immigrants in US acts/ quotas 2. perception of injustice among immigrants 3. red scare 100 0/0 Americanism - Immigration Quotas, red scare ( socialism and communism) and the KKK Language and culture caused nativism propaganda during WW1 dehumanized foreigners Distrust = Nativism protecting native born citizens against immigrants Xenophobia- Intense or irrational dislike or fear of people from other countries results in nativism

Wagner Act (1935)

(National Labor Relations Act) gives workers the right to organize a union and bargain with management officially "National Labor Relations Act"; established National Labor Relations Board to administer labor laws and union elections; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands. Highest legislative achievement for unions in US history.

13. What did America do in response to the fear of immigrants

- Immigration Quotas, red scare ( socialism and communism) and the KKK limited immigrants coming into U.S 3 quarters of 1 mil immigrants are reduced red scare scared of socialism and communism would send back if considered to be spreading those ideals KKK was a vigilante group

15. What were the causes of the red scare in America and what actions did America take as a result? Was this fair or unfair?

- influx of immigrants creating a scare of socialism and communism being spread. The first anti-Communist alarm, or Red Scare, in the United States occurred between 1917 and 1920, precipitated by the events of World War I Red Scare was "a nationwide anti-radical hysteria provoked by a mounting fear and anxiety that a Bolshevik revolution in America was imminent—a revolution that would change Church, home, marriage, civility, and the American way of Life". a change from traditional to modern ways alot of changes for the U.S. - not fair because many innocent were judged as guilty The rounding up and deportation of several hundred immigrants of radical political views by the federal government in 1919 and 1920. This "scare" was caused by fears of subversion by communists in the United States after the Russian Revolution.

21.) What were the causes and impacts of the Harlem Renaissance?

-Birth of African American culture and explosion 1904 NYC - Began to gather as people group in a Northern section called harlem - AA intellectuals writers and artists among the first inhabitants - security and comfort leads to an explosion of culture - creates safety of expression -harlem a neighborhood in NYC was the center of the AA political, cultural, and artistic movement in the 1920s to early 1930s. Harlem turned into a center for culture, creativity, and exploration of AA roots - South was mostly racists so it was hard for culture to be expressed there. - causes migration leave the south more possibility to move to these areas -racism not as bad as it is in the south still was racism Harlem Renaissance (1920s) Group of African American artists, intellectuals, and social leaders who lived in Harlem in the 1920s. They were termed the New Negroes by black professor Alain Locke because they had risen from the ashes of slavery to proclaim African American creative genius and work toward defeating racial prejudice.

Dr. Francis Townsend and Huey P. Long both opposed the New Deal, calling instead for

-Economic security for Elderly ( 2 0/0 tax) - supreme court problems -The conservative supreme court undermined New Deal programs - The court stuck down a program designed to help the economy stabilize and recover.

Huey Long assassinated, 1935

-Senator from Louisiana who gained attention by promising minimum income of 5,000- was killed The Share the Wealth society was founded in 1934 by Senator Huey Long of Louisiana, generally considered a left-wing demagogue. He called for the confiscation of all fortunes over $5 million and a 100% tax on annual incomes over $1 million. He was assassinated in 1935, but the popularity of his ideas helped to push FDR to the left in the Second New Deal - Share our wealth - Guarantee 5,000 $ yearly income by taxing wealth -planned to run for presidency and then assassinated

33.) What was the main argument behind Conservative and Liberal opposition to the New Deal?

-The New Deal faced growing opposition from conservatives in both political parties and attracted criticism among business leaders. Conservatives: They thought the New Deal gave government too much power, was stifling individual freedom, and was too involved in telling businesses how to operate. Liberal: They thought that the New Deal raised taxes too much. New Deal kept states from regulating their own affairs. They thought that the New Deal interfered with business and labor practices; gave Roosevelt too much power and influence.

Glass-Steagall Banking Act

-This gave the President the power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange -Created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which insures the accounts of depositors of its member banks. It outlawed banks investing in the stock market.

29.) What was the ultimate purpose behind the Glass-Stegall Act and the SEC?

