UNIT TEST (Chp 13-15)

Corrupt Bargain In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State. Election of 1828 Andrew Jackson defeats John Quincy Adams, 178 electoral college votes to 83 electoral college votes; marks the first success of the new national party system Spoils System the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power Andrew Jackson Tariff of Abominations Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South The South Carolina Exposition Book published anonymously by John c. calhoun which states that states can nullify Federal laws deemed uncositutional. John C. Calhoun The 7th Vice President of the United States and a leading Southern politician from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century. He was an advocate of slavery, states' rights, limited government, and nullification. Nullification Crisis South was mad about the Tariff of Abominations. John C. Calhoun supported States' Rights and said they had a right to nullify a law. In 1832 the tariff was lowered. South Carolina passed the Nullification Act, and threatened to secede; Jackson was furious, so he passed the Force Bill which said that Jackson can use the army to enforce the tariff Whig Party An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements Martin Van Buren He was the eighth president of the United States who was experienced in legislative and administrative life. He passed the Divorce Bill which placed the federal surplus in vaults located in large cities and denied the backing system. Specie Circular issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed. Era of Good Feelings A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts. John Quincy Adams Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work. Old Hickory Nickname given to president Andrew Jackson, 1829-1837, for his toughness. Jackson was a veteran of the Creek War, and a hero of the battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812. He also had fought and won a number of duels. Denmark Vesey/Slave Rebellion A mulatto who inspired a group of slaves to seize Charleston, South Carolina in 1822, but one of them betrayed him and he and his thirty-seven followers were hanged before the revolt started. Compromise Tariff of 1833 It was a new tariff proposed by Henry Clay and John Calhoun that gradually lowered the tariff to the level of the tariff of 1816 This compromise avoided civil war and prolonged the union for another 30 years. Force Bill The bill authorized President Andrew Jackson's use of whatever force necessary to execute laws, e.g. collect taxes from states who didn't want to pay them; The bill was furthered the power of the presidency. Cherokee Nation 1. adopted "white" customs including dress, some were wealthy farm owners and cattle ranchers 2. had their own language and newspaper; established its own constitution 3. fought for sovereignty and won under Supreme Court ruling Five Civilized Tribes Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles; "civilized" due to their intermarriage with whites, forced out of their homelands by expansion Indian Removal Act Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West. Trail of Tears The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey. Bureau of Indian Affairs A government agency created in the 1800s to oversee federal policy toward Native Americans Black Hawk War Chief Black Hawk of Sauk tribe, led rebellion against US; started in Illinois and spread to Wisconsin Territory; 200 Sauk and Fox ppl murdered; tribes removed to areas west of Mississippi Seminole War conflict that began in florida in 1817 between the seminole indians and the us army when the seminoles resisted removal Bank of the United States Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. He proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder. This would be a way to collect and amass the various taxes collected. It would also provide a strong and stable national currency. Jefferson vehemently opposed the bank; he thought it was un-constitutional. nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day. Nicholas Biddle He was an American financier who was also president of the Bank of the United States. He was also known for his bribes. He was in charge during the bank war, where Jackson refused to deposit federal funds, which bled the bank dry. He also showed the corruption of the bank. Webster.Clay and Recharter Bill clay calls for an early recharter, which passes through congress. To Clay this is a win-win situation because if Jackson passes the bill then the bank is saved, if he vetoes then Clay will use it against Jackson in upcoming election. Jackson vetoes this. Clay was wrong and people hate the bank and dont care Election of 1832 Jackson v Clay, Jackson wins. Political parties will hold nominating conventions where the people decide who the nominee is. First time a third party was in an election, Anti-Masonic party. National Nominating Conventions Quadrennial gathering of party officials and delegates that selects presidential and vice presidential nominees and adopts party platforms Biddle's Panic when a desperate Biddle called in his bank's loans, evidently hoping to illustrate the bank's importance by producing a minor financial crisis. A number of wobblier banks were driven to the wall by this, but Jackson's resolution remained firm. Pet Banks A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836. Wildcat Banks unstable banking institutions that issued paper money called wildcat currency to lend to speculators. They were operated under state charters and were especially numerous after Jackson defeated the second B.U.S. They didn't require collateral for loans so farmers took out loans, bought land, lost money on the land, defaulted on their loans, and then the banks started to fail. Panic of 1819 Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings. Panic of 1837 When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress. Divorce Bill A bill passed by Van Buren in 1837, that divorced the government from banking altogether, and established an independent treasury, so the governemtn could lock its money in vaults in several of the larger cities. Independent Treasury Bill Bill passed in 1840 to separate the U.S. Treasury from the country's banks. The bill was repealed in 1841. A new independent treasury bill was passed shortly after James K. Polk became President. Stephen Austin The son of Moses Austin and also known as the "Father of Texas" he lead "the old 300" into Texas after his father died of pneumonia even though he id not want to. Santa Anna Mexican