Urinary System

Identify letter B

Collecting duct

Identify the letter that indicates the parietal layer of glomerular capsule.

D

Identify letter A

Afferent arteriole

High pressure vessel that forces fluid and solutes into the glomerular capsule.

Afferent arterioles

Identify the letter that indicates the blood vessels that delineate the cortex from the medulla.

B

Identify the letter that indicates the glomerulus.

B

Identify the letter that indicates the blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood to the kidney.

C

Identify the letter that indicates the region of the nephron with receptors sensitive to antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

C

Identify the letter that indicates the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule.

C

Based on the histology of a renal tubule, which section would be most severely inhibited if simple squamous epithelium were damaged? a Proximal convoluted tubule b Thin segment of the nephron loop c Thick segment of the nephron loop d Distal convoluted tubule

b Thin segment of the nephron loop

The medial concave cleft in which vessels, ureters, and nerves enter/leave the kidney: a cortex b hilum c renal corpuscle d renal capsule

b hilum

Before it enters the ureter, urine collects in the: a renal sinus. b renal pelvis. c renal cortex. d renal pyramids.

b renal pelvis.

Which of the following is not found in the renal corpuscle? a the glomerulus b the nephron loop c glomerular capsule d podocytes

b the nephron loop

The epithelium lining the urinary bladder that permits distension is: a stratified squamous b transitional c simple squamous d pseudostratified columnar

b transitional

What anatomical difference makes urinary tract infections more common in females than in males? a In males the urethra is made up of three regions, whereas in females it is made of only one. b In females the urethra is attached to the anterior vaginal wall by connective tissue. c In females the urethra is shorter than in males. d In males the urethra is shared by the both the reproductive and the urinary systems, whereas in females it is part of the urinary system only.

c In females the urethra is shorter than in males.

Arteries that branch to form the afferent arterioles to the glomeruli are: a segmental arteries b arcuate arteries c cortical radiate arteries d interlobar arteries

c cortical radiate arteries

Contraction of this muscle forces urine from the bladder. a cremaster b diaphragm c detrusor d vesicular

c detrusor

Which of the following processes does not participate in the production of urine in the kidney? a filtration b secretion c evaporation d resorption

c evaporation

The blood-filtering structure of the kidney is called the: a glomerular capsule b renal tubule c glomerulus d nephron

c glomerulus

Drinking too much alcohol results in a headache the next day. Why does this happen? a Alcohol stimulates pain receptors in the brain. b Alcohol stimulates sodium reabsorption. c Alcohol stimulates aldosterone secretion. d Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion.

d Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion.

Which of the following is not a layer of the ureter? a Muscularis b Mucosa c Adventitia d Endothelium

d Endothelium

Which of the following regions of the nephron is most likely to be found in the renal medulla? a glomerulus b proximal convoluted tubule c distal convoluted tubule d collecting duct

d collecting duct

The urine-forming units of the kidney are the: a glomerular capsules b renal tubules c glomeruli d nephrons

d nephrons

Urine collection occurs in the ___ of the kidney. a cortex b medulla c columns d pelvis

d pelvis

The U-shaped __________ is located between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules.

nephron loop

Identify the letter that indicates the major calyx.

E

Identify the letter that indicates the proximal convoluted tubule.

E

May form meandering vessels or bundles of long straight vessels.

Efferent arterioles

T/F: Blood pressure in the renal glomerulus is lower than in most parts of the body in order to conserve body water.

False

T/F: The macula densa cells are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in the urea content of the filtrate.

False

T/F: The proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct.

False

Fenestrated vessels that allow passage of all plasma elements but not blood cells.

Glomerular capillaries

Identify letter C

Glomerulus

__________ cells are modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent and efferent arterioles that secrete the hormone renin.

Granular

Identify letter E

Nephron loop

Identify letter D

Peritubular capillaries

Low pressure; porous vessels that reabsorb solutes and water from the tubule cells.

Peritubular capillaries

The area between the ureters and urethra that is often the location of infection is called the ________ in a bladder.

