URINARY
Each kidney contains how many nephrons?
1 million
How much urine does the typical adult bladder hold before the urge to urinate is triggered?
2 cups
On average, how much water intake should one consume per day?
2.5 liters
What percentage of total water output is lost in breathing?
28%
What percentage of water intake comes from the foods we consume?
30%
Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidney?
regulate iron absorption
Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?
regulate neural pathways
If a body loses too much fluid it can result in:
Dehydration
What structure contracts in a rhythm, causing the sensation/need to urinate?
Detrusor
The secretion of uric acid into filtrate would occur in what portion of the nephron?
Distal Tubule
In males the urethra must pass through what structure before it leaves the body?
Prostate
The reabsorption of a nutrient such as glucose would occur in what portion of the nephron?
Proximal Tubule
Once in the glomerular capsule, filtrate moves into the:
Proximal tubule
A renal clearance test can determine the rate at which kidneys can:
Remove a chemical from the blood
Blood comes into the kidney from the __________ and leaves from the ___________.
Renal Artery and Renal Veins
The kidney is held together by a thin fibrous tissue called the:
Renal Capsule
Nephrons are found in what structure of the kidney?
Renal Pyramids
Which of the following is located at the concave side of the kidney?
Renal Sinus
The round structure in which blood flows into the kidney to be filtered is the:
Renal corpuscle
Decreased rate and depth of breathing leads to:
Respiratory Acidosis
The micturition reflex starts at the:
Sacral nerve at the spinal cord
Which of the following NOT a typical component of intracellular fluid?
Sodium
What type of receptors are in the bladder wall detecting urine volume?
Stretch Receptors
Glomerular filtration rate can be controlled by hormones.
T
Hypovolemic means you have too much fluid in your body.
T
Kidney stones are cause by excessive uric acid in the kidney
T
Renal clearance can determine how quickly a medication is metabolized in the body.
T
The Loop of Henle in the nephron transports filtrate from the proximal tubule to the distal tubule.
T
The detrusor muscle of the bladder is what gives us a sense of urgency to urinate.
T
The fibrous coat of the ureter is what give it structure.
T
The major and minor calyx of the kidney branch directly off the renal pelvis.
T
The urethra, ureters, and bladder have a muscle layer made up of smooth muscle tissue.
T
The urinary system is also referred to as the excretory system.
T
Urine can be a reflection of the health of an individual.
T
What type of epithelium composes both the bladder and ureter walls?
Transitional Epithelium
A by-product of protein metabolism found in urine is:
Urea
What two components of urine gives it its characteristic smell?
Urea and uric acid
John has Gout. He experiences pain in his fingers due to excess ___________ that has lead to crystal deposits in his joints.
Uric Acid
A by-product of nucleic acid metabolism found in urine is:
Uric acid
A test used to evaluate the urine in an individual is called a:
Urinalysis
The area of trigone can be found in what organ?
bladder
Which of the following is NOT a part of the male urethra?
ductus deferens
The white open space within the ureter, that urine flows through is called the:
Lumen
Which of the following is NOT a typical component of extracellular fluid?
Magnesium
Which of the following correctly lists the order if structures which urine flows after leaving the nephron?
Major and minor calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra
A condition in which the body has a build-up of ketones is called?
Metabolic Acidosis
Which of the following is NOT a normal route for water output?
Metabolism
The process of urination caused by the urinary reflex is:
Micturition
The portion of the bladder that funnels down into the urethra is called the:
Neck
What are functional units of the kidney called?
Nephrons
What are the name of the structures in the renal cortex responsible for filtration of blood?
Nephrons
What type of receptors help alert the hypothalamus that fluid balance is off?
Osmoreceptors
What nerve(s) is/are responsible for sending signals to the spinal cord during micturition?
Pelvic Nerves
The male bladder sits ___________ and the female bladder sits ____________.
Posteriorly and Anteriorly
What percentage of total body fluid is found in the extracellular compartment?
40%
Which of the following blood pH levels are not survivable?
6.2
What percentage of the body is made up of fluid?
60%
Which of the following blood pH levels are within normal ranges?
7.45
Which of the following blood pH levels are in an alkaline range?
