Urinary System

Pyelography is A) kinking of the ureter. B) a type of X-ray procedure (radiology). C) a way to cure kidney stones. D) failure of the embryonic kidney to ascend.

a type of X-ray procedure (radiology).

The kidneys lie behind the ________ cavity. A) abdominal B) pelvic C) thoracic D) cranial

abdominal

Which gland sits atop each kidney? A) pancreas B) pituitary C) adrenal D) interlobar gland

adrenal

Blood vessel that contains granular cells involved in blood pressure regulation. A) afferent arteriole B) efferent arteriole C) segmental artery D) macula densa E) extraglomerular mesangial

afferent arteriole

An increase in the permeability of collecting tubule cells to water is due to A) a decrease in the production of ADH. B) an increase in the production of ADH. C) a decrease in the concentration of solutes in the blood plasma. D) the presence of a salty urine in the bladder.

an increase in the production of ADH

The external urethral sphincter is located A) at the external urethral orifice. B) at the junction of the bladder wall and urethra. C) at the ureteral orifice. D) at the urogenital diaphragm.

at the urogenital diaphragm.

Vessels and nerves enter and leave the kidney through the A) fibrous capsule. B) lateral convex surface. C) inferior surface. D) medial hilum.

medial hilum

Region of the distal tubule that monitors concentration of the filtrate. A) vasa recta B) collecting duct C) macula densa D) mesangial E) extraglomerular

mesangial

From which embryonic tissue layer(s) does the kidney arise? A) ectoderm B) mesoderm C) endoderm D) all three layers

mesoderm

The only embryonic kidney that survives into adulthood is the A) pronephros B) mesonephros C) metanephros D) paranephros.

metanephros

Cup-shaped tubes that enclose the papillae of the pyramids. A) major calyx B) minor calyx C) renal sinus D) renal pelvis E) cortical columns

minor calyx

Which of the following is found exclusively in the renal medulla? A) nephron loop of juxtamedullary nephrons B) cortical radiate arteries C) peritubular capillaries D) proximal convoluted tubules

nephron loop of juxtamedullary nephrons

If you looked closely at the tip of a renal papilla with a hand lens, the hundreds of littleopenings you would see on its surface are A) minor calyces. B) renal sinuses C) openings of papillary ducts. D) glomeruli.

openings of papillary ducts

Which of the following supportive tissues is most superficial? A) fibrous capsule B) pararenal fat C) perirenal fat D) renal fascia

pararenal fat

In the micturition reflex, the detrusor muscle is stimulated to contract by A) sphincter neurons from the brain. B) sympathetic fibers. C) parasympathetic fibers. D) visceral sensory fibers from the vagus.

parasympathetic fibers.

The condition in which the metanephros has failed to ascend is A) horseshoe kidney. B) polycystic renal disease. C) hydronephrosis. D) pelvic kidney.

pelvic kidney

Which of the following is not usually associated with the formation of renal calculi? A) increased intake of calcium B) polyurea C) dehydration D) bacterial infection

polyurea

The micturition center is located in the A) cerebellum. B) detrusor muscle layer of the bladder wall. C) pons of the brain stem. D) sacral spinal cord.

pons of the brain stem.

The parts of the nephron whose epithelial cells contain the most mitochondria are the A) renal corpuscle and distal tubule. B) proximal and distal tubules. C) thin segment and glomerular capsule. D) vasa recta and collecting tubules.

proximal and distal tubules.

The part of the nephron whose epithelial cells are most responsible for resorption and secretion is the A) glomerular capsule (podocytes). B) proximal tubule. C) thin segment. D) distal tubule.

proximal tubule.

infection of the renal pelvic and calyces is known as A) nephritis. B) cystitis. C) hydronephritis. D) pyelitis.

pyelitis

Which of the following would not inhibit micturition? A) stimulation of the somatic motor neurons to the external urethral sphincter B) activation of the sympathetic pathways C) relaxation of the internal urethal sphincter D) relaxation of the detrusor muscles

relaxation of the internal urethal sphincter

Which of the following structures is most numerous within a kidney? A) cortical radiate arteries B) minor calyces C) renal corpuscles D) renal papillae

renal corpuscles

When Melinda was asked to identify a "mystery" slide on a histology test, she immediately identified it as renal cortex because of the presence of scattered A) renal corpuscles. B) thin segments C) renal papillae. D) vasa recta.

renal corpuscles.