dictator who was in charge when war broke out between the Mexicans and Americans. He lost Texas to rebels, and was the leader of the armed forces during the war. Davy Crockett sent to deal with problems with Shawnees and Creeks; present at the Alamo, during which his fame as a bear-killer/frontiersman had already been established; taken prisoner after the battle and executed by bayonet by Santa Anna, in front of all of his men Battle of San Jacinto a big victory for texans, santa anna was captured, and gives texas its independence ( the battle only lasted 18 mintutes) William Henry Harrison was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe. USS Constitution affectionately knows as Old Ironside - during the war of 1812 British cannonballs bounced off her thick wooden hull. Battle of Thames William Henry Harrison pushed up the river Thames into Upper Canada and on October 4, 1813, won a victory notable for the death of Tecumseh, who was serving as a brigadier general in the British army. This battle resulted in no lasting occupation of Canada, but weakened and disheartened the Indians of the Northwest. Fort McHenry War of 1812 site where Francis Scott Key was held prisoner. As battle ranges outside, he penned the words of Star Springled Banner Blue Light Federalists term used by people who believed that certain federalists signaled the british when americans were coming James Fennimore Cooper was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe. Washinton Irving American author, short story writer, and is called the "father of the American short story". The Sketch Book is one of his most famous works. It contains the short stories called "Rip Van Winkle" and " The Legend of Sleepy Hollow". Second Bank of US States resent the main role of banks (present a state's bank notes for redemption that can easily ruin a bank). Thought banks didn't agree with local needs. Nicholas Biddle was president. Stephen Decatur American naval officer known for his heroic deeds in the Tripolitan War, the War of 1812, and skirmishes against the Barbary pirates. Tariff of 1816 This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S. Henry Clay Senator who persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Maine into the Union as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state American System an economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power. Erie Canal A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. Cumberland Road The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West. Tallmadge Amendment This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South. Missouri Compromise The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery. John Marshall created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court Treaty of 1818 Treaty between Britain and America, it allowed the Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with Canada, and gave both countries a joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for the next 10 years.

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2nd Great Awakening Series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on methodism and baptism, stressed philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for protestants. Attracted women, African Americans,and Native Americans, Began around 1790. Took place both in churches and frontier camp meetings and often led to the creation of new denominations. Fueled the expansion of Protestant Christianity. Baptist and Methodists evangelized the cities and backcountry of NE. Emotional msg and promise of religious fellowship attracted the unchurched and geo mobile families. Threw out stodgy written sermons and spoke in plain language. Helped slaves prepare selves spiritually for emancipation. Stress human ability and individual free will. Religion became a central force in political life. Reform Movements temperance, suffrage, prison reform, education, abolition -The Age of Reason by Thomas Paine How did 2nd Great Awakening spread? -camp meetings for several days -missionary movements Peter Cartwright best known of the Methodist traveling frontier preachers; ill-educated, strong servant of the Lord who spent 50 years traveling from Tennessee to Illinois while calling upon sinners to repent; converted thousands with his bellowing voice and flailing arms; physically knocked out those who tried to break up his meetings Charles Finney An evangelist who was one of the greatest preachers of all time (spoke in New York City). He also made the "anxious bench" for sinners to pray and was was against slavery and alcohol. "Feminization of Religion" Women took charge of new religious roles because they were dismissed from every other segment of public life, and formed several new religious sects during the 2nd Great Awakening. They became much more involved in the church, and even expanded their education, basically giving themselves much more authority in life. -brought family back to God, reform movements Mormons (Latter Day Saints) church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT Joseph Smith Founded the Mormon religion after reporting that he was visited by an angel and given golden plates in 1840; the plates, when deciphered, brought about the Church of Latter Day Saints and the Book of Mormon; he ran into opposition from Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri when he attempted to spread the Mormon beliefs, but was killed by non believer. Smith establishment of the Mormon faith started a movement within America of values including no drinking, gambling, and an unorthodox view of marriage. His sacrifice for his religious beliefs is a symbol of what America was built on back in the colonial days. -polygamy delayed admittance of state Educational Reform "Great Equalizer." -no education = stupid citizens (not good) -disliked by south (smart slaves=revolt) -taxes paid by wealthy Horace Mann (1796-1859) Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation. Noah Webster American writer who wrote textbooks to help the advancement of education. He also wrote a dictionary which helped standardize the American language. Prison Reform -Before: penal system was inefficient and unfair -imprisonment for debt banned, less severe criminal codes -Idea: reform and help guide -Success :D Care for Mentally Ill -Before: insanity treated as uncleaned spirits, chained and treated like beasts -Dorothea Dix: bad reports...need improvements -Success :D Dorothea Dix A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War. William Ladd He contributed to the American Peace Society and made