Urban Sociology Final themes/terms

Vicarious Citizenship (Green 2014)

Challenges Ghaziani's claims: still holds a lot of meaning for them even if they don't live there, affiliation with gay identity makes them want to assert control over the space and stay connected with local institutions; matter a lot for people who don't live there, particularly sexual minorities of color, need resources and social support more than white men that have left; plenty of people feel oppression compared to the white gay man - highlights intersectionality; Ghaziani does not capture this

Ruth Glass: Aspects of Change

Changes in Central London (1964) - influx of "the gentry"; new elegant residences, businesses, infrastructure improvements, social status of the area was uplifted; juxtaposition between wealth and poverty; spread of affluence; longtime working class residents displaced Factors: post-WWII urban renewal; movement of manufacturing out of central city; shift from "suburban to urban aspirations" since no one wanted to commute with children and more women were working = dual-salary families, valuable and attractive to move back to cities; gentrification!!; Southie = South Boston

Eyes on the Prize: The Keys to the Kingdom (PBS movie)

Louise Day Hicks, no Black principals, temporary protests, Black people would run for school board but would lose, voluntary programs to move Black students to White schools with open spots, 1972 Class action suit, South Boston = white resistance, Roxbury = heart of Black community, the stabbing of Michael Faith, safety worries, lack of institutional support, busing, etc.

Role of social networks and marketing campaigns in school choice

Parents' social networks: central to "making the choice"; build a critical mass; mitigate "risk" by having like-minded people marketing campaigns: civic, business, and educational leaders market schools to middle-class families; hope to revitalize certain districts through middle-class educational reinvestment

Neil Smith: Rent-Gap Hypothesis

Rent-Gap Hypothesis: gentrification caused by land markets; gentrifiers and investors take advantage of the gap between current and potential ground rent values in neighborhoods What produces this gap: capital depreciation, cycle of disinvestment in the inner city; rise in potential ground rent levels How is the gap closed: developers and financial institutions actively close the gap to make way for newer and "best" land use

Eviction in Richmond

Richmond in 2016: 1/5 households threaten with eviction; 1/9 evicted; mediant amount owed - $686; median amount owed in public housing - $328; Big spike from 2016 to 2019; predominantly in the Black areas of Richmond Why Richmond, why VA?: high poverty rates; stagnant and low minimum wage; lack of tenants' rights; state favors property owners, protects white owners and white wealth; lack of social safety net Conditions to consider: green space; access to healthy foods; safe streets and sidewalks - ability to run/exercise safely without worry, fell comfortable/unafraid being out on the street; distance from pollutants - toxic pollutants often in minority and high-poverty neighborhoods; safe drinking water - Flint

A Tale of Two Cities (Katrina movie)

2015 (ten years after Katrina); development in the city not as it is in New Orleans East; wealthier neighborhoods recovered faster; businesses didn't come back and deters others from coming; racial discrimination; the Road Home - program supposed to help people rebuild, but had entrenched racial discrimination, based on pre-storm value of home; goes back to redlining

LGBT living variation by race and ethnicity

African American same-sex couples often live in southern states, live in totally different areas then same-sex couples in general; no sociological research; tend to live in areas with fewest protections for them - employment, health care, insurance; more likely to report households that make less than $24,000/yr; how do people outside the city who are not affluent experience the "gayborhood"?; hispanic people have similar concentrations in the SW concentrations, which we know nothing about as urban sociologists and only a little about the South in general

Stonewall Uprising - movie

Role of the gay neighborhood/bar: members of the gay community can meet other people and socialize, since it was hard before and no one was 'out'; safe haven, refuge against the backdrop of discrimination, social isolation, and policing Why important: didn't have spaces like heterosexual people did; wanted to find people to meet, nowhere else to go; wanted to be able to love and live freely; were heavily policed and pushed to certain areas/excluded from others How did people experience live in the gayborhood: heavy policing and exclusion elsewhere; wanted to live and love freely

Neil Smith: The Urban Pioneer

Who are the gentrifiers: white, middle-class, urban "pioneers" Where do they gentrify: disinvested low-income residential neighborhoods in cities Why do they gentrify: to reclaim space from poor and minority groups; to "tame" the "wild" urban "frontier"; take back the city; calls upon language of the "pioneer"; but never interviewed gentrifiers

Lesbian vs. gay geographies

neighborhoods are less visible; live in different metropolitan areas, though sometimes cluster together and share same areas - San Francisco, Boston, NY; lesbians tend to live in less urban areas, men opt for bigger/global cities

Why do middle class parents sent their kids to urban public schools?