7.9
Up to __________ of water and electrolytes from filtrate is recycled and reabsorbed in the proximal tubule.
70%
Water makes up what overall percentage of urine?
95%
Severe dysentery could lead to:
A and B
Which hormone plays an important role in water output regulation?
ADH
What type of electrolyte ionizes in water and produces hydrogen ions?
Acid
The body produces more __________ than ___________ naturally.
Acids, Bases
During tubular secretion what type of products are usually re-entered into the filtrate?
All of the above
Fluids are important for the body to perform what function?
All of the above
Which of the following is a normal component of urine?
All of the above
Which of the following is a way that the body loses electrolytes?
All of the above
Which of the following items can affect urine composition?
All of the above
Which of the following would affect the Glomerular Filtration Rate?
All of the above
Which of the following is NOT a way the body regulates acid-base levels?
Base Buffer Systems
Which acid base buffer system uses carbonic acid to convert a strong base to a weak base?
Bicarbonate System
The detrusor muscle can be found in the:
Bladder
Which hormone plays an important role in electrolyte output regulation?
Both A and C
The body reduces fluid acidity by exhaling what substance?
Carbon Dioxide
Intracellular fluid would be found where?
Cell Cytoplasm
Conscious control of urination inhibits micturition by using what structure?
Cerebral cortex and Pons
Filtrate is emptied from _________ to the ureters.
Collecting ducts
Osmotic pressure is where fluid moves in an effort to reach:
Concentration equilibrium
Which of the following is NOT a type of acid-base buffer system?
Enzyme System
Water loss that occurs through respiration, occurs due to:
Evaporation
The two main fluid compartments are:
Extracellular and Intracellular
Body fluids consists of both water and electrolytes.
F
Both electrolytes and water is equally distributed throughout the body.
F
The darker the urine is the more water a person consumes.
F
The female urethra is longer than the male urethra.
F
The first phase of urine formation is tubular secretion.
F
The kidneys do not produce hormones.
F
There are two ureters attached to each kidney.
F
There is no difference in the anatomical structure of the urethra in males and females.
F
Urea makes up over 50% of urine.
F
Venule bundles in the glomerulus carry blood into the Bowmans capsule.
F
Water and Electrolytes are dependent upon one another.
F
The waste product pulled from blood in the glomerulus and dumped into the proximal tubule is called:
Filtrate
The capillary beds of the nephron are responsible for:
Filtration
The ability for the body to take in equal amount of fluid as it will shed is:
Fluid Balance
Which of the following is NOT a common electrolyte in the fluid balance of the body?
Folate
The rate at which filtrate is pulled through the glomerular capillary wall is the:
GFR
Which of the following lists the stages of urine formation in order?
Glomerular Filtration, Tubular Reabsorption, and Tubular Secretion
The structure within the renal corpuscle that contain the renal capillary bundles is called the:
Glomerulus
Which of the following describes the flow of filtrate in the nephron loop?
Glomerulus, Proximal Tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal Tubule, and Collecting Ducts
What is the substance called that covers the mucous layer of the bladder protecting it from urine and bacteria?
Glycocalyx
Acid-Base Buffers Systems regulate:
Hydrogen ion concentrations
Pressure that moves fluid from one space to another under the force of blood or extracellular fluid pressure is:
Hydrostatic Pressure
Filtrate is pushed from the glomerular cavity into the proximal tubule through:
Hydrostatic pressure
What structure is responsible for regulating water intake:
Hypothalamus
Which of the following pathways are correct in regard to the flow of urine?
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
After filtrate leaves the proximal tubule it then flows through the:
Loop of Henle
Which of the following describes the location of the urinary bladder?
Inferior to the parietal peritoneum
During tubular reabsorption, nutrients are sent back to what area?
Interstitial spaces
The kidneys are located
located behind the parietal peritoneum, bilaterally
The layers of the ureter are:
outer fibrous coat, middle muscular coat, and inner mucosa
The major organs of the urinary system include the
paired kidneys, paired ureters, a bladder, and a urethra
The renal medulla is composed of the _______, while the renal cortex is composed of ________.
renal pyramids and thin, fibrous tissue
Which of the following terms refers to the position of the kidneys?
retroperitoneal
The _________ is the tube that carries urine outside the body.
urethra