Trigone

Blood vessel that contains granular cells involved in blood pressure regulation: a afferent arteriole b efferent arteriole c segmental artery d macula densa

a afferent arteriole

The __________ artery is located between the interlobar and cortical radiate arteries.

arcuate

Why do high levels of potassium stimulate aldosterone secretion? a Aldosterone stimulates potassium secretion at potassium-specific pumps. b Aldosterone stimulates the sodium-potassium pump to reabsorb sodium while simultaneously secreting potassium. c Aldosterone stimulates the sodium-potassium pump to secrete sodium while simultaneously reabsorbing potassium. d High levels of potassium accompany high levels of sodium.

b Aldosterone stimulates the sodium-potassium pump to reabsorb sodium while simultaneously secreting potassium.

Play a role in urine concentration.

Vasa recta

The vasa recta are associated with which structures in the kidney? a Glomeruli b Juxtamedullary nephrons c Afferent arterioles d Cortical nephrons

b Juxtamedullary nephrons

The part of the nephron whose epithelial cells are most responsible for resorption and secretion is the: a glomerular capsule (podocytes). b proximal tubule. c thin segment. d distal tubule.

b proximal tubule.

Blood pressure is regulated by a specialized structure, known as the __________, that contacts both the afferent arteriole and the terminal end of the nephron loop.

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Most water and solutes are resorbed from the convoluted renal tubules into the __________

peritubular capillaries

Identify the letter that indicates the renal pelvis.

D

Extrinsic controls regulate glomerular filtration rate as a means of regulating: a systemic blood pressure b cardiac output c urine formation d red blood cell production

a systemic blood pressure

What is the functional difference between a male urethra and a female urethra? a Males have three urethral sphincters. b The male urethra is shared with the reproductive system. c The male urethra is connected to the renal pelvis. d The female urethra is much longer than a male's.

b The male urethra is shared with the reproductive system.

What role do the vasa recta play in urine formation? a The vasa recta create the medullary osmotic gradient. b The vasa recta protect the medullary osmotic gradient by preventing rapid removal of salt. c The vasa recta receive the dilute filtrate from the distal convoluted tubule. d The vasa recta deliver urea to the medullary interstitial fluid.

b The vasa recta protect the medullary osmotic gradient by preventing rapid removal of salt.

The function of the collecting duct is to: a contract its muscular walls to expel urine from the cortex. b determine the final volume and concentration of urine. c drain blood from the kidney and deliver it to the renal vein. d transport resorbed water back into the cardiovascular system.

b determine the final volume and concentration of urine.

During a dissection, Arnie saw the ureters entering the lateral corners of the bladder but found the internal openings of the ureters in the trigone near the midline of the bladder. His observation necessarily means that: a the ureters and urethra are really the same tube. b the ureters run medially for some distance within the posterior bladder wall. c each ureter must have four distinct openings into the bladder. d this bladder had a congenital defect.

b the ureters run medially for some distance within the posterior bladder wall.

How does ADH contribute to the formation of concentrated urine? a ADH increases the permeability of the ascending limb of the nephron loop to water. b ADH increases the permeability of the descending limb of the nephron loop to water. c ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water by stimulating the insertion of aquaporins into the luminal membrane. d ADH decreases the permeability of the collecting duct to water by inhibiting the insertion of aquaporins into the luminal membrane.

c ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water by stimulating the insertion of aquaporins into the luminal membrane.

Identify the letter that indicates blood vessels that absorb solutes from the convoluted tubules.

A

The calyces and renal pelvis are all flared branches off the __________, which is an organ that transmits urine to the bladder.

ureter

Identify the letter that indicates a cortical radiate artery.

A

T/F: Both the male and female urethras serve both the urinary and the reproductive systems.

False

T/F: Cortical nephrons are responsible for producing concentrated urine.

False

T/F: Glomerular filtration is an ATP-driven process.

False

__________ are large cells with complex "footlike" processes that wrap around the glomerular capillaries.

Podocytes

T/F: Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the renal tubules to reclaim sodium ions from the filtrate.

True

T/F: Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits sodium reabsorption.