-This gave the President the power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange -Created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which insures the accounts of depositors of its member banks. It outlawed banks investing in the stock market. was the Glass- Stegall Act and the SEC The agency of the U.S. government that oversees U.S. financial markets and accounting standard-setting bodies. 1934 - Created to supervise stock exchanges and to punish fraud in securities trading. monitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds purpose: Provide for the safer and more effective use of the assets of banks, to regulate interbank control, to prevent the undue diversion of funds into speculative operations, and for other purposes

3. How did Harding's economic policy mirror modern conservative economic values?

-Warren Harding adopted an unapologetically probusiness orientation. Most government officials agreed with Harding's Vice President Calvin Coolidge, who reputedly declared that "the business of America was business." The attempted trust-busting of the Progressive Era gave way to toleration of oligarchy—a term that in this context refers to control of an entire industry by a handful of large corporations. He believed that the best way to restore economic prosperity was to raise tariff rates and reduce the government's role in economic activities. His administration's economic policy was formulated by Secretary of the Treasury Mellon, who proposed cuts to the excess profits tax and the corporate tax. -least offensive candidate during pres. well liked,traditional, isolationism, " Ohio gang" corruption is a part of his cabinet " The Shack" pay off

Hoover Dam (Boulder Dam)

-public work program and supplied a lot of employment, they build this at the Colorado River -Dam built on the Colorado River to help stimulate business and provide jobs

Bank Run Hoover Dam (Boulder Dam)

-stock market crashed, led to panic of 1929 -widespread panic in which great numbers of people try to redeem their paper money -a phenomenon in which many of a bank's depositors try to withdraw their funds due to fears of a bank failure -A situation in which many depositors simultaneously decide to withdraw money from a bank -public work program and supplied a lot of employment, they build this at the Colorado River -Dam built on the Colorado River to help stimulate business and provide jobs

Great Depression causes

1)United State's stock market crash of 1929. 2)Big drop in the world's economy. 3)Overproduction of goods from World War I. 4)Decrease in the need for raw materials from non industrialized nations>>>LEAD TO millions of people losing their jobs as banks and businesses closed around the world. People were homeless, Relied on government to eat. 1. Expanded use of credit 2. farming crisis over production 3. Stock market speculation 4. Fed reserve national bank Effects of the Great Depression: Unemployment, Bank Failures, Farming Surplus, Housing/Construction, Immediate Needs: foods, medical, clothing, Business Failures. schools closed no teachers physical health many were malnourished -breadlines -dustbowl - Hoovervilles

22.) Describe the 6 causes of the Great Depression?

1. Farming crisis- Past WW1 farmers who once prospered now faced decline in demand due to European comp. Overproduction more crops then can be sold drop in prices due to overproduction 2. Increases use of credit- Farming loan defaults put early pressure on banks even before the crash farm foreclosures 3. Federal reserve policies- created by WW1 has a chance to fix problems but makes it worse funnel money into banks The higher the interests rates for their loans also discouraged lending furthered depression of the economy. 4. Stock market speculation- Large scale investments in the stock market increased speculation in businesses that could not sub-stain profitability. 5. Lack of gov regulation- Wealth distribution tilted strongly toward the rich getting richer, and that was an important factor contributing to economic instability and ultimately the Great Depression. This meant workers in general were unable to afford the very goods they were producing. 6.Bank Insecurity ( unstable)- No more trust in the banks. Banks Extended Too Much Credit. They kept borrowing and spending even as business inventories soared (300 percent between 1928 and 1929 alone) and Americans' wages stagnated. The banks, ignoring the warnings signs, kept subsidizing them. We were in prosperity no worries yet it led to this unstable bank. banks are going to collapse foundation of the economy is banks entire economic collapse. . banks were not required to hold a reserve of their deposits and typically didn't 2. banks offered cheap risky loans with little gov reg. 3. Banks invested in the stock market themselves 4. stock market crashed run on the banks

27.) How did Hoover try to help the economy and why did his efforts fail?

1. Requested (voluntary) wage freeze Hoover did get business leaders to agree to not cut wages during the economic crisis, which makes no sense economically 1. rugged individualism 2. Volunteerism 3.Localism volunteerism/ Localism Hoovers conservative Idealism pushed Laissez faire Gov involvement local and voluntary charitable efforts. Gov relief for the poor Reconstruction finance corporation to aid failing banks and farms 4. hawley- smoot tariff to protect American industries from foreign comp/trade war. awley-Smoot Tariff (1930) Passed under President Hoover, it raised tariffs up to sixty percent which became the nation's highest protective tariff during peacetime. Hoover & Republicans hoped it would help US economy, but instead it resulted in retaliatory tariff increases against the US by other countries. It deepened depression and increased international financial chaos. - Second highest tariff in the U.S history _ Americanism get companies healthy -protect American industries from foreign comp. made things worse globally -trade wars arised 20th Amendment (1933) 20th Amendment (1933) The major effect of this was to severely cut down the "lame duck" period from the presidency. Congress begins on January 30th; President starts on January 20th "Lame-duck" Amendment What was the 20th amendment in simple terms? The Twentieth Amendment is an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that sets the inauguration date for new presidential terms and the date for new sessions of Congress.

