unti 1- ch2
What is the term used to describe a study that looks forward in time?
Prospective
______ is the credential that flags a health professional as the most accurate and reliable source of up-to-date nutrition advice.
RD
Some botanical products can cause ______ reactions that result in skin, sinus, or respiratory signs and symptoms.
allergic
John telling his friend that taking a new weight loss pill helped him effectively lose weight is an example of _________ information.
anecdotal
Popular sources of nutrition information such as news media and web sites ____ peer-reviewed.
are not
The majority of healthcare practices and products such as massage therapy, homeopathy, and chiropractic manipulations ______ accepted by the medical community.
are not
The participants in an experiment who are not given the treatment being tested are known as the_____group
control
The study of the occurrence, distribution, and causes of disease patterns among various populations is known a
epidemiology,
Scientists make observations and generate questions which result in the formulation of a______.
hypothesis
A placebo pill is considered to be ______ because the substances in the pill do not produce measurable physical changes.
inert
What is considered the first step when conducting experimental research?
make observations
The type of treatment that contains inert substances and does not produce any measurable physical changes is called a
placebo
assignment of subjects to groups in a research study helps to ensure that members of treatment and control groups have similar characteristics. This enhances the validity of the study results.
random
A member of a treatment group______.
receives a medication or exercise that is being evaluated
A characteristic or other factor that can change and influence an outcome is called a _____.
variable
Correlations are relationships between _____.
variables
_____ has blood-thinning effects similar to aspirin
vitmin e, garlic, ginseng
An example of an Internet website that might contain biased nutrition information is a______.
.com site
_____Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees freedom of the press and speech, so people can provide false nutrition information.
frist
Generally, a sham medicine or treatment used to mimic the treatments given to the participants in an experiment is called a(n)
placebo
Using a copper bracelet to treat arthritis is an example of
quackery
A randomized controlled trial (RCT) must have members of the treatment and control groups assigned _____.
ramdomly
Control groups should be assembled______
random
A valid experiment requires both a treatment and____group
control
______group, which receives no treatment, allows researchers to determine if an experimental treatment has any effect.
control
In an experiment, a "sugar pill" or fake injection is called a(n)______.
placebo
"Our patented Fat Buster System is guaranteed to take 2 inches off your waistline in the first week!" This claim raises which of the following red flags that indicate unreliable nutrition information?
promises of a quick fix
A type of epidemiological study where researchers observe a population and collect data over time is called a
cohort
Nutrient deficiency diseases are a result of ______.
lack of proper nutrition poor diets
Which of the following occurs after completion of an experiment?
Scientists seek to publish the results in scientific journals. Scientists summarize the findings. Scientists figure out if the findings support or disprove the hypothesis.
which of the following herbal supplements are considered toxic or cancer-causing?
comfrey, kava, sassafras
Jon and Jane were subjects in an experiment designed to test whether vitamin C had any effect on the severity of the flu. Jon received a dose of vitamin C daily while Jane did not. Jane was in which group?
control
drug_____
is a substance that alters body functions, may have beneficial as well as harmful effect, may be natural or man-made
____is a possible explanation for an observation that guides scientific research.
hypothesis
Which are examples of food/drug interactions?
ginseng increasing bleeding kava acting as a sedativ
Intervention studies and observational studies can be two types of _______ research.
human
___Is a factor such as a person's age, weight, or environment that can change and influence an outcome.
variable
When a friend tells you she is taking a vitamin B complex supplement and she feels more energetic as a result, she is sharing an_____or a report of a personal experience.
anecdotes
In a ____ study, epidemiologists collect and analyze various kinds of information about a large group of people over time.
cohort
Observational epidemiological research includes______.
cohort studies case-control studies
Dietary supplements include______.
herbal extracts protein powders nutrient pills
Consumers need to be aware that medicinal herds may contain substance
interfere with the functions of prescription and over-the-counter medications
Choose the titles that are legally protected.
registered dietitian nutritionist registered dietitian
A college-trained health-care professional who has extensive knowledge of foods and nutrition is called a
registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN). registered dietitian (RD).
_____is a systematic way of testing a hypothesis.
laboratory experiment
Herbal supplements ____ interact with and influence other medications.
can
The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994 defines a supplement as a product that______.
adds to a person's dietary intake contains one or more dietary ingredients
A true nutrition expert _____.
has experience in the application of scientific methodology. has extensive college coursework in nutrition. is usually a registered dietitian.
Who are the subjects in a case-control study?
person(s) with the disease or condition under investigation person(s) without the disease or condition under investigation
_____ _____ _____ practices includes a variety of practices and products that are not accepted by the majority of physicians.
Alternative Health Care
People who take certain herbal products or use other unconventional medical therapies to prevent or treat diseases are often convinced the products and treatments are effective, despite the general lack of scientific evidence to support their beliefs. Such personal findings may be examples of the____ _____
Blank 1: placebo Blank 2: effect
In 1994, Congress passed the ______, a law that classified vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and botanicals as foods, thereby limiting FDA's ability to regulate dietary supplements.