True

T/F: In the absence of hormones, the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable to water.

True

T/F: The urethra contains an internal sphincter of smooth muscle.

True

Why is glucose in the urine an indicator of diabetes mellitus? a Glucose occupies all the transport carriers and it is no longer reabsorbed. b Because diabetics cannot regulate their glucose. c When blood glucose is high, it is secreted in the urine. d Because diabetics have high levels of glucagon.

a Glucose occupies all the transport carriers and it is no longer reabsorbed.

Which of the following statements about the urinary bladder is false? a In females, the bladder lies posterior to the uterus but anterior to the rectum. b The ureters attach to the bladder through oblique posterolateral orifices. c Two ureteral openings and the internal urethral orifice bound the trigone of the bladder. d When empty, the bladder lies inferior to the abdominal cavity.

a In females, the bladder lies posterior to the uterus but anterior to the rectum.

What type of response by the afferent arterioles would you expect if blood pressure increased? a The afferent arterioles would constrict. b The afferent arterioles would dilate. c The afferent arterioles would stimulate renin release. d The afferent arterioles would not respond to blood pressure changes.

a The afferent arterioles would constrict.

What would be the effect on urine output if sodium channels in the tubule cells were inhibited? a The volume would increase. b The volume would decrease, then quickly resume. c The volume would decrease by half the sodium concentration. d The volume would decrease by one-tenth the sodium concentration.

a The volume would increase.

When Melinda was asked to identify a "mystery" slide on a histology test, she immediately identified it as renal cortex because of the presence of scattered: a renal corpuscles. b thin segments. c renal papillae. d vasa recta.

a renal corpuscles.

Which gland sits atop each kidney? a pancreas b pituitary c adrenal d interlobar gland

c adrenal

Which feature of the bladder predisposes it to being able to stretch and relax repeatedly? a The wall contains smooth muscle. b The trigone acts as a spring when the bladder empties. c The walls are highly folded into rugae and the epithelium is transitional. d When emptied, the digestive viscera compress the bladder.

c The walls are highly folded into rugae and the epithelium is transitional.

Which vessels lie within the renal columns? a arcuate arteries b cortical radiate arteries c interlobar arteries d segmental arteries

c interlobar arteries

In the micturition reflex, the detrusor muscle is stimulated to contract by: a sphincter neurons from the brain. b sympathetic fibers. c parasympathetic fibers. d visceral sensory fibers from the vagus.

c parasympathetic fibers.

The micturition center is located in the: a cerebellum. b detrusor muscle layer of the bladder wall. c pons of the brain stem. d sacral spinal cord.

c pons of the brain stem.

Which off the following puts the flow of blood through the kidney in the correct order? a segmental artery — arcuate artery — interlobar artery — cortical radiate artery b interlobar artery — segmental artery — cortical radiate artery — arcuate artery c segmental artery — interlobar artery — arcuate artery — cortical radiate artery d interlobar artery — arcuate artery — segmental artery — cortical radiate artery

c segmental artery — interlobar artery — arcuate artery — cortical radiate artery

The longest of the three parts of the male urethra is the: a prostatic. b membranous. c spongy urethra. d neck.

c spongy urethra.

Renin is produced in: a the glomerulus. b the renal medulla. c the granular cells. d glomerular capsules.

c the granular cells.

85% of nephrons are described by this term that relates to their location in the kidney. a sinusoidal b trabecular c medullary d cortical

d cortical

The ureters: a are lined by stratified squamous epithelium. b contain only an inner circular layer in their muscularis. c do not have an adventitia layer. d have a muscularis layer that is stimulated to contract by the stretching of their walls as urine enters them.

d have a muscularis layer that is stimulated to contract by the stretching of their walls as urine enters them.

The mucosal folds in the bladder (rugae): a act to increase the surface area for absorption. b thicken the bladder wall so that it does not burst. c are not present in life, only in cadavers. d have the same basic function as transitional epithelium—accommodating stretch as the bladder fills.

d have the same basic function as transitional epithelium—accommodating stretch as the bladder fills.