progressive/liberal ideology: a way to live our their values and political ideology appreciation for diversity: homogeneous suburbs are stifling and want kids to have a different educational experience than their own; child's classroom reflects the "real world"; diverse learning environment has instrumental value - can help them navigate careers later on in life, like a learned skill to talk with different people makes you a better/fuller person desire for neighborhood schools: distance from racism; frustration with school assignment model; desire to walk to school; reflects ideological and political orientations

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 Brown v. Board of Education: overturns "separate but equal" (in theory, not the experience), overturns de jure educational segregation, based on where you live though, also private schools?, some schools pretend to desegregate 1955 Brown II: supreme court orders lower federal courts to desegregate "with all deliberate speed" Prince Edward County ex: ordered to integrate in 1959, instead of integrating the school system shut down entirely, Prince Edward Foundation emerged: private schools for White students, had tax credits from the city and funds but no provisions for Black students, shut down for 5 years before the Prince Edward Free School, 1964 US Supreme Court outlawed Virginia subsidizing the process 1960s-70s: de facto segregation continues, rulings expand to meet desegregation requirements 1971 Swann vs. Charlotte Mecklenberg Board of Education: mandated busing as a tool to combat segregation persisting and schools not busing students to other districts; after busing: white flight from cities to suburbs, increase in private school enrollment among white students, continued de facto school segregation 1974 Milliken v. Bradley: Supreme Court blocked metropolitan-wide desegregation - could not bus students from one district to another, can only be bussed within city district, but these areas are still very segregated, Brown v Board didn't have substantial impact in predominantly Black urban low-income districts, emphasized suburbs as white and cities as Black White flight: took resources, social/economic/and cultural capital Today: Backlash after busing - some programs accept city students but don't send suburban students to city schools, families afforded more choice through vouchers BUT many still do not have inter-district choice

Super-gentrifiation: The Case of Brooklyn Heights

1960s: middle floor was rental unit, made money from investment; evicted tenants, were going to have another child so wanted to have the whole space and renovate it for a family home, put in $40,000 of own equity, displaced working-class Irish-American tenants 1990s: lawyer put his house on the market, valued at $640,000 or 23x what he paid for it, english woman from Wall Street bought it for $600,000 with a personal check 2000s: new person moved in and renovated it, moved elsewhere in neighborhood before, totally changed it with upscale amenities, very suburbanized, had kids and eventually moved to Scottsdale, new couple moved in for $1.75 million, those who work in FIRE industries, median and mean family income are much higher in Brooklyn Heights than other areas of NYC

Zukin

60s mentality of wanting to preserve historical buildings; accessibility of art to lower and middle class people, was normally for upper class people; aesthetics vibe; rejection of suburbia and inequality, segregation, racism practices of suburbia; repurposing old factory buildings into art studios, lofts, open concepts; lofts ideal for modern art in particular, because of the big pieces; doing something purposeful and giving new life; wanted to I've the life of an artist because it proves individuality, separates them from ideas of suburban life; argues that middle class if often in search of authenticity; no one lived there, didn't displace people; 1st wave was middle class, 2nd wave richer and probably displaced the 1st wave people; their own identity and consumption pursuits, not trying to claim or reclaim; still raising cost of living in the particular area, gentrification does spread so it adds to rising rents in the area

Climate Gentrification in Little Haiti (video)

75% Black, majority from Haiti; redlining didn't allow them to live near the coast, so moved to higher ground and made their own communities; lots of recent development; Gentrification and climate gentrification; wealthier coastal residents moving inwards and displacing longtime residents

School Choice

Any arrangement that allows parents to decide which of two or more publicly funded schools their child will attend ex: students may attend a magnet program, a traditional public school outside of their assigned school boundary, or a public charter school, or they may obtain a voucher or tax credit to offset the cost of private school, intra-district and inter-district and limitations In theory, meant to mitigate racially segregated schools and give people the opportunity to attend better schools

Suburbanization of poverty

As (some) central cities become increasingly affluent; low-income residents are pushed to the peripheries of cities; some move to inner-ring suburbs, others move to satellite cities proximate to the larger city; this is particularly true for cities without a strong affordable housing infrastructure; nothing happens in a vacuum, there are consequences for nearby areas