Bonus Army

1932 - Facing the financial crisis of the Depression, WW I veterans tried to pressure Congress to pay them their retirement bonuses early. Congress considered a bill authorizing immediate assurance of $2.4 billion, but it was not approved. Angry veterans marched on Washington, D.C., and Hoover called in the army to get the veterans out of there. -Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash - end WW! vet promised money for service 100 bucks went to WA built hoover dams (HOOVER-Ville) AS A PROTEST Armed national guard -told to leave - U.S> vets were killed

Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938

1938 act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor established minimum living standards for workers engaged in interstate commerce, including provision of a federal minimum wage Second election 2nd new deal - The New Deal established min- Wage and max hours fair employment practices act wagner act recognized the right of workers to organize in labor unions and bargain collectively -signed by president FDR on june 25th - 40 HR week -child labor restrictions -protect right to unionize - Guaranteed right to collecting bargain -made it illegal to fire or intimidate workers over union membership fireside chats -to restore faith and confidence in system and encourage people to trust banks

23.) What were the causes of the Dust Bowl?

A. Drought: significant loss of rain - when drought and winds came in the 1930s the top soil blew away causes: Over- Farming/ overproduction depleted soil large numbers of farmers packed up and migrated WW to California looking for jobs. -Dust storms when it did rain flooding would happen because the land was hard -migrants searched for work

34.) Why was FDR's court packing scheme a failure?

Court Packing Scheme (1937)- FDR tried to pass legislation that would increase the number of Supreme Court justices, many believed he wanted to fill the Supreme Court with judges favorable to his New Deal programs, he was accused of undermining the American principle of separation of powers -President Franklin D. Roosevelt's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of U.S. Supreme Court justices from nine to fifteen in order to save his Second New Deal programs from constitutional challenges. -FDR tried to pass legislation that would increase the number of Supreme Court justices, many believed he wanted to fill the Supreme Court with judges favorable to his New Deal programs, he was accused of undermining the American principle of separation of powers -President Franklin D. Roosevelt's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of U.S. Supreme Court justices from nine to fifteen in order to save his Second New Deal programs from constitutional challenges. -During Roosevelt's first term, the Supreme Court struck down several laws enacted to address the Great Depression because they exceeded Congress' power. - Failed because supreme court did not support it.

17. How did Darwinism challenge traditional ideas in America and what was done to silence these challenge?

Darwinism= Human Evolution Massive changes in belief system Scientific theory science vs. religion 3 post Darwin on religion 1. Atheism: becomes legit gives explanation for creation without a God. 2. Christians try to curb theology to fit the "new science" liberalism take everything super natural out of religion 3. Christians unwilling to bow to science Fundamentalism- cling to the bible. conservative ideals John scopes trial in which a sub taught evolution though he didn't win the case it challenged traditional ideologies and turned to more modern say ideals.

26.)What were the results of the Great Depression for families, minorities, savings, employment?

Employment: worst economic disaster to ever hit U.S. Housing: people unable to pay mortgages or rents people lost their homes took to the streets wandering from town to town looking for jobs ( apples, baskets...) Schools closed so no education couldn't afford teachers physical health: malnourished - breadlines- dustbowl- HooverVilles could not afford housing so built these villes Toll on families: Marriages were delayed and the birthrate fell divorce rates declines -unemployment men lost status and women and children were forced into the work force going away from progressive ideals. 1. High unemployment 2. Significant loss of wealth 3. High poverty 4. malnutrition and sickness 5. schools close education loss 6. Business close

30.) Describe the purpose of the programs above.( FDIC- SEC- AAA- TVA- WPA-

FDIC- insured bank deposits up to $5,000 - restore faith in banks - reform an agency developed by the federal government to regulate banking and and investment acts First 100 days - No opposition - period of rapid gov action looking to halt the depression 1. Bank Holiday - Halt Bank Failure 2. FDIC- gov insured deposits in banks up to 200k to give people confidence to put their money back in banks 3. SEC- securities and Exchange commission -regulate wallstreet ( still there) - bank pays for insurance with your money - FDIC- insured- your money is Insured SEC was new police of wallstreet regulate wallstreet - buying a margin prevented -inflation- to extent SEC-The agency of the U.S. government that oversees U.S. financial markets and accounting standard-setting bodies. 1934 - Created to supervise stock exchanges and to punish fraud in securities trading. monitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bondset and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds AAA- -a law enacted in 1933 to raise crop prices by paying farmers to leave a certain amount of their land unplanted, thus lowering production -(FDR) 1933 and 1938 , Helped farmers meet mortgages. Unconstitutional because the government was paying the farmers to waste 1/3 of there products. Created by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal this agency attempted to restrict agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies to take land out of production. - Gave farmers money to reduce crop size to reduce production. - Paid farmers subsidies not to farm land -Attempt to halt overproduction -field plowed under -Animals killed TVA--was an experiment in regional planning by the federal government. Another New Deal agency that was created to help control flooding, soil conservation, and bring hydroelectric power to the mid-south. It built a hydroelectric network that supplied cheap power while also developing a flood-control system, recreational facilities, and soil conservation program. First federal business to compete with private enterprises. -Hydro electric dam: Rural electrification public ulities 1. provided jobs for them thousands of people who turned around and spent their gov pay checks and stimulated the economy. 2. provided much needed development to rural areas of the south ( which Roosevelt needed support from politically) WPA- -Employed people to do public works, research and artistic projects, to carry out public works projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads, and operated large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects. It fed children and redistributed food, clothing, and housing. -key New Deal agency that provided work relief through various public-works projects. -replaced (FERA) Federal Emergency Relief Administration employing millions of unskilled workers to do public projects but also hired arts people. - Catch all occupational jobs in numerous areas -650,000 miles of roads built and public bridges work progress and construction and education and art and writers