Which structure(s) is (are) most important for holding the kidney in place in the abdomen? A) renal vessels B) renal ligaments C) renal fascia D) the diaphragm, through its muscle tone

renal fascia

Before it enters the ureter, urine collects in the A) renal sinus. B) renal pelvis. C) renal cortex. D) renal pyramids.

renal pelvis

Urine passes through the A) kidney hilum to the bladder to the ureter. B) renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder to the urethra. C) glomerulus to the ureter to the nephron. D) hilus to the urethra to the bladder.

renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder to the urethra.

Which of the following conditions is most often seen in elderly males with prostatichyperplasia? A) urge incontinence B) overflow incontinence C) urinary retention D) stress incontinence

urinary retention

Ladderlike looping blood vessels within the medulla. A) vasa vasorum B) peritubular capillaries C) cortical radiate D) vasa recta E) interlobular

vasa recta

The layer of podocytes is the same as the A) parietal layer. B) glomerulus. C) visceral layer of glomerular capsule. D) capsular space.

visceral layer of glomerular capsule.

How much of the fluid filtered by the kidney actually becomes urine? A) 1% B) 10% C) 50% D) 99%

1%

Why are urinary tract infections more common in females than in males? A) In males the urethra is made up of three regions, whereas in females it is made of only one. B) In females the urethra is attached to the anterior vaginal wall by connective tissue. C) In females the urethra is shorter than in males. D) In males the urethra is shared by the both the reproductive and the urinary systems, whereasin females it is part of the urinary system only.

In females the urethra is shorter than in males.

Which of the following statements about the urinary bladder is false?A) In females, the bladder lies posterior to the uterus but anterior to the rectum. B) The ureters attach to the bladder through oblique posterolateral orifices. C) Two ureteral openings and the internal urethral orifice bound the trigone of the bladder. D) When empty, the bladder lies inferior to the abdominal cavity.

In females, the bladder lies posterior to the uterus but anterior to the rectum.

Which of the following statements about the internal urethral sphincter is false? A) It is a thickening of the detrusor muscle. B) It is located superior to the prostatic urethra in males. C) It is not consciously controlled. D) It is surrounded by the urogential diaphragm.

It is surrounded by the urogential diaphragm.

Based on what you know about the location of the kidneys in the posterior abdominal wall,the hilum of the kidney must be at the level of which vertebra? A) T11 or T12 B) L1 or L2 C) L4 D) T8

L1 or L2

The ureters develop from A) the cloaca. B) the urogenital sinus. C) pronephric nephrons. D) a duct that branches from the mesonephric duct.

a duct that branches from the mesonephric duct.

Which of the following regions of the nephron is most likely to be found in the renal medulla? A) glomerulus B) proximal convoluted tubule C) distal convoluted tubule D) collecting duct

collecting duct

The most superficial layer of the kidney is the A) cortex B) medulla. C) renal pyramids. D) renal papilla.

cortex

Knot of capillaries that directs blood into the efferent arteriole A) arcuate arteries B) cortical radiate arteries C) glomerulus D) afferent arterioles E) peritubular capillaries

cortical radiate arteries

Arteries that branch to form the afferent arterioles to the glomeruli are A) segmental arteries. B) arcuate arteries. C) cortical radiate arteries. D) interlobar arteries.

cortical radiate arteries.

The embryonic urogenital sinus A) derives from the cloaca. B) gives rise to the anus. C) gives rise to the rectum. D) gives rise to the ureters.

derives from the cloaca.

Which segment of the nephron has a simple squamous epithelium? A) ascending limb of the nephron loop B) descending limb of the nephron loop C) distal convoluted tubule D) proximal convoluted tubule

descending limb of the nephron loop

The function of the collecting duct is to A) contract its muscular walls to expel urine from the cortex. B) determine the final volume and concentration of urine. C) drain blood from the kidney and deliver it to the renal vein. D) transport resorbed water back into the cardiovascular system.

determine the final volume and concentration of urine

Contraction of this muscle forces urine from the bladder. A) cremaster B) detrusor C) diaphragm D) vesicular E) dartos

detrusor

Which of the following processes does not participate in the production of urine in the kidney? A) filtration B) secretion C) evaporation D) resorption

evaporation

Which of the following is not normally found in urine? A) urea B) glucose C) uric acid D) creatinine

glucose

Which of the following is not part of the filtration membrane? A) basement membrane B) capillary endothelium C) filtration slit diaphragm D) granular cells

granular cells

The mucosal folds in the bladder (rugae) A) act to increase the surface area for absorption. B) thicken the bladder wall so that it does not burst. C) are not present in life, only in cadavers. D) have the same basic function as transitional epithelium—accommodating stretch as thebladder fills.

have the same basic function as transitional epithelium—accommodating stretch as the bladder fills.

