Unit Three - AP Euro

In the years between 1600 and 1750, the cities that grew most vigorously were ___________

capitals and ports

The war over the Austrian succession and the British-Spanish commercial conflict might have remained separate disputes; what united them was the ________

role of France

What was the outcome of the 1783 Treaty of Paris?

the treaty granted independence to the American colonies

Colonial trade in the transatlantic world roughly followed a _________

triangle

The bourgeoisie was the _________ class

urban middle

In eighteenth-century Europe, the nobility consisted of approximately _________ of the population

1 to 5%

The change that rationalized the use of land and created higher productivity was the ___________

Agricultural Revolution

The Industrial Revolution came first to __________

Britain

Which philosophy is credited with a profound effect on the constitutional form of liberal democracies for more than two centuries?

Charles de Montesquieu

The most important thought of the Enlightenment occurred in __________

France

___________, who embodied enlighten absolutism more than any other monarch, forged a state that commanded the loyalty of the military, the Junker nobility, the Lutheran clergy, and a growing bureaucracy.

Frederick the Great

How did Voltaire come to admire English culture?

He lived in exile in England

What inventor became famous for using an iron plow and planting wheat with a drill?

Jethro Tull

Written by Voltaire in English and later translated to French, ________ praised the virtues of the English, especially their religious liberty, and implicitly criticized the abuses of French society.

Letters on the English

Which of the following styles of art embodies a return to figurative and architectural modes down from the Renaissance and the ancient world?

Neoclassicism

Which of the following styles of art utilizes lavish, often lighthearted decoration with an emphasis on pastel colors and the play of light?

Rococo

Europe's balance of power was upset when Prussia's King Frederick II seized the Austrian province of _________

Silesia

As a result of scarcity of labor, which of the following nations were the first to quickly turn to importing African slaves?

Spain and Portugal

"....I have said that it could only belong to a philosophical age to attempt an encyclopedia; and I have said this because such a work constantly demands more intellectual daring than is commonly found in ages of pusillanimous [timid] taste. All things must be examined, debated, investigated without exception and without regard for anyone's feelings.... We must ride roughshod over all these ancient puerilities [foolishness], overturn the barriers that reason never erected, give back to the arts and sciences the liberty that is so precious to them....We have for quite some time needed a reasoning age when men would no longer seek the rules in classical author but in nature..." -Denis Diderot, The Encyclopedia, 1751 Which of the following was a major goal of the work as reflected in this excerpt?

The encouragement of skepticism toward all human knowledge.

"....Political liberty is to be found only in moderate governments; and even in these it is not always found. It is there only when there is no abuse of power: but constant experience shows us that every man who is given power is likely to abuse it.... To prevent this abuse, it is necessary , from the very nature of things, that power should be a check to power.... To discover political liberty in a constitution, no great labor is required.... In every government there are three sorts of power; the legislative; the executive...and the...civil law [i.e., judicial]. The political liberty of the subject is a tranquility of mind arising from an opinion each person has of his own safety. In order to have this liberty, it is necessary that the government be so constituted that one man need not be afraid of another....there is no liberty if the judicial power is not separated from the legislative and executive. If it is joined to the legislative, the life and liberty of the subject would be exposed to arbitrary control; for the judge would be the legislator as well. Were it joined to the executive power, the judge might behave with violence and oppression. There would be an end of everything if the same man or the same body were..to exercise those three powers: that of enacting laws, of carrying them out, and of trying individual cases...." -The Baron de Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws, 1748 The author's statement that....there is no liberty if the judicial power is not separated from the legislative and executive describes which of the following ideas?

The powers of government should be divided between its main branches.

How were Jewish children singles out for persecution?

They could be taken from their homes and given Christian instruction

How did the North American colonies impact then Industrial Revolution?

They increased demand for consumer goods

The first engine using steam power was invented by ________

Thomas Newcomen

"Contending for the rights of woman, my main argument is built on this simple principle, that if she be not prepared by education to become the companion of man, she will stop the progress of knowledge and virtue for truth must be common to all...If children are to be educated to understand the true principle of patriotism, their mother must be a patriot; and the love of mankind, can only be produced by considering the moral and civil interest of mankind; but the education and situation of woman, at present, shuts her out from such investigations.... ....Asserting the rights which women have in common with men ought to contend for, I have not attempted to extenuate their faults; but to prove them to be the natural consequence of their education and station in society....she will emulate the virtues of man; for she must grow more perfected when emancipated...." -Mary Wollstonecraft, Vindications of the Rights of Woman, 1792 The argument made in the excerpt suggested that

Women are just as capable as men of rational thought and intellectual pursuits.

Which of the following was a clearly defined long-term result of the shift in female employment?

Women's work became associated with the home rather than with places where men worked

Which of the following factors allowed European nations to exert influence and dominance over much of the world?

agricultural advances and population increase

Who made up the largest audience for the work of the philosophies?

commercial and professional

For eighteenth-centuryEUropean rights were usually ________ rights

community

Landlords considered Russian serfs to be

economic commodities

The Enlightenment was the movement that ________

held that change and reform were both desirable through the application of reason and science

The Enlightenment was the movement that __________

held that change and reform were both desirable through the application of reason and science

In the 1700s the middle classes were distinguished from the nobility by _______

inherited privilige

The economic basis of eighteenth-century life was ________

land

French nobles were divided between nobles "of the sword" and nobles "of the __________"

robe

"But in the system of laws which has been established for the management of our American and West Indian colonies, the interest of the home consumer has been sacrificed to that of the producer, with a more extravagant profusion than in all our other commercial regulations. A great empire has been established for the sole purpose of raising up a nation of customers, who should be obliged to buy, from the shops of our different producers, all the goods with which these could supply them. For the sake of that little enhancement of price which this monopoly might afford our producers, the home consumers have been burdened with the whole expense of maintaining and defending that empire...It cannot be very difficult to determine who have been the contrivers of this...system; not the consumers, we may believe, whose interest has been entirely neglected; but the producers, whose interest has been so carefully attended to; and among this latter class, our merchants and manufacturers have been by far the principal architects." -Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nation, 1776 What early modern economic system does Smith oppose in this passage?

mercantilism

What were the two dominant models of European political development in the Early Modern Period?

parliamentary monarchy and political absolutism

What conditions in Africa facilitated the capture and forced transport of African Slave Labor?

political unrest and inter-tribal warfare

Introduced from the New World, what new product allowed a more certain food supply in Europe and enables more children o survive to adulthood and rear children of their own?

potato

On the continent, the Old Regime was characterized by al of the following except ________

powerful representative assemblies

The steam engine was revolutionary because it ________

provided a virtually unlimited source of power

An expanding, literate public and the growing influence of secular printed materials created a new and increasingly influential social force called __________

pubic opinion

The term "old regime" has come to refer to the ________

social, political, and economic relationships in Europe just prior to the French Revolution

The ________ of the West Indies and Brazil became the major center for lack slavery in the mid-sixteenth century.

sugar plantations

What industry pioneered the Industrial Revolution?

textiles

The philosophy of John Locke contributed to the rhetoric surrounding which war?

the American Revolution

A vast increase in the number of Africans brought as slaves to the Americas occurred during the eighteenth century, with most arriving in __________

the Caribbean or Brazil

In which of these would you be most likely to encounter small, nuclear households?

the Netherlands

The heart of the eighteenth-century colonial rivalry in the Americas lay in ____________

the West Indies

The two major points in the deists' creed were _________

the belief in afterlife dependent upon one's earthly actions and the existence of a rational God