31.) How did the Fair Labor Standards Act and the Wagner Act signal a change in American approaches to labor?

FLSA:::::: 1938 act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor. Established minimum living standards for workers engaged in interstate commerce, including provision of a federal minimum wage. (Second election 2nd new deal) - The New Deal established min- Wage and max hours fair employment practices act wagner act recognized the right of workers to organize in labor unions and bargain collectively -signed by president FDR on june 25th - 40 HR week -child labor restrictions -protect right to unionize - Guaranteed right to collecting bargain -made it illegal to fire or intimidate workers over union membership fireside chats -to restore faith and confidence in system and encourage people to trust banks Wagner Act: (National Labor Relations Act) gives workers the right to organize a union and bargain with management officially "National Labor Relations Act"; established National Labor Relations Board to administer labor laws and union elections; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands. Highest legislative achievement for unions in US history.

New Deal president who led US out of Great Depression and through most of WWII

First 100 days of FDR- The first 100 days of Franklin Roosevelt's presidency where he pushed program after program through congress providing relief, creating jobs, and stimulate economic recovery -pushed program after program through congress to provide relief, create jobs, and stimulate economic recovery the historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented Franklin D. Roosevelt "people deserve a New Deal" - people embraced the idea looking for some new form of help - wins anti- Hoover THE 3R's 1. Relief: how can I help ( cash in hands to help public) 2. Recovery: Get people working to stop handing out 3. Reform:prevent from further happenings New Deal Coalition -an alignment of diverse groups dedicated to supporting the Democratic Party coalition forged by the Democrats who dominated -American politics from the 1930's to the 1960's. its basic elements were the urban working class, ethnic groups, Catholics and Jews, the poor, Southerners, African Americans, and intellectuals.

4. Why did Calvin Coolidge take over the presidency and how did he go even farther toward conservative economics?

Harding dies 2 1/2 years into office almost three ( republican) 30th president " Coolidge prosperity" slogan - more of the same ideas - Ain't broke don't fix -lower taxes -balanced budgets -robust economy -roaring 20s economy boom showed that America was more concerned with economic progress than with progressivism reform of Wilson and the democrats -death of progressivism general prosperity Became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business. Andrew Mellon: Secretary of Treasury under President Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover, who instituted a Republican policy of reduced government spending, lower taxes to the wealthy, and higher tariffs - The good successful businessman secretary of treasury -tax cutter lower tax= more revenue -hated taxes

14. How did Sacco and Vanzetti illustrate immigrant problems in the 1920s?

Italian immigrants and anarchists Justice affected by nativism - two strikers Sacco and Vanzetti believed to be persecution of immigrants were accused of robbing an armed car and killing a guard - clearly made a case against them they were convicted and executed -historical evidence most likely guilty but was a demonstration of nativism -uproar of immigrants held protest to save them ( created pride) "justice crucified"

6. Why did America see a massive consumer boom in the 1920s?

Mass consumerism- Trade in products designed to appeal to a global market. 1. positive post-war feelings 2. Innovative new products 3. Rising wealth from stock market ( although false prosperity) Buy now pay later trend - contributes to personal bankruptcy's during the upcoming depression you can only borrow so much before you reach a point where you can't repay. New Home Appliances -washing machines, more fridges, electricity, toaster, more advance teach, and iron 2. Influence of mass media promoted movies home entertainment silent films new mass advertising campaigns created problems people had a desire for new goods but no ability to pay so ... New consumer credit so that this post-war feeling and rising wealth and perception can be made

19.) What led to the rise of the KKK in the 1920s?

