Units 12 & 13

psychoanalytic approach to treatment

bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness where patient can deal with them; release energy previously consumed in id-ego-superego conflicts that alleviates anxiety

somatic symptom disorder

psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause *physical anxiety

anxiety disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

operant conditioning techniques -- behavior modification

reinforce behaviors that are considered desirable and fail to reinforce, or punish, behaviors considered undesirable

shaping

reward closer and closer approximations of desired behavior

medical model

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital

controversies of classification

- explanation vs. description - changing social norms - medicalization of population - reliability and validity - delineation between categories and comorbidity - cross-cultural applicability

how classifying disorders helps

- predict disorder's future course - suggest appropriate treatment - prompt research into its causes

is psychotherpay effective?

- recover is 80% better with it - gives people reasons for not wasting money - hope it will work

social-cognitive causes of depression

Aaron Beck: negative thoughts, maladaptive beliefs, negative interprets Martini Seligman: learned helplessness Explanatory Style: pessimistic vs. optimistic

symptoms of depression

Difficulty with decision-making and concentration Feeling hopeless Poor self-esteem Reduced energy levels Problems regulating sleep Problems regulating appetite Loss of interest and pleasure Movement disturbances Guilt Thoughts of death/suicide

Risk factors of suicide

Substance abuse, under/overachievement, catastrophic worldview, negative media, cluster suicides, disruptive family experiences, minimal family interaction, violent families, poor communication, loss/separation, self-image, anger, loneliness, impulsivity, depression/hopelessness, harmful thinking patterns

exposure therapies

Treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid

chronic

a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood; as people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten

acute

a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age; frequently occurs in response to a traumatic event

dialectical behavior therapy

a form of therapy used to treat borderline personality disorder

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

a childhood disorder marked by severe recurrent temper outbursts along with a persistent irritable or angry mood

virtual reality

a computer-based technology that provides an interactive, three-dimensional learning experience

rational emotive behavioral therapy

a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

Schizophrenia

a disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

conversion disorder

a disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found *no cause

illness anxiety disorder

a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease *hypercondriac

dysthymia

a form of depression that is not severe enough to be diagnosed as major depression

psychotic disorders

a group of psychological disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality

mania

a hyperactive, wildely optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common

major depressive disorder

a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

bipolar disorder

a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

antisocial personality disorder

a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities; formerly called multiple personality disorder

insight therapies

a variety of therapies which aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses

evolutionary approach to abnormal psychology

abnormal behaviors associated with mental illness remain in the human gene pool today because they are extreme versions of behaviors that were naturally selected because they provided a reproductive advantage to the species; for example, anxious behaviors may be exaggerated versions of actions that aided the survival of the species

lifestyle changes

aerobic exercise, sleep, nutrition

Genralized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal * 2/3 women

phobias

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

panic disorder

an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations; often followed by worry over a possible next attack

eclectic approach

an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise

bulimina nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person's binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) is followed by inappropriate weight loss promoting behavior, such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

negative symtoms of schizophrenia

appropriate but absent

aversive conditioning

associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior; helps you learn what you should not do

histrionic personality disorder

behavior is highly emotional, dramatic, and attention seeking; very conceited, self-centered, and shallow, yet are constantly searching for approval; have a tendency to act as if they are "on stage" and that all of the events of their life will be of intense interest to other people; individuals may be gullible and often assume that relationships with others are closer than they actually are; frequently they dress and act in a provocative or overly sexual manner

classical conditioning techniques -- counter-conditioning

behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors

narcissistic personality disorder

characterized by the need for undeserved admiration and praise; individuals are preoccupied with fantasies of success, accomplishment, and recognition; feel they are entitled to special treatment, and may use others in order to get what they want; lack empathy for others and frequently believe others are envious of them

nondirective therapy

client leads discussion, therapist listens without judging or interpreting, and refrains from directing client toward certain insights

humanistic approach to treatment

client-centered therapy, unconditional positive regard

mental illness

condition involving disturbances in cognition, behavior, or emotion that are deviant, dysfunctional, distressing, or potentially dangerous *can test through statistics

borderline personality disorder

condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control; trouble maintaining relationships due to unstable behaviors, moods, and self image; individuals have high levels of impulsivity that lead to problems with self-destructive behaviors, including substance abuse, gambling, unsafe sex, reckless driving, and spending sprees; associated with elevated risk for self-injury and suicide

seasonal affective disorder

controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during winter months and improved mood during spring; can be treated using phototherapy, using bright light and high levels of negative ions

dissociative disorders

controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

stimulus generalization

develop fear of similar events from a single experience

how mental illness is problematic

deviant: differ from normal behavior dysfunctional/dangerous: maladaptive; interfere with daily life; irrational to others; suffering distressing: upsetting to the individual

dissociative fugue

disorder in which one travels away from home and is unable to remember details of his past, including often his identity

active listening

empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies; a feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy

cognitive causes for anxiety disorders

our thoughts, memories, interpretations, and expectations influences feelings of anxiety *people tend to be hypervigilant