Washington DC's Shaw/U Street Neighborhood

Background: racially and economically diverse, subsidized housing units, HUD (Obama administration) and mayor: "successful mike income neighborhood" Diversity segregation: in mixed-income neighborhoods, people live next to each other but not alongside each other outcomes: political and commercial displacement What to do about it: 1. Neutral third spaces - facilitate relations between racial and class lines, 2. earmark $ for local bridging organizations and programming, 3. mandate low-income representation on governing councils

the future of Sociology

Cities and immigration: sanctuary cities and the power/autonomy of urban municipalities; particularly California and East Coast; cities might become powerful factors in policy Increasing bifurcation of wealth and poverty: cities for the very rich and the very poor - middle class will entirely miss out, might have affordable housing but not good affordable housing infrastructure; middle class priced out of the city Small cities: research mostly in big cities, we know very little about small cities, but where a lot of our population lives; operate against the same changes and constraints, but can't assume; how do people experience poverty, housing instability, gentrification, etc. in small US cities?; how do the characteristics of small cities mediate these experiences?-- - don't have the same resources, how is there affordable housing?, What does segregation look like?; gentrification of small cities as middle class people move out of large cities due to being priced out, emotional labor, etc.

Cities and Climate Change

Cities are important in climate change conversations: lots of people, resources, large economy, developed on the water, etc. ?; cities are particularly vulnerable to climate change Cities and sustainability: Use planning to reduce a city's ecological footprint; Try to be more sustainable through - recycling, electric and hybrid vehicles, solar and other renewable energy resources with a tax break encouragement, citizen activities, mass transit which limited urban sprawl, less carbon emitted into the air How do cities become more sustainable: national policies can incentivize cities; local level decision making - cities tax local residents, property owners, and businesses to finance climate adaptation Problems with sustainability efforts: many cities claim to pursue sustainability, few actually do; cities use the term "sustainability" as a slogan rather than a concrete goal; cities vary with regard to what they view to be important environmental issues Sustainability efforts the cities engage in: lowest cost policies, lowest political risk policies, policies with co-benefits Cities more likely to engage in environmental protection policies: larger cities - liberal ideologies, more vulnerable like on the coast (rising sea level), more people so less cost per person Also problematic: rise of waterfront redevelopment projects

Amin Ghaziani

Definition of the Gayborhood: distinct geographic focal point; unique culture - symbols like the rainbow flag, pride parades; concentration of residences; cluster of commercial spaces and non-profits - bookstores, LGBTQ centers Benefits: sexual minorities can find each other for friendship, fellowship, sex, and love; incubate unique cultures, political perspectives, organizations, businesses, etc.; provide promise of safety, refuge from discrimination, bigotry, bias There goes the Gayborhood?: idea that gayborhoods are disappearing, gay flight from important social institution in the city; concern for new media but also academics Recent Gayborhood trends: "Gay Flight": traditional explanations: gentrification - use and consequence, gay pioneers turned over to next wave of gentrifiers; neighborhood branding - so successful in branding/marketing that straight people want to live there and "consume" the gayborhood, "geography of cool"; Amin Ghaziani doesn't think that this is really true problems with traditional explanations: overlooks historical context - space away from oppression, ignores that the gayborhood came to be formed in the first place The Gayborhood today?: LGBT life exists "beyond the closet", esp. in cities - and so beyond the gayborhood, cities tend to be more liberal and progressive in general; fewer LGBTs live in gayborhoods, or the "gay ghetto" What explains this shift: LGBTs more accepted into the mainstream, so are more comfortable in other parts of cities - the whole city is a site of refuge now, assimilation makes it possible for LGBT to not rely on just one block of enclave; Northampton = Lesbianville, USA - if the whole city is gay, no one is gay; LGBTs feel sense of cultural sameness with heterosexuals, can de-emphasize sexual differences and relate in other ways/of other interests, being gay is not necessarily the first identity

Exposure: Case of Houston

Different pockets have more/less exposure, but people don't have the ability to move: elderly, those with disability can't leave in the event of a disaster; those with low economic status can't leave certain pockets of the city - need transportation, place to stay while wealthy people can live with family outside the city, have transportation, can stay in hotels, second homes, etc.; those neighborhoods are at higher risk for flooding, in devalued space at low elevation Minority/language: language barrier might make it hard to know when/how to leave, the conditions of leaving; dislocated from kinship networks making it hard to move to places with family; structural conditions might impede movement especially of those who are undocumented; were fearful because ICE was not going to stop patrolling borders, and even though the governor said they wouldn't patrol shelters, kept checkpoints so they felt coerced to stay Elevation vs. median household income: those with higher incomes live in higher elevated areas; less at risk for exposure for natural disaster; less likely to live in areas that flood; for those in the bottom 3 quartiles of population density, in areas of high density like Downtown there is no relationship; people with more money live on higher floors, have better building structures, and can leave while poorer neighborhoods are in lower elevations Lower elevation, disadvantaged neighborhoods: higher risk and increased intensity of flooding; slower retreat of floodwater; accumulation of flood-related environmental hazards; slower building and recovery; often don't have safety net Zoned for disaster: few regulations for toxic facilities - Texas; low-income, minorities closer to such facilities - don't have the capital to resist these facilities, if they exist before the neighborhood it becomes devalued space where wealthy people don't want to live; flood water more dangerous - in lower elevation, when the water floods it is filled with toxic waste