Nativism- immigrants -Many white, lower middle-class, Protestant Americans in the North and Midwest were fearful that immigrants were changing traditional American culture, and they responded with anti-Catholicism and anti-Semitism. The revival of the Klan was inspired by Birth of a Nation, director D. W. Griffith's violently anti-black blockbuster film of 1915 that promoted the southern "Lost Cause" view of the Civil War. - The movie was one of the most controversial films ever made and was based on the 1905 novel The Clansman by Thomas Dixon, Jr. On Thanksgiving Day, 1915, Colonel William J. Simmons and a few friends burned a cross on Stone Mountain near Atlanta to signal the revival of the Klan as one of many fraternal groups.

2. What problems did Harding encounter with his administration?

Nativism-May 19, 1921 Emergency Quota Act Harding signs the Emergency Quota Act into law, limiting the number of immigrants from any given country to 3 percent of that nationality already in the United States by 1910. The temporary act lasts three years and serves as the precursor to the harsher and permanent 1924 act. The law represents the growing nativism of the 1920s, motivated, in part, by the massive influx of south and east European immigrants into the United States following the end of World War I. 1. immigration limitations Attorney General Palmer's campaign to arrest and deport radical leftists, especially anarchists, from the US. Occurred in November 1919 and January 1920 as more than 500 foreign citizens were deported, including a number of leftist leaders. U.S. Department of Labor objected the Palmer's methods. The Palmer Raids occurred in the larger context of the First Red Scare that had begun in response to the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia and was used by US businesses and conservatives as a weapon to attack unions and the left. 2. perception of Injustice among immigrants 3. Red scare 1. Re-establish of conservation: liberal progressivism gone, Laissez faire back 2. Mass consumerism ( mass media advertising) mass media- Forms of communication, such as newspapers and radio, that reach millions of people. 3. Nativism 4. Modern vs. Traditional- ( women roles, evolution and prohibition)Harding, who drank, initially voted against banning alcohol. He voted for the Eighteenth Amendment, which imposed prohibition, after successfully moving to modify it by placing a time limit on ratification, which was expected to kill it. -"an ideal American" would soon be revealed to have been the head of the most corrupt administration in the nation's history. 5. Flapper science vs. rev 1. Atheism2. try to curb theology 3. "No fundamentalism Tennessee law_ prohibiting the teaching of the evolution theory in all schools in tennessee John scope- sub teacher:John Thomas Scopes was a teacher in Dayton, Tennessee, who was charged on May 5, 1925 with violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which prohibited the teaching of human evolution in Tennessee schools. He was tried in a case known as the Scopes Monkey Trial, in which he was found guilty and fined $100. Several dishonest legislators were exposed in the early 1920s, and some of the biggest scandals were tied to the Harding administration itself. The first scandal was the discovery that the head of the Veterans Bureau was accepting kickbacks from government contractors and even looting medical supplies that were supposed to be used for injured veterans. Harding's attorney general was later indicted for fraud regarding "irregularities" with the disposition of German assets that had been seized during World War I. He was also accused of receiving kickbacks from bootleggers. Albert Fall -He was Secretary of the Interior during Harding's administration and was a scheming anti-conservationist. He was convicted of leasing naval oil reserves and collecting bribes, which was called the Tea Pot Dome scandal. - The " Fall Guy" Teapot Dome Scandal- A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921 The biggest scandal of the 1920s involved Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall who was believed to have accepted $400,000 in bribes. In exchange, Fall permitted private oil companies to drill on public land in Wyoming. These oil reserves, such as the massive Teapot Dome reserve, were supposed to be left undeveloped as an emergency resource for the military so that the United States would never be dependent on foreign oil during war. The incident was soon labeled the Teapot Dome Scandal, a phrase that became synonymous with government corruption throughout the next generation. The public was even more enraged when Albert Fall was only ordered to pay a $100,000 fine and serve one year in jail.

16. What were the results of prohibition in the 1920s?

Not effective because many even government officials drank undercover. It didn't stop many and actually helped create speakeasies and bootleggers. Prohibition (18th amendment)(18th Amendment) illegal to manufacture, distribute, or possess any type of alcoholic beverage (distilled spirits). The Noble Experiment. Opened the door for organized crime (Al Capone), bootleggers and smuggling. The Volstead Act- Bill passed by Congress to enforce the language of the 18th Amendment. This bill made the manufacture and distribution of alcohol illegal within the borders of the United States. Speakeasy and Bootleg Liquor- A place where alcoholic drinks were sold and consumed illegally during prohibition

32.) What was the purpose of FDR's Fireside Chats?

On radio, he was able to quell rumors, counter conservative-dominated newspapers and explain his policies directly to the American people. His tone and demeanor communicated self-assurance during times of despair and uncertainty - created hope or a sense of we will get through this -president speaking directly to the people.