psychodynamic approach to treatment

explored defended - against thoughts and feelings focuses on important relationships understand origin of current difficulties gain insight into unconscious dynamics from life experiences

dellusions

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

hallucinations

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus *ex: tactile voices

agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic

biological causes for anxiety disorders

genes; epigenetics the brain; sensitive limbic system natural selection; evolutionary relevant stimuli

biological causes of depression

genetic factors neurotransmitters

Aaron Beck's Therapy for Depression

gentle questioning seeks to reveal irrational thinking and then to persuade people to remove the dark glasses through which they view life

self-help groups

groups for addicted, bereaved, divorced, seeking fellowishship and growth; reflect longing for community and connectedness

examples of phobias

height, blood, insects, animals, or closed spaces

postive symptoms of schizophrenia

inappropriate but present delusions and hallucinations

stress-vulnerability model

individual characteristics combining with environmental stressors to affect the likelihood of developing a psychological disorder

personality disorders

inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

sociocultural approach to abnormal psychology

mental illness and abnormal behavior are influenced by ethnicity, gender, nationality, and economic status and norms; additionally, factors related to family and other relationships impact behavior; certain mental illnesses and symptoms are present across cultures, whereas others are more culture-specific; for example, the feeding and eating disorder of anorexia nervosa is more prevalent in Western cultures

social anxiety disorder

intense fear of social situations

brain abnormalities in schizophrenia

linked to dopamine overactivity, and abnormal brain activity and anatomy; such abnormalities have been linked to maternal viruses during midpregnancy

characteristics of manic episodes

little sleep, less sex drive, loud, need judgement help, low dosage influences creativity, predicts of suicide, foolish risk taking

dissociative amnesia

loss of memory for personal information, either partial or complete; forgot id entity

reinforcement

maintain learned fears and anxieties

psychodynamic approach to abnormal psychology

mental illness and abnormal behavior is the result of repressed unconscious thoughts, unresolved childhood conflicts, or sexual and aggressive impulses; the modern version of this perspective emphasizes on how social interactions influence mental illness but also examine the impact of childhood events and unconscious drives

humanist approach to abnormal psychology

mental illness and abnormal behavior occur when an individual has an incongruent self-concept meaning that there is a large difference between one's real and ideal self; additionally, individuals who do not receive unconditional positive regard or acceptance of themselves are vulnerable to mental illness; individuals who are blocked from achieving their goal of reaching their full potential or whose lower need (Maslow) are not being met may also have a mental illness; this perspective focuses more on the potential and self-actualizing drive of individuals than on psychological disorders

biological/neuroscience approach to abnormal psychology

mental illness is the result of abnormalities in the brain and nervous system including imbalances in neurotransmitters and hormones as well as structural problems in the brain; the biological perspective also examines the genetic causes of mental illnesses; genetic, physiological, or neurological factors create symptoms which can be treated using medical methods including psychopharmacology

behaviorist approach to abnormal psychology

mental illnesses and abnormal behaviors are learned and maintained through classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational or social learning; for example, abnormal behaviors that are reinforced will likely persist; numerous theoretical methods for treating mental illnesses have been based on techniques from this perspective; historically the original followers of this perspective did not refer to any mental processes when explaining mental illness; modern psychologists frequently combine this perspective with the cognitive perspective

cognitive approach to abnormal psychology

mental illnesses are the result of irrational beliefs, attitudes, and thoughts; individuals who believe that they have a low level of control regarding what happens to them in life will be more likely to develop mental illnesses

NSSI

non-suicidal self-injury

classical conditioning

our fear responses become linked with formerly neutral objects and events *recall: Little Albert

systematic desensitization

pair pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety - triggering stimuli

free association

patient lies on a couch and speaks about whatever comes to mind in editing thoughts it reveals RESISTANCE, which therapist analyzes and provides INTERPRETATION patient eventually opens up and reveals private thoughts, developing positive or negative feelings (TRANSFERENCE) towards the therapist

biomedical therapies

physiological interventions intended to reduce symptoms associated with psychological disorders

biomedical therapy

prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology

The Rosenhan Experiment

sends 'fake' patients to a mental hospital to prove that sane and insane are difficult to distinguish and identify for the hospital staff`

binge eating disorder

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

abnormal movement; catatonia

state of immobility and unresponsiveness lasting for long periods of time; ranging from motionless to compulsive actions

abnormal psychology

stud of the etiology (causes), diagnosis and treatment of mental illness

stress inoculation training

teaching people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations *Pep Talk

DSM-5

the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

group therapy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction

cognitive therapies

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

family therapy

therapy that treats people in the context of their family system; views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

biopsychosocial approach to abnormal psychology

utilizing multiple perspectives when explaining abnormal behavior; each perspective has strengths and weaknesses and combinations of these different approaches often provide the clearest understanding of specific mental illnesses or abnormal behaviors; behavior, both normal and abnormal, is the consequence of the interaction of biological, psychological, and social influences

observational learning

we learn what others fear *ex: lab-monkeys and snakes

disorganized thought and speech

word salad jumbled ideas and words that make nonsense