The medial concave cleft in which vessels, ureters, and nerves enter/leave the kidney. A) cortex B) hilum C) renal corpuscle D) renal capsule E) sinus

hilum

Another name for the neck of the bladder is the A) superior surface. B) anterior angle. C) inferior angle. D) trigone.

inferior angle.

Which vessels lie within the renal columns? A) arcuate arteries B) cortical radiate arteries C) interlobar arteries D) segmental arteries

interlobar arteries

The name of the inferior of the three openings in the trigone of the bladder is the A) ureteric orifice B) urachus opening. C) internal urethral orifice D) detrusor.

internal urethral orifice

The left renal vein ________ the right renal vein A) is shorter than B) is the same length as C) is longer than D) carries less blood than

is longer than

The descriptive term for the location of the kidneys relative to the abdominal cavity. A) retroperitoneal B) intraperitoneal C) extraabdominal D) supraperitoneal E) subcapsular

retroperitoneal

Of the following, the only epithelial type that does not line the urethra is A) simple squamous. B) pseudostratified columnar. C) stratified squamous. D) stratified columnar.

simple squamous.

A large fat-filled space within the kidney that also contains the renal pelvis, blood vessels,and nerves. A) sinus B) convoluted tubules C) renal corpuscle D) renal pyramids E) cortical columns

sinus

The longest of the three parts of the male urethra is the A) prostatic. B) membranous. C) spongy urethra. D) neck.

spongy urethra.

in the juxtaglomerular apparatus, the macula densa belongs to the A) terminal nephron loop. B) glomerulus. C) efferent arteriole. D) visceral layer of the glomerular capsule (podocytes).

terminal nephron loop.

Renin is produced in A) the glomerulus. B) the renal medulla. C) the granular cells. D) glomerular capsules.

the granular cells

Which of the following is not found in the renal corpuscle? A) the glomerulus B) the nephron loop C) glomerular capsule D) podocytes

the nephron loop

An important difference between a cuboidal epithelial cell of the proximal versus the distal convoluted tubules is that A) the former only secretes, the latter only filters B) one lies in the renal cortex, the other in the medulla. C) only one has a folded basolateral membrane containing enzymes for ion transport. D) the proximal tubule cells have long microvilli that are fewer than or absent from the distaltubule cells.

the proximal tubule cells have long microvilli that are fewer than or absent from the distal tubule cells.

During a dissection, Arnie saw the ureters entering the lateral corners of the bladder but found the internal openings of the ureters in the trigone near the midline of the bladder. His observation necessarily means that A) the ureters run medially for some distance within the posterior bladder wall. B) the ureters and urethra are really the same tube. C) each ureter must have four distinct openings into the bladder. D) this bladder had a congenital defect.

the ureters run medially for some distance within the posterior bladder wall.

An important difference between the peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta in the kidney is that A) only the vasa recta are supplied by efferent arterioles. B) the vasa recta drain into arterioles, whereas the peritubular capillaries drain into venules. C) the vasa recta are involved in filtration, whereas the peritubular capillaries are involved inresorption. D) the vasa recta are in the medulla, whereas the peritubular capillaries are in the cortex.

the vasa recta are in the medulla, whereas the peritubular capillaries are in the cortex.

Cortical nephrons are different from juxtamedullary nephrons in that A) they are much less abundant. B) they produce urine, whereas juxtamedullary nephrons do not. C) their nephron loop is shorter, with a shorter thin segment. D) they do not have a proximal convoluted tubule.

their nephron loop is shorter, with a shorter thin segment.

The epithelium lining the urinary bladder that permits distension is A) stratified squamous. B) transitional. C) simple squamous. D) pseudostratified columnar.

transitional.