Black Tuesday (October 29, 1929)

On this day the stock market boom had fell out, as millions of panicky investors ordered their brokers to sell, when there were practically no buyers to be found. After that stock prices continued to go down until they finally hit bottom. stock market crashed, led to panic of 1929 - the market experienced a crash in its history economy spiraled into deep depression 1. lack of gov regulation under rep. administration the federal gov abandoned pre. policy of progressivism and limited gov regulation of the economy. corporations became increasingly powerful the supreme court rolled back progressive limitations on child labor and minimum wage laws for women. stock market went basically unreg. 2. Banking insecurity -banks were not req. to hold a reserve on their deposits and typically didnt -banks offered cheap risky loans with gov oversight -banks invested in the stock market themselves as a way of making moeny bull market tricked people - when the stock market crashed people made a run on the banks to try to get money before lost - lead to economic downturn

28.) Explain FDR's Goals for the New Deal(3-Rs)

Relief: how can I help you (mortgage assistance- cash in hands of people) recovery- Get people working to stop hanging out reform: prevent from further happenings (not again)

1. Why did America embrace Harding's campaign promise to "Return to Normalcy and what did that actually mean?

Return to Normalcy- After World War I 1919-20s, when Harding was President, the US and Britain returned to isolationism. The US economy "boomed" but Europe continued to struggle. It was the calm before the bigger storm hit: World War II Nativism: Return to "Normalcy": U.S. Immigration- Southern Europe, Italy, Austria, Russia Language and culture caused Nativism 100 0/0 Americanism -Propaganda dehumanized foreigners The dehumanization of foreign opponents in the Great war leads to general distrust of foreigners after the war. Distrust= Nativism- Protecting the interests of native- born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants Xenophobia Intense or irrational dislike or fear of people from other countries results of Nativism -Immigrations Acts or Quotas- set limitations on the number of immigrants that could come to America. -3 quarters of one mil immigrants are reduced - Significant reduction ( Nativism also affects justice) - Sacco and Vanzetti Trial ( Accused of robbing an armed car and killing a guard). they were executed "justice crucified" -Third issue the "red scare" Rise of communism and Socialism. Americanism- A belief that Americans consider themselves bound by common values and common hopes. A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones xenophobia- fear of foreigners Immigration Quota Act: a fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers - Harding's presidency Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree, Massachusetts. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence; many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities. prejudiced jury sentenced them to death, caused riots around the world, new trial denied The red scare- fear that communists were working to destroy the American way of life

18.) The scopes trial was a trial between what ideals in America?

Scopes Trial (Monkey Trial) Legal battle over teaching evolution that pitted modern science against Fundamentalist religion -Trial which took place in Dayton, TN about the teaching of evolution in the schools -Challenged religion and the old tradition of God in schools. Taught more modern-day ideologies instead of the traditional ways of thinking of things. -faith and Christian belief system Fundamentalism- A form of a religion, especially Islam or Protestant Christianity, that upholds belief in the strict, literal interpretation of scripture. emphasizes literal interpretation of texts and a return to a time of greater religious purity (conservative) - BIBLE has seen as the complete truth no lies at all

24.) Why was stock market purchasing out of control in the 1920s and what was the result of his speculation?

Stock market speculation- large scaled investments in the stock market increased speculation in businesses that could not be sub-stained by profitability. Buying on credit ( not your money) caused many to buy alot of things that were not necessary and during the Great Depression it caused them to lose a lot. Stock market purchasing and selling was corrupt and being overly sold.

11. What were the characteristics of the "Lost Generation" of writers?

The Lost Generation- Group of writers in the 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe Characteristics of "Lost Generation" Authors Youthful idealism. Sought the meaning of life. Drank heavily. Had love affairs. Rejected modern American materialism. Expatriates who lived in Paris. Wrote novels considered literary masterpieces Lost Generation, a group of American writers who came of age during World War I and established their literary reputations in the 1920s. The term is also used more generally to refer to the post-World War I generation. Writers felt that the old norms were no longer relevant, the old ways of writing no longer relatable. They criticized what the country had become after losing a sense of hope in the war, and how its people, among other things, felt lost. Making sense of things, for them, was a frustrating exercise

Social Security Act of 1935

The greatest victory for New Dealers; created pension and insurance for the old-aged, the blind, the physically handicapped, delinquent children, and other dependents by taxing employees and employers -Created both the Social Security Program and a national assistance program for poor children, usually called AFDC. 1. Benefits for unemployment Insurance 2. Benefits for Elderly 3. Benefits for Disabled 4. The most lasting and criticized component of New Deal. Laying foundation for welfare society some hate it and think it is too expensive some love it opportunity for retirement and getting young to work - benefits for disabled - problem with these things most expensive problem

7.How did the installment plan both benefit and hurt the economy?