Response and Recovery, and the case study of Hurricane Katrina

Disasters are not random in their social dimensions; there are social dimension to risk, response, and recovery New Orleans and Katrina: city as recovering - Brookings The New Orleans Index at Five "New Orleans is more resilient:, "increased civic capacity", "Blight is rapidly declining", City as a whole is recovering but depends where you look!

Hurricane Katrina - Lakeview vs. Lower Ninth Ward

Equal exposure that each group was equally likely to be exposed to horrible conditions, despite Lakeview being upper class and White and the Lower Ward predominantly Black, very unequal recovery Lakeview - beautifully rebuilt, with gardens; dense areas Lower Ninth Ward - dilapidated buildings, vacant lots, neglect Explanations of differing recovery rates: knew money would go towards their communities, didn't have to move far or wait long, had connections, access to stay nearby in suburbs, could rent a hotel/home/second home etc., and could oversee rebuilding process; Lower 9th Ward residents went to Houston, Atlanta etc. by the Road Home program, had to be relocated because they didn't know anyone they could stay with nearby outside of flooding areas, limited savings, were unlikely to even own their homes and couldn't produce a deed; Landlords in the area saw it was becoming disinvested, so there was no incentive to rebuild it, so those who rented in Lower 9th Ward could not come back, no "right to place"; Lakeview residents probably had flood insurance, owned homes, savings, etc.; the Road Home program required deed to get federal aid to rebuild, problematic: many were renters so they didn't have access to aid, many African American residents had the airship problem, didn't rely on formal deeds; Lower 9th Ward was marked a green dot so couldn't move back for a while, program was never implemented but made homeowners/business owners doubt whether or not they should invest in the neighborhood; self-fulfilling prophecy - didn't come back because they thought it wasn't going to be invested in, and since no one returned it was not reinvested in; political and social capital in Lakeview and wealthier neighborhoods; the Look and Leave program - residents could go back to get what they might need that was salvageable but then had to leave - disrupted incentive to go home Historical conditions explanations: Racial discrimination, real estate agents barred African Americans from moving in, redlining

History of the gayborhood

Formed as a socially and historically specific response to oppression historical context: first formed during WWII - Coming Out Era until the 1990s; gay men clustered in cities - many had been discharged from the military, didn't want to be outed to families/friends if they went home, would experience disenfranchisement, started a new life in cities where they heard (by way of mouth) other gay people lived; bars, institutions cemented dense networks and increased visibility; 1969 Stonewall Riots triggered great gay migration to large cities

Flag Wars film, Columbus, Ohio, aired in 2003

Gentrifiers: white, middle class, gay men and the real estate agents Why they gentrify: drawn to the aesthetic process of historic preservation, wanted to invest in it and give it new meaning; childless and have more capital to put into sweat equity; community for them since the city discriminated against them in other arenas; cultural capital can be gained as gentrifiers; reclamation of homes but could buy them cheap Where does it occur: disinvested areas and in groups separate from other groupings of homes/certain pockets of neighborhoods; house by house, block by block, very slowly; in low-income African American neighborhoods with historic housing stock Why does it occur here: low-income people are unable to keep up with maintenance required of a historic neighborhood; need certain capital, increased taxes, burdens on long-term homeowners Longtime residents: low-income, working class, African Americans Actors: real estate agent who wanted to attract affluent people, incentive to market these places to buyers; the local government by enforcing zoning and code violations; gay people who move in and make complaints; low-income people and those with family responsibilities who can't go to town hall meetings; banks/mortgage lenders who choose to to lend money to Consequences: clash between gay and African American residents; displacement of long-time residents; mandated court when you should work makes long-time residents feel as if they are constantly policed = social displacement; commercial displacement due to the rising number of yoga studios, dog treat stores, organic stores, etc.