DSHEA
A control group is important for which of the following reasons?
It allows scientists to determine if a treatment had an effect. It enables scientists to control the influence of other variables in the study.
Which of the following are examples of peer-reviewed medical and nutrition journals?
Journal of the American College of Nutrition Journal of the American Medical Association New England Journal of Medicine
_____ promotes useless medical treatments.
Nutrition misinformation
A nutrient deficiency disease occurs when______.
a nutrient is missing from the diet
Experimental epidemiological studies utilize______
a treatment group a control group
Because epidemiological studies are based in observation and are not experimental, _____ cannot be established.
causation
Major nutrition organizations put together a list of red flags that signal poor nutrition advice. These include which of the following?
claims that sound too good to be true recommendations that promise a quick fix recommendations based on a single study
Which types of studies cannot establish cause and effect?
epidemiological
Information based on the results of scientific studies is called ______ _______ information.
evidence-based
A scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact is called a(n)______.
experiment
consumer are often unaware that the FDA regulates dietary supplement as
food
The RDN credential indicates that the person______.
has completed rigorous classroom work in nutrition has completed rigorous clinical training in nutrition
Dietary supplements are also referred to as _____.
nutraceuticals
When researchers find new evidence for better nutrition practices and expanded principles of nutrition, _____.
old beliefs and practices about nutrition are discarded
Before an article can be published, a critical analysis of the article is conducted by fellow research colleagues. This process is called
peer review
When a study is complete, investigators that were not part of the study will be recruited to critically analyze the study. This is called a
peer review
The Journal of Nutrition, The New England Journal of Medicine, and Journal of the American Dietetic Association are all examples of______.
peer-reviewed journals
Epidemiologists often rely on ______ people to obtain health data.
physical examinations of surveys of
Nutrition researchers rely on the_____method, which involves making observations, asking questions, and developing hypotheses.
scientific
Comfrey, pennyroyal, sassafras, and kava are all examples of herbal supplements that______.
should be avoided
Which of the following are less reliable sources of nutrition information?
television advertisements magazines commercial internet sites (.com sites)
A personal endorsement of a product is called a _____.
testimonail
A famous football player appears in a advertisement for a new sports drink and he endorses the use of this drink to enhance performance. This is called a______.
testimonial
The best term that describes a personal endorsement of a product is called a(n)___.These endorsements are biased and often found in advertisements for various products.
testimonial
if a patient believes that a treatment will improve their illness, even if the treatment is a scam, they will likely see an improvement. This improvement is called _____.
the placebo effect
Epidemiology is the study of several characteristics of health problems in populations including______.
their distribution their occurrence
A person in a scientific experiment who receives a non-placebo drug is a member of the_____group
treatment
Studying the different dietary practices and disease occurrences among populations, nutrition scientists may learn much about the influence of diet on health.
true
True or false: Botanical products can evoke allergic and inflammatory reactions because they often contain pollens.
true
True or false: The dynamic and rapidly advancing field of nutrition necessitates that scientists change their recommendations in the light of new, substantiated findings.
true
Experiments using whole living organisms are classified as______.
vivo
Experiments using whole, living organisms are classified as in_____whereas "test tube" experiments are classified as in____
vivo,vitro
Describe the design of a case-control study
Individuals with a disease are matched to a person with similar characteristics who do not have the disease. Factors are identified that may be responsible for the disease.
Which of the following is true about a case-control study?
Individuals with a health condition are matched with individuals without the condition but with similar characteristics.
When a relationship between two variables is measured, a _____ can be established.
correlation
Nutrition scientists conduct _____ studies to obtain information about health conditions that may result from specific dietary practices.
experimental
Which of the following studies involve human subjects?
experimental (intervention) studies observational studies
multivitamin and mineral supplements provide the best sources of nutrients
false
the most reliable nutrition advice is based on _____.
research
Epidemiologists use data from NHANES to determine the
risk factors for major diseases. national standards for height, weight, and blood pressure. prevalence of major diseases.
Choose the true statements about the role of the FDA in approving dietary supplements.
Dietary supplements do not follow the same rigorous review as medications. Manufacturers do not have to provide proof of the efficacy of a dietary supplement. A manufacturer of a dietary supplement does not need FDA approval before introducing their product to the market.
Why do nutrition recommendations change?
Scientists change their recommendations in light of new research findings.
Which of the following is true about control groups?
The results of an experiment are unclear or inaccurate if no control group is used.
A website that is authored or sponsored by one person tends to provide ____ information.
biased
Much of the information about nutrition, especially in magazines, on the internet, or on television is not _____, or not supported by scientific evidence.
evidence based
Experimental epidemiological studies utilize______.
a control group a treatment group