The installment plan A payment plan that allows customers to make payments at set intervals over a period of time until the total debt is paid. New Consumer Credit- "Buy now, pay later" credit plan that allowed purchase without cash until this point you had to pay in cash to buy a product. - you usually saved until you could - Installment plan stimulates the economy -people are buying all of those new appliances and cars even if they could not afford it ( increase purchases) - no experience -not worried only good feelings -always continued to be better was the thoughts problem was that money is credit and when the depression hit most could not pay off debt leaving them in massive debt which could cause them to lose alot of what they had - False prosperity

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

This tariff rose the rates on imported goods in the hopes that domestic manufacturing would prosper. This prevented foreign trade, which hampered the economy since Europe could not pay its debts if it could not trade. - " I would rather break the heart of the world then to break the heart of the people of the united states" - Not good for farmers and laborers with foreign trade so protect American Business was the idea ( Isolationism) rejection of nationalism significant increase tariffs to protect manufacturing -trade wars conservative economics: - cut taxes - cut spending - protect U.S. buisness - Harding dies 2 1/2 years almost 3 in presidency led to Calvin Coolidge vice president to take office as president.

Volunteerism (Hoover Style)

This was called for by Hoover. He wanted groups to work together for common goals - Conservative idealism pushed laissez faire Gov relief for poor local and voluntary charitable efforts 1. Voluntary wage freeze dont cut wages you cut employees 2. Promoted Rugged Individualism 2. volunteerism 3. Localism idea was to get tough you have to toughen up budget and eat less

10. What led to more urban sprawl in the 1920s?

Urban Sprawl was caused by industrialization that was occurring rapidly and more and more factory jobs were opening up. Farmers did not want to work on the farms because if they had a tough year, they would not produce enough food and crops, and even on good years, they would just get by. They saw cities to have more opportunities for success. With the invention and development of the Automobile, travel from in and out of the city became much easier and more common. This led to more people living outside of the city and just commuting for work, otherwise known as Urban sprawl. With all of the new businesses being added to the cities, there was a spike in employment in urban populations. -Why did America become more urban in the 1920s? Americans increasingly moved into cities over the course of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a movement motivated in large measure by industrialization. urban sprawl- The process of urban areas expanding outwards, usually in the form of suburbs, and developing over fertile agricultural land.

Charles Lindbergh- United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974) wasp

White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs) in the United states, are an ethnic group known for forming the dominant social class of powerful white Americans of British Protestant ancestry. Some WASPs trace their ancestry to the American colonial period.

9. How did flappers rebel against the norms of society?

Women did although acquire the right to vote 1919 -new advertising on home consumer products directed at women creates two responses some wanting more push for rights and some okay with some rights. New flapper movement -independent and rebellious, short skirts and hair, social lives, jazz and more, drinking in public, premarital, double standards. The New women Flappers: carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom.

8. How did the new consumer products of the 1920s effect gender roles in the 1920s?

Women did although acquire the right to vote 1919 -new advertising on home consumer products directed at women creates two responses some wanting more push for rights and some okay with some rights. New flapper movement -independent and rebellious, short skirts and hair, social lives, jazz and more, drinking in public, premarital, double standards. The New women challenged social norms warner bros production- 1. move advertising growth radio and movies spread the new mass consumer culture at the same time it reinforced traditional gender and class roles. 2. strengthened national culture mass media brings the country together

5. What groups didn't see progress during the 1920s and why?

Women did although acquire the right to vote 1919 -new advertising on home consumer products directed at women creates two responses some wanting more push for rights and some okay with some rights. New flapper movement -independent and rebellious, short skirts and hair, social lives, jazz and more, drinking in public, premarital, double standards. warner bros production- 1. move advertising growth radio and movies spread the new mass consumer culture at the same time it reinforced traditional gender and class roles. 2. strengthened national culture mass media brings the country together 1920 farmers suffer Europe starts to grow its own food again - large surplus and foreclosures -pressure on banks -Industrial workers suffer mass production made new products affordable less valuable workers -Fords assembly line Unions struggle prosperity of 20s makes most think that organized labor is unnecessary - back to siding with businesses (gov)

Rugged Individualism and Herbert Hoover

a speech made byHerbert Hoover in 1928 in his speech. It refers to a belief that individuals can succeed with minimal governmental aide -The belief that all individuals, or nearly all individuals, can succeed on their own and that government help for people should be minimal.