The Marriage Market

How does living in a city (vs. rural area) shape marriage, cohabitation (or lack thereof), and intimacy? Why are people living alone in cities now more than ever? 1950s: 22% of American adults are single, 4 million lived alone aka 9% of households 2010: 50% of American adults are single, 31 million live along Historically, living alone was more common in rural western states like Alaska, Montana, Nevada; today most single and living alone people are in cities like DC, Seattle, Denver, San Francisco Today's single dwellers: primarily women; mostly middle age adults 35-54; 18-34 fastest growing segment Early theorist thinking: Simmel - rise of individualism; Wirth - schizoid, loss of primary ties Explanations: rising status of women, communications revolution, mass urbanization (and gentrification) Why is living alone appealing: pursue modern values, living alone helps us reconnect Advantages: sexual freedom and experimentation; time to mature, develop, and search for romantic love; liberated young people from roommates, including friends; enables one to socialize when and how they want to

Saporito and Lareau: School Selection as a Process

How parents make the choice: race real matters to White parents, will choose worse schools with fewer Black people but Black families don't do this How does race/class shape choices: White families opt to send kids to objectively worse schools than predominantly Black schools Implications: reproduces inequality and segregation through different ways, under the veil of choice; prejudice that these schools aren't even as good, even if they are; illogical fear and racism as White families prefer to be in the majority while Black families prefer true equality; race as an indicator of school quality despite truth

Mary Pattillo: Everyday Experience of School Choice for the Black Community

Interviewed 7 African American parents/guardians (69 women) with children entering high school in Chicago in Fall 2007 A quality school: parents uniformly expressed wanting quality school for their children; desires vs. reality - despite wanting quality schools, most did not end up sending their children to their first choice; most still opt for and/or are placed in a neighborhood school; comes down to structural constraints Why do many still default to their neighborhood school? Barriers to access: transportation - no busing system, have to rely on your own efforts and probably can't leave work to pick up kids, reduced fare for public buses but not free, fear for safety; test scores/rigid admissions standards - selective enrollment stops some families from even trying to apply/enroll, classes/tutoring that people have better access to based on money, think kids won't get in based on prep/background so don't want to deal with the emotional hit You don't choose, the algorithm chooses you, which is disempowering Burden of choice: labor intensive - Chicago school handbook is written at a college reading level; burden on parents even for highly engaged parents, and if they aren't of course they would defer to neighborhood school Conclusions: Affluent black and white families can buy into "good" neighborhood schools and exercise school choice through these means, like moving to a place with good neighborhood schools; disproportionate toll on low-income families; school choice is constrained by a larger set of factors and does not empower in practice Solutions?: pool tax money and distribute it equally; free, public transit; more holistic evaluations of students, not entrance exams; more inclusive and accessible language; making resources for families clearer

Potential outcome for climate adaptation, adaptation for whom?

Lower income residents are more vulnerable to climate change, but are they helped by adaptation plans? - surprise, no; adaptation plans can often exacerbate socio-spatial inequalities in cities Acts of Commission: when adaptation plans disproportionately affect or displace low-income and minority populations (systematic exclusion) Acts of Omission (Anguelovski et al. 2016): when adaptation plans protect economically valuable and already privileged areas at the expense of disadvantaged neighborhoods (only help certain areas) Ex: strengthening infrastructure: common adaptation strategy; "Resilient" and "climate proofing" discourse; BUT these strategies negatively impact the poor; Act of Omission - temporary flood barriers erected to protect economically valuable areas in lieu of underserved - reliance on property managers/developers etc., protects already valued space, neoliberal reliance on people to engage in these practices; Act of Commission: green (eg. levees) or gray (eg. drainage canals) infrastructure directly displaces low-income communities Environmental gentrification: the efforts of environmental justice activists to improve their neighborhoods now help those neighborhoods attract an influx of affluent residents (Checker 2011) Climate gentrification: Climate gentrification alters real estate markets in some coastal areas by increasing the prices of areas on higher ground, which pushed out longtime residents (Gould & Lewis 2011)

What accounts for the differences in territorial claims of gay vs. lesbian people?

Masculinity and femininity: women displaying masculine tendencies are more widely accepted in rural areas than gay men displaying femininity Family formation: among self-identified lesbians and gay men in 2002 National Survey of Family Growth, 1/3 of lesbians and 1/6 gay men have children; analyses of the 2008 General Social Survey suggest that 19% of gay and bisexual men and 49% of lesbian and bisexual women had a child; women would rather buy more land/space for cheaper than in metropolitan areas that are not made for families - different housing needs, lower rent; also gender pay gap, women don't make as much money and don't have as much capital to buy units in the city; even men and women in the same city are steered towards different neighborhoods of the city Subcultural differences: gay men are more influenced by social institutions, strong history of these being important institutions for them; women influenced by culture and feminism like cafes, bike shops, green space, theaters, centers, etc. Relationship to gentrification: lesbians often pre-date gay men in gentrification process - often want to carve out space for themselves together, find each other by word of mouth; men then follow lesbians to these areas and carve out area for themselves, and neighborhood becomes gayborhood and lesbians migrate further to the outskirts or outside the city; because of income, part of counter-cultural identity to live separately, neighborhood seems unfriendly to them when men move in due to sexism

