Unit VII A HW #1

The letters Y, M, O, M, R, E are presented. Jill remembers them by rearranging them to spell the word "MEMORY." This provides an illustration of a. chunking. b. the serial position effect. c. automatic processing. d. the spacing effect. e. the "peg-word" system.

a. chunking.

Sabrina went to the store for furniture polish, carrots, pencils, ham, sponges, celery, notebook paper, and salami. She remembered to buy all these items by reminding herself that she needed food products that included meats and vegetables and that she needed nonfood products that included school supplies and cleaning aids. Sabrina made effective use of a. hierarchical organization. b. the spacing effect. c. automatic processing. d. implicit memory. e. the peg-word system.

a. hierarchical organization.

Which of the following best describes explicit memories? a. include memory for general knowledge b. accessed without conscious recall c. acquired through classical conditioning d. nondeclarative e. processed by the cerebellum

a. include memory for general knowledge

An understanding of the distinction between implicit and explicit memories is most helpful for explaining a. infantile amnesia. b. state-dependent memory. c. repression. d. the spacing effect. e. the serial position effect.

a. infantile amnesia.

The often unconscious activation of particular associations in memory is called a. priming. b. state-dependent memory. c. automatic processing. d. repression. e. chunking.

a. priming

An eyewitness to a grocery store robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a police lineup. Which test of memory is being utilized? a. recognition b. misinformation c. reconstruction d. relearning e. recall

a. recognition

Research by Kandel and Schwartz on sea slugs indicates that memory formation is associated with the a. release of certain neurotransmitters. b. development of the cerebellum. c. structure of DNA molecules. d. transformation of neurons in the medulla. e. activity level of the hippocampus.

a. release of certain neurotransmitters.

Long-term potentiation refers to a. the impact of overlearning on retention. b. an increase in a neuron's firing potential. c. the process of learning something without any conscious memory of having learned it. d. an automatic tendency to recall emotionally significant events. e. the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

b. an increase in a neuron's firing potential.

When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is being used? a. recognition b. rehearsal c. reconstruction d. recall e. relearning

d. recall

The smell of freshly baked bread awakened in Mr. Hutz vivid memories of his early childhood. The aroma apparently acted as a powerful a. mnemonic. b. spacing effect. c. echoic memory. d. retrieval cue. e. implicit memory.

d. retrieval cue.

Mnemonic devices such as the peg-word system make effective use of a. the serial position effect. b. flashbulb memory. c. implicit memory. d. visual imagery. e. state-dependent memory.

d. visual imagery

The prolonged stress of sustained physical abuse may inhibit memory formation by shrinking the a. frontal lobe. b. adrenal glands. c. sensory cortex. d. pituitary gland. e. hippocampus.

e. hippocampus.

We are more likely to remember the words "typewriter, cigarette, and fire" than the words "void, process, and inherent." This best illustrates the value of a. flashbulb memory. b. iconic memory. c. long-term potentiation. d. priming. e. imagery.

e. imagery.

Remembering how to solve a jigsaw puzzle without any conscious recollection that one can do so best illustrates ________ memory. a. explicit b. sensory c. semantic d. flashbulb e. implicit

e. implicit

Visually associating five items needed from the grocery store with mental images of a bun, a shoe, a tree, a door, and a hive best illustrates the use of a. the spacing effect. b. serial position effect. c. the peg-word system. d. rosy retrospection. e. implicit memory.

c. the peg-word system.

Rehearsal is to encoding as retrieval cues are to a. relearning b. the spacing effect. c. chunking. d. priming. e. repression.

d. priming.

James took special classes to learn Spanish in elementary school. As a young adult, he decided to serve in the Peace Corps and was sent to Guatemala. While he had forgotten most of his early Spanish training, he quickly remembered it. This illustrates that a. the speed of relearning confirms that information is stored and accessible. b. semantic encoding increases what can be recalled by providing more retrieval cues. c. source amnesia does not influence learning that occurs before a person is 8 years old. d. retroactive interference does not affect the recall of childhood memories. e. priming allows us to retrieve specific memories from a web of associations.

a. the speed of relearning confirms that information is stored and accessible.

Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze and then removed pieces of their cortexes. He observed that storage of their maze memories a. was not restricted to specific regions of the cortex. b. was restricted to their right cerebral hemispheres. c. was not restricted to the association areas. d. was restricted to their left and right occipital lobes. e. was restricted to their left and right frontal lobes.

a. was not restricted to specific regions of the cortex.