Bank Holiday and Emergency Banking Act

closed all banks, banks examined to make sure they were okay to reopen

FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) (1933) WPA (Works Progress Administration) 1935 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) Tennessee Valley Authority (1933) (TVA) Works Progress Administration (WPA) 1935

insured bank deposits up to $5,000 - restore faith in banks - reform an agency developed by the federal government to regulate banking and investment acts First 100 days - No opposition - period of rapid gov action looking to halt the depression 1. Bank Holiday - Halt Bank Failure 2. FDIC- gov insured deposits in banks up to 200k to give people the confidence to put their money back in banks 3. SEC- securities and Exchange commission -regulate Wall street ( still there) - bank pays for insurance with your money - FDIC- insured- your money is Insured SEC was the new police of Wall street that regulate Wall street - buying a margin prevented -inflation- to the extent Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) (1933)- employed about 3 million men (between 18-25) to work on projects that benefited the public, planting trees to reforest areas, building levees for flood control, and improving national parks, etc. Most pop form of legislation. Men only keep 20-25% off $, rest is sent back to the family. --A government program created by Congress to hire young unemployed men to improve the rural, out-of-doors environment with such work as planting trees, fighting fires, draining swamps, and maintaining National Parks. The CCC proved to be an important foundation for the post-World War II environmental movement. ------Sent 250,000 young men to work camps to perform reforestation and conservation tasks. Removed surplus of workers from cities, provided healthy conditions for boys, provided money for families. - State and national parks Road, trails, deforestation - young men and put them in government-sponsored - split the money in halt - family payroll Benefitted the public in three ways 1. Jobs to young men that removed them from the private job market and provided income for participants and their families 2. temp food and housing for young men that prevented homelessness and the presence as a burden on family 3. national parks and forestry systems saw vital development WPA (Works Progress Administration) 1935- -Employed people to do public works, research and artistic projects, to carry out public works projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads, and operated large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects. It fed children and redistributed food, clothing, and housing. -key New Deal agency that provided work relief through various public-works projects. -replaced (FERA) Federal Emergency Relief Administration employing millions of unskilled workers to do public projects but also hired arts people. - Catch all occupational jobs in numerous areas -650,000 miles of roads built and public bridges work progress and construction and education and art and writers Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)- The agency of the U.S. government that oversees U.S. financial markets and accounting standard-setting bodies. 1934 - Created to supervise stock exchanges and to punish fraud in securities trading. monitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bondset and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)- -a law enacted in 1933 to raise crop prices by paying farmers to leave a certain amount of their land unplanted, thus lowering production -(FDR) 1933 and 1938 , Helped farmers meet mortgages. Unconstitutional because the government was paying the farmers to waste 1/3 of there products. Created by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal this agency attempted to restrict agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies to take land out of production. - Gave farmers money to reduce crop size to reduce production. - Paid farmers subsidies not to farm land -Attempt to halt overproduction -field plowed under -Animals killed -process worked prices rise profits went up Tennessee Valley Authority (1933) (TVA)- -was an experiment in regional planning by the federal government. Another New Deal agency that was created to help control flooding, soil conservation, and bring hydroelectric power to the mid-south. It built a hydroelectric network that supplied cheap power while also developing a flood-control system, recreational facilities, and soil conservation program. First federal business to compete with private enterprises. -Hydro electric dam: Rural electrification public ulities 1. provided jobs for them thousands of people who turned around and spent their gov pay checks and stimulated the economy. 2. provided much needed development to rural areas of the south ( which Roosevelt needed support from politically) Works Progress Administration (WPA) 1935- -Employed people to do public works, research and artistic projects, to carry out public works projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads, and operated large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects. It fed children and redistributed food, clothing, and housing.

20.) What were the push and pull factors of the Great Migration of African Americans in the teens and 20s?

pull factors: employment opp. farming crisis pop. movement - educational opp. Lack of colleges dedicated for African Americans. They tried to keep AA out of schools in South. push factors: Escape: Injustice in south (equality) not under law -14th amend. supposed to establish equality living in south as AA no justice - escape lynching -vigilante groups -large migration had to happen Great Migration (of the 20th century)- the movement of African Americans from the South to northern cities between 1910-1920 Movement of about 2 million blacks out of the Southern United States. African Americans migrated to the Midwest, Northeast, and West. They were recruited to work in northern factories because of war production; move to urban areas; aggravate racial tensions; WW1 Marcus Garvey and the UNIA- "Back to Africa" movement for racial pride and separatism; inspired self-confidence in blacks Black nationalist and leader of the back to Africa movement who recognized the treatment of blacks was not improving

25.) What factors led to bank failure?

when the stock market crashed so did the bank many ran to the bank to withdraw their money. Thus leaving the banks dry and creating an economic depression. Resulting in many losing everything and being stuck in poverty.