Bernstein, Temporarily Yours

Methodology: field work for 7 years in San Francisco; observations in work spaces and performance venues; attendance at sex workers' political meetings and support groups Changes in sex work: rise in large-scale, commercial sex work; rise in regulation of sex work; rise in street walking; rise in private indoor sex work Explained by: rise of urbanization of capitalism; rise of wage labor, separation of home and work spheres; separation from kin networks Rise of urbanization: new cultural ideas of gender and sexuality; new boundaries of public and private life Evolution of sexual commerce tied to industrializing cities: urban expansion; rise of the automobile; growth in entertainment and leisure industry; increasing immigration Result of expansion of large-scale commercial prostitution?: Its expansion increased political and moral imperatives to regulate sexual commerce Result of increased regulation?: concentration of sexual commerce in the Tenderloin; proximate to downtown Change in sex work: street walking primary form of solicitation What caused street prostitution to move off the street in the 1990s/2000s? The Dot Com Era: more capital moved into San Francisco; increase tech Local policies: street sweeps of visible crime (War on Drugs Era); "Quality of Life" concerns, enforcement of public nuisance laws Gentrification: proximity to union square; tenderloin valuable space for white middle class; city more dependent on tourism; SROs converted; reclamation of urban space Result: emergence of indoor sex trade; new class of sex workers; do not sell sex, sell an experience - "Bounded authenticity" created an emotionally authentic experience that is bounded by the $ exchange

Hurricane Harvey

Not equitably felt, people didn't have an equal chance of survival; social/structural reasons that some people didn't survive; some people are exposed to disasters at higher rates, depends on the history of the city

Neighborhood Effects: Moving to Opportunity

Neighborhood characteristics, and in particular concentrated disadvantage, shapes lives and outcomes above and beyond a person's individual character - life in a disadvantaged neighborhood may depress residents' outcomes by exposing them to stressful conditions or by limiting access to strong schools or job referrals that lead to opportunity Experimental housing mobility study; 4,600 Black and Latino single mothers from high-poverty areas; randomly assigned groups - group 1 = experimental group, received vouchers to be used in low-poverty areas; group 2 = received unrestricted vouchers, could be used anywhere; group 3 = no voucher, control Findings: Less likely to have psychological distress or major depression in better neighborhoods; improved some physical health outcomes, but not all

Unnatural Causes: Place Matters (movie)

Neighborhood conditions "get under the skin": conditions lead to chronic stress and heart disease; releases cortisol = stress hormone which raises blood pressure, a main cause of heat disease Health threats beyond individual control (Gwai): violence in the neighborhood causes stress leading heart to fail; money, cannot pay bills and doesn't know if he can pay rent, causes constant stress; cannot leave neighborhood, stuck, tried to leave but couldn't find work; bias of medical community; lack of access to good food, exposure to toxic air and pollution; easy access to thinks that are unhealthy like fas food, cigarettes, discount liquor Health advantages of living in wealthier neighborhoods: After WWII, majority white population moved to suburbs and took social/cultural/economic capital with them, so neighborhoods become disinvested; redlining!; unequal access to homes - some places wr=ere valued, and white Americans built good schools/institutions and had a good quality of life which left very devalued space like neighborhood in Richmond CA; need to improve life conditions and access to neighborhoods - food, housing

North vs. South Lawndale - heat wave

Significantly more people dies in North Lawndale than in South Lawndale despite similar poverty rates; Jane Jacobs - South Lawndale had more community networks, could get AC from businesses, go outside for help, sociable streetscape, would notice if neighbors weren't around; North Lawndale didn't have these ties, resident turnover, fearful of going outside because of violence, vacancies and abandoned infrastructure - social morphology's structure of neighborhood due to industrialization/abandonment/disinvestment; location was prime for struggling economy; challenging for people to leave their home and be social, made even more challenging during times of need, no one checking in on each other in times of disaster; Neighborhood Effects argument - nothing to do with people in it, everything to do with the neighborhood and the conditions of it/health