Group 1 is asked to write down the names of the seven dwarfs. Group 2 is asked to look at a list of possible names of the dwarfs and circle the correct seven. Why might Group 2 be more likely to recall more names? a. Source amnesia may interfere with Group 1's ability to recall the names of the dwarfs. b. Group 2's list provides more retrieval cues, making this recognition task easier for them.This answer is correct. c. Iconic memory is superior to echoic memory. d. Proactive interference is less likely to affect childhood learning. e. Implicit memories are easier to recall than explicit memories are.

b. Group 2's list provides more retrieval cues, making this recognition task easier for them.This answer is correct.

Short-term memory is slightly better a. in children than in adults. b. for auditory information than for visual information. c. in females than in males. d. for sensory information than for semantic information. e. for random letters than for random digits.

b. for auditory information than for visual information.

Memory aids that involve the use of vivid imagery and clever ways of organizing material are called a. organizational cues. b. mnemonic devices. c. iconic traces. d. flashbulb memories. e. semantic techniques.

b. mnemonic devices.

When asked to recall a list of words including, "plump, crook, and child," people frequently recalled "fat, criminal, and kid. " This best illustrates the impact of a. parallel processing. b. semantic encoding. c. mood-congruent memory. d. echoic memory. e. peg words.

b. semantic encoding.

Passing an electric current through the brain during electroconvulsive therapy is most likely to disrupt ________ memory. a. mood-congruent b. short-term c. flashbulb d. iconic e. implicit

b. short-term

After having a stroke, Aaron has great difficulty recalling any of his subsequent life experiences. He is most likely suffering from a. implicit memory. b. mood-congruent memory. c. amnesia. d. repression. e. long-term potentiation.

c. amnesia.

Exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events are called a. repressed memories. b. mood-congruent memories. c. flashbulb memories. d. semantic memories. e. sensory memories.

c. flashbulb memories.

Although Mr. Yanagita has recently learned to play poker quite well, he cannot consciously remember ever having played poker. It is likely that he has suffered damage to his a. motor cortex. b. brainstem. c. hippocampus. d. hypothalamus. e. cerebellum.

c. hippocampus.

Explicit memory is to ________ as implicit memory is to ________. a. long-term memory; short-term memory b. skill memory; fact memory c. hippocampus; cerebellum d. automatic processing; effortful processing e. epinephrine; serotonin

c. hippocampus; cerebellum

For a fraction of a second after the lightning flash disappeared, Ileana retained a vivid mental image of its ragged edges. Her experience most clearly illustrates the nature of _______ memory. a. flashbulb b. recall c. iconic d. implicit e. explicit

c. iconic

Which type of memory has an essentially unlimited capacity? a. proactive memory b. echoic memory c. iconic memory d. long-term memory e. short-term memory

d. long-term memory

After being asked to remember three consonants, participants in a study by Peterson and Peterson counted aloud backward by threes to prevent a. proactive interference. b. encoding failure. c. rehearsal. d. retroactive interference. e. source amnesia.

c. rehearsal.

Patients who have experienced brain damage may be unable to form new personal memories but are able to learn to do jigsaw puzzles, without awareness of having learned them. This suggests that a. explicit memories are stored in the cerebellum, which must not have been damaged. b. amnesia only disturbs recall of explicit memories. c. the system for creating explicit memory has been affected, not the implicit memory system. d. long-term potentiation decreases our ability to store implicit memories. e. the cerebellum must have been damaged, hindering implicit memory formation.

c. the system for creating explicit memory has been affected, not the implicit memory system.

The use of acronyms to improve one's memory of unfamiliar material best illustrates the value of a. semantic encoding. b. imagery. c. the serial position effect. d. chunking. e. the spacing effect.

d. chunking.

Which measure of memory did Hermann Ebbinghaus use to assess the impact of rehearsal on retention? a. recognition b. repression c. reconstruction d. recall e. relearning

e. relearning

Research suggests that a memory trace is most likely to involve a. hormonal changes. b. source amnesia. c. motivated forgetting. d. the serial position effect. e. synaptic changes.

e. synaptic changes.

Most Americans still have accurate flashbulb memories of the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001. This best illustrates that memory formation is facilitated by a. the serial position effect. b. retrieval cues. c. long-term potentiation. d. source amnesia. e. the body's release of stress hormones.

e. the body's release of stress hormones.