speeches that promoted peace. Temperance Movement campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages -majorly revolted by men -women advocated...didn't like drunk husbands -owners advocated...didn't like drunk workers -deficiency of labor led to more accidents -Success :D -----later repealed T.S. Arthur Wrote "Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There". Described how a village was ruined by a tavern. Neal S. Dow the mayor of Portland, Maine who, in 1851, sponsored a law that helped earn his nickname "Father of Prohibition." Women's Suffrage The movement developed from the fight against slavery. -Success :D (19th Amendment) Seneca Falls The site of the women's rights convention that met in July in 1848. They met in the Wesleyan Chapel, and 300 men and women attended. At the convention, they vote in the Seneca Falls Declaration, which was signed by 32 men. Susan B. Anthony social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation Elizabeth Cady Stanton A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal." Lucretia Mott Quaker activist in both the abolitionist and women's movements; with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she was a principal organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848. Abolitionists people who believed that slavery should be against the law -Unsuccessful until after civil war :( Frederick Douglass one of the most prominent african american figures in the abolitionist movement. escaped from slavery in maryland. he was a great thinker and speaker. published his own antislavery newspaper called the north star and wrote an autobiography that was published in 1845. Utopian Societies Group of small societies that appeared during the 1800s in an effort to reform American society and create a "perfect" environment (Ex. Shakers, Oneidas, Brook Farm, etc.). The Federalists a series of letters to the editors written in 1787-88 by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay urging the adoption of a strong national gov. Common Sense a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin A homespun account by Benjamin Franklin of his early and middle years. He advocates hard work and stresses the importance of worldly success. Washington Irving American writer remembered for the stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," contained in The Sketch Book (1819-1820). James Fennimore Cooper Wrote numerous sea-stories as well as the historical romances known as the Leather stocking Tales, featuring frontiersman Natty Bumppo. Among his most famous works is the romantic novel The Last of the Mohicans, which many people consider his masterpiece. Transcendentalists Followers of a belief which stressed self-reliance, self- culture, self-discipline, and that knowledge transcends instead of coming by reason. They promoted the belief of individualism and caused an array of humanitarian reforms. Emma Willard Early supporter of women's education, in 1818. She published Plan for Improving Education, which became the basis for public education of women in New York. 1821, she opened her own girls' school, the Troy Female Seminary, designed to prepare women for college. Mary Lyon in 1837 founded the first college for women, Mount Holyoke Female Seminary New Harmony (1825) by Robert Owen This was a society that focusted on Utopian Socialism (Communism). It was started by Robert Owens but failed because everybody did not share a fair load of the work. Brook Farm (1841) by George Ripley a utopian community founded in Massachusetts, by twenty transcendentalist intellectuals. this community failed when fire engulfed an almost completed building in 1846, and the community went into debt. this community inspired "The Blithedale Romance (1852)," by Nathaniel Hawthorne, in which the main character was modeled after Margaret Fuller, who was a feminist writer. Robert Owen This man both helped to lead the first national union in England and advocated the use of children in factories Oneida Community (1848) by John Noyes a radical utopian community established in New York, in which complex marriage (free love), male consistence (a form of birth control), and controlled breeding to create a new superior generation, were all practiced. the community lasted for over thirty years because artisans made advanced steel traps and the Oneida Community Plate (made of silver). Shakers A millennial group who believed in both Jesus and a mystic named Ann Lee. Since they were celibate and could only increase their numbers through recruitment and conversion, they eventually ceased to exist. Louis Agassiz United States naturalist (born in Switzerland) who studied fossil fish recognized geological evidence that ice ages had occurred in North America (1807-1873) Asa Gray the "Columbus of American botany" who taught at Harvard College and published over 350 books, monographs and papers; his textbooks set new standards for clarity and interest John J. Audubon 1785 to 1851; He was an artist who specialized in painting wild fowl. He had such works as Birds of America. Ironically, he shot a lot of birds for sport when he was young. The Audubon Society for the protection of birds was named after him. His depictions of western wildlife contributed to the western population movements. Stephen C. Foster white Pennsylvanian who wrote the most famous black songs; went to the south one time in 1852; contributed to American folk music by capturing the painful spirit of slaves; lost his art and popularity and died in a charity ward as a drunkard "Knickerbocker" Group group in New York that wrote literature and enabled America to boast for the first time of a literature that matched its magnificent landscapes Ralph Waldo Emerson American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement. Henry David Thoreau American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War. Walt Whitman American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow American poet that was influenced somewhat by the transcendentalism occurring at the time. He was important in building the status of American literature. - indians John Greenleaf Whittier Quaker poet; poet laureate of the antislavery crusade; important in influencing social action; cried out against inhumanity, injustice, and intolerance; was undeterred by insults and stoning; aroused America over slavery; poet of human freedom George Bancroft He was the secretary of the navy. Took part in the founding of Annapolis naval academy. The Father of American history because he published six volumes of US history showing patriotism and nationalism.