Mary Pattillo: Black Middle Class Gentrifiers

Studied gentrifiers in North Kenwood-Oakland (NKO) neighborhood in Chicago Who are the gentrifiers: Black middle class residents Where do they gentrify: High-poverty black neighborhoods, normally the last neighborhoods to gentrify Why do they gentrify: to serve as a "Middleman": to be a resource magnet and role model for low-income people, see it as a moral duty, want to use their capital to better the lives of the people who live there; middleman = those who negotiate power relations between white decision makers in the mainstream community relations with lower-income members of the Black community; clash/conflict based on economic status even though they are the same race

The Ghetto: Past and Future Directions, Mario Small (2008)

The Ghetto (as conceptualized over time): the ghetto is a particular type of neighborhood, characterized by a cohesive set of characteristics (e.g. deteriorating housing, crime, depopulation, and social isolation) that recur from city to city; the ghetto is directly or indirectly perpetuated by either dominant society or, specifically, the state; the ghetto constitutes a form of involuntary segregation; "Poverty in ghetto neighborhoods has sapped the vitality of local businesses and other institutions, and it has led to fewer movie theaters, bowling alleys, restaurants, public parks and playgrounds, and other recreational facilities" - Wilson (1995); "The Ghetto" is modeled after Chicago - Chicago School of Urban Sociology, the University of Chicago + urban researchers today, William Julius Wilson's powerful work on ghetto poverty Four reasons why experiences in the ghetto are not uniform: Heterogeneity, not homogeneity; stereotypical, not typical; multiple state actors, not one state; constrained choice, not involuntary segregation Heterogeneity, not Homogeneity: Premise - poor Black neighborhoods typically characterized by - depopulation: the loss of populations; deinstitutionalization - scarcity in organizational institutions (grocery stores, banks, child care centers, etc.); BUT - there is a great variety in the extent to which poor Black neighborhoods are depopulated and deinstitutionalized (Harlem is very dense, Detroit/Chicago is not) Stereotypical, not Typical: Premise - Urban Black population more likely than others to live in high-poverty in predominantly same-race neighborhoods; BUT - many also live in predominantly Black neighborhoods with poor working class, middle class Blacks, and others live in poor areas with neighbors of other racial and ethnic backgrounds Multiple state actors, not just one state: Premise - Poor Black neighborhoods result from state actions or inactions; BUT - There is no single "state actor" - every state does it differently, different actors respond to different demands, depends on the will of leaders, some states can pick up the slack from the federal government Constrained choice not involuntary segregation: Premise- many have theorized the ghetto as being maintained through "involuntary segregation"; BUT - this assume that people only live near poor because they have no choice at all, but this is not the case!; social preservationists; Black, middle class gentrifiers help alleviate issues of Black poverty Ex. Harlem, NYC, NY vs. Woodlawn, Chicago, IL City-level factors that contribute to heterogeneity: variation in local government- public-private partnerships, money coming in, etc.; variation in city's ability to adapt to the post-industrial economy; variation in incarceration/policing - things enforced differently, areas are heavily policed

David Ley: The New Middle Class

What drives gentrification: Cultural and political ideologies of the new middle class; changes in industrial and occupational structure of cities; new place-based values like diversity, sense of history, landscape amenities, rejection of suburbia Who constitutes the new middle class: white collar workers associated with post-industrial service sector economy What factors created the new middle class: social and political upheaval of the 1960s and 70s; rejection of suburbia - idea of whiteness, segregation, not political/social/cultural ideologies; rise of post-industrial, service-sector employment in the central city Tastes: independent coffee shops, historic architecture/preservation, landscape amenities, diversity and tolerance

Super-gentrification

Transformation of already gentrified, prosperous and solidly upper-middle class neighborhoods into much more exclusive and expensive enclaves Cause: new, post-industrial global economy infused those in FIRE (Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate) with exorbitant levels of wealth

Klineberg, Can Cities be Climate Proofed?

What are some problems that cities are grappling with today vis-a-vis climate change?: waterfront properties, old, underground subways, don't want to spend money now but it will only be more costly later What can cities do to adapt to climate change?: funding knowledge and adaptation; sustainability of buildings and transport, raising above sea level to prevent flooding; switch to higher ground with cemeteries; barrier walls, temporary solutions and take a long time; sustainable technology - but money; social networks, social capital Consequences if cities don't adapt: financially very costly; mass power outages in succession, longer and longer to fix - health, safety issues; rich people will be fine, but affects other communities differently

Lance Freeman: Neighborhood Effects in a Changing Hood

gentrification benefits: attract business, know how to ask government for resources and are more likely to be listened to, more likely to mobilize, social and cultural capital, Black middle class man moving in and going to work in a suit/tie can be a role model for Black working class; social capital; institutional resources Consequences: residential displacement - scholars debate the extent to which longtime residents are physically displaced from their communities, most studies show longtime residents in gentrifying neighborhoods move at similar rates as low-income residents in non-gentrifying neighborhoods because poor people move a lot, renters are more likely to be residentially displaced than homeowners because it is easier for renters to leave, rent increases while mortgage doesn't, investment in owning a home (use and exchange value), less likely to leave when you have equity in property/safety nets - but threshold at which this works because some people are burdened by property taxes and this is not equally felt among all homeowners, and homeowners are generally more invested in the neighborhood; culture clash: new (often white, affluent) and longtime residents (often low-income, minority) hold differing attitudes toward the neighborhood, home, sex role, child rearing, work, and public space, and these differing attitudes produce class and cultural conflict; neighborhood is no longer their own as the ideas of affluent neighbors supersede their own; new residents don't gather in public spaces but stay in private space; newcomers see vacant lot as a blight while longtime residents see it as community space; ultimately the lot becomes townhouse social displacement: the replacement of one group by another in some geographic area in terms of power and prestige, ability to affect decisions and policies in an area etc.; Next Door - like comment section for neighborhood; NKO: increasing policing and increased safety, but more policing of loitering and minor offenses, quality of life policing, people call and complain to police and increase policing of low-income residents, landlords try to modify behavior - bbq pits int he back, AC units in windows to stop people from being outside and visible, newcomers get to social displace longtime residents, happens because newcomers have social, economic and cultural capital political displacement: political power transfers from longtime to new residents, Shaw, newcomers advocate for changes they want but not for those of the longtime residents, do't understand history, leads to commercial displacement commercial displacement: in-migration of new businesses that cater to the tastes and preferences of affluent newcomers who advocate for dog parks, restaurants, Whole Foods etc. often happen because of the transition of political power in neighborhoods physiological outcomes: black respondents living in a gentrifying neighborhood were 75% more likely to report poor to fair health than counterparts in other neighborhoods because of the stress of changing environments/being policed, etc.

"Stream of Foreign Wealth Flows into NY"

rich foreigners, untraceable through shell companies, no trace of dirt money; anonymity; trying to hide or launder money?; tax breaks - surrounding properties property value increase, allows rich people to move in there too, intention of raising property values for city to collect more money, also allure people into buying homes there and after a while take away tax breaks to make more money, more rich people come with their businesses; they don't pay property or income tax; race to the bottom; social isolation? Stiman's argument: specters/speculators cultivate urban identity and cultivate high-end cultural institutions; materialize urban identity; not motivated by economic reasons, even if they do make money off them; want to contribute to the city in important ways but can still have consequences; putting money back into things you patronize rather than helping the oppressed; still super-gentrifiers, traditional in gentrifying; much more interested in social or cultural capital; speculators involved in civic duties and interested in future of community; born of xenophobia; hyper-affluence

Gringlas: Old Confronts New in a Gentrifying DC Neighborhood

sense of social displacement, no longer the legitimate person living there; can't afford to eat in your own neighborhood; don't feel at home in your own neighborhood anymore; political displacement - representatives on neighborhood council only saw the benefits of gentrification as a wealth opportunity

Brown-Saracino

social preservationists; old-timers: long-term residents, often by ethnic groups; wanted to preserve social dynamics of the neighborhood; anti-newcomer, but they are also newcomers; want to maintain existing community but jeopardize costs of living there by moving in; hard to navigate practices and ideologies; want to preserve old-timers and selected them based on length of residence, family ties, racial and ethnic minority groups - sounds like urban village/gemeinschaft; consequences: excluding other residents who also deserve to be there, get to choose who to preserve but why do they get this power? because of surplus social/economic/cultural capital! only protect those deemed worthy, power over the neighborhood even though they think it is virtuous/fr the good of the people; no one had gone out and interviewed before; captures process in better way because they are still gentrifiers even if they don't want to be; tokenizing culture they are attempting to preserve; can happen anywhere, even rural

Supply Side (Production) vs. Demand Side (Consumption)

supply side/production: markets dictate where gentrification will occur supply side factors that produce gentrification: cycles of disinvestment and investment; neoliberal state policies; deindustrialization and rise of service economy; liberal mortgage lending policies demand side/consumption: markets cannot exist without consumer demand and preferences demand side factors that produce gentrification: market and states respond to consumer demand; gentrifiers play central role; culture: gentrifiers' cultural tastes; ideological shifts; increase interest in diversity and taste for historic properties