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Industrial Revolution the shift, beginning in England during the 18th century, from making goods by hand to making them by machine "Self Reliance" (1841) Ralph Waldo Emmerson's popular lecture-essay that reflected the spirit of individualism pervasive in American popular culture during the 1830's. Limited Liability legal principle that facilitates capital investment by offering protection for individual investors, who, in cases of legal claims for bankruptcy, cannot be held responsible for more than the value of there individual shares. Rendezvous The principal marketplace of the Northwest fur trade, which peaked in the 1820s and 1830s. Each summer, traders set up camps in the Rocky Mountains to exchange manufactured goods for beaver pelts. Commonwealth vs. Hunt (1842) Massachusetts Supreme Court decision that strengthened the labor movement by upholding the legality of unions. Ecological Imperialism Historians' term for the spoliation of Western natural resources through excessive hunting, logging, mining and grazing Cult of Domesticity Pervasive nineteenth-century cultural creed that venerated the domestic role of women. It gave married women greater authority to shape home life but limited opportunities outside the domestic sphere. McCormick reaper (1831) Mechanized the harvest of grains, such as wear, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots. The introduction of the reaper in the 1830s fueled the establishment of large scale commercial agriculture in the Midwest. Turnpike privately funded, toll-based public road constructed in the early nineteenth century to facilitate commerce. Eerie canal A historic canal that connects the Hudson River at Albany in eastern New York with the Niagara River and the Great Lakes. It opened in 1825. Molly Maguires (1860s-1870s) Secret organization of Irish miners that campaigned, at times violently, against poor working conditions in the PA mines Ancient Order of Hibernians (mid 1800s) Irish semi-secret society that served as a benevolent organization for down-trodden Irish immigrants in the U..S. Pony Express (1860-1861) Short-lived, speedy mail service between Missouri and California that relied on lightweight riders galloping between closely place outposts. Tammany Hall (est. 1789) Powerful NY political machine that primarily drew support from the city's immigrants, who depended on Tammany Hall patronage, particularly social services. Know-nothing Party (1850s) Nativist political party, aka the American party, which emerged in response to an influx of immigrants, particularly Irish Catholics. Transportation revolution term referring to a series of nineteenth-century transportation innovation-turnpikes, steamboats, canals, and railroads-that linked local and regional markets, creating a national economy. Market Revolution Eighteenth and nineteenth century transformation from a disaggregated, subsistence economy to a national commercial and industrial network. Cotton gin (1793) Eli Whitney's invention that sped up the process of harvesting cotton. The gin made cotton cultivation more profitable, revitalizing the Southern economy and increasing the importance of slavery in the South. Patent office Federal government bureau that reviews patent applications. A patent is a legal recognition of new invention, granting exclusive rights to the inventor for a period of years. Cumberland Road The National Road or Cumberland Road was one of the first major improved highways in the United States to be built by the federal government. Construction began in 1811 at Cumberland, Maryland, on the Potomac River Yellowstone National Park the first national park in the United States, created in 1872. Located in the border area between Wyoming and Montana and Idaho; spectacular wilderness; famous for Old Faithful geyser and for buffalo and bears. Once more parks were created, the National Park Service was created by Wilson in 1916 John Jacob Astor Created one of the largest fur businesses, the American Fur Company. He bought skins from western fur traders and trappers who became known as montain men. Astoria was named after him. Robert Fulton This man invented the first commercially successful steamboat in the United States. Cyrus Field in 1866, he laid a transatlantic telegraph cable to Europe, one of the most important innovations in communications. Dewitt Clinton Governor of New York who started the Erie Canal project. His leadership helped complete the canal, which boosted the economy greatly by cutting time traveled from west New York to the Hudson. Cyrus McCormick Irish-American inventor that developed the mechanical reaper. Samuel Slater British-born textile pioneer in America. He oversaw construction of the nation's first successful water-powered cotton mill (1790-1793). Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin Elias Howe United States inventor who built early sewing machines and won suits for patent infringement against other manufacturers (including Isaac M. Singer) (1819-1867) Issac Singer Helped Howe perfect the sewing machine by making it quicker and brought it to middle class families and large maufacturers. Samuel F.B. Morse an American painter of portraits and historic scenes, the creator of a single wire telegraph system, and co-inventor, with Alfred Vail, of the Morse Code John Deere American blacksmith that was responsible for inventing the steel plow. This new plow was much stronger than the old iron version; therefore, it made plowing farmland in the west easier, making expansion faster. Martin Van Buren Served as secretary of state during Andrew Jackson's first term, vice president during Jackson's second term, and won the presidency in 1836

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