URR Questions review

A sound wave leaves its source to travel through the liver and a reflected wave returns 2 microseconds later. What is the distance from the source to the reflector?

1.5 MM

A 5MHz transducer has a PRF of 6kHz and is being used to produce a wave with a 0.6mm wavelength and 3mm spatial pulse length. What is the axial resolution of this system?

1.5 mm

A ___________MHz transducer will have the thinnest element.

12 MHz (the highest option)

The imaging PRF is set to a level of 14kHz. This can also be written as:

14,000Hz

If the time to produce each frame is 0.05 second, what is the frame rate?

20 Hz

Diagnostic ultrasound is described as frequencies greater than:

2MHz

The spatial pulse length is 4mm. What is the minimum axial resolution?

2mm axial resolution = 1/2 spatial pulse length

A wave that oscillates at 40 cycles per second has a frequency of _________

40 Hz

If the Intensity Transmission Coefficient% is 46% what is the Intensity Reflection Coefficient% for the same incident beam?

54%

What is the log10 of 1,000,000?

6

If a sound beam moves from air into soft tissue at an incident angle of 60 degrees, What is the angle of reflection?

60 degrees

A 7MHz pulse is attenuated _______________ after it passes through 2cm of soft tissue.

7dB

Which of the following bests describes ultrasound?

A mechanical vibration transmitted through a medium as a longitudinal wave.

Which of the pulses produced from a 7MHz transducer would have the best lateral and axial resolution? A. 2mm beam diameter, 8 pulses per cycle B. 8mm beam diameter, 8 pulses per cycle C. 2mm beam diameter, 3 pulses per cycle D. 8mm beam diameter, 2 pulses per cycle

C. 2mm beam diameter, 3 pulses per cycle

Which of the following bests describes ultrasound? A. A mechanical vibration transmitted through a medium as a transverse wave. B. A thermal wave transmitted through a medium. C. A mechanical vibration transmitted through a medium as a longitudinal wave. D. An electric vibration transmitted through a medium in the form of a wave.

C. A mechanical vibration transmitted through a medium as a longitudinal wave.

The acoustic impedance of the matching layer: A. must be much thinner than the transducer element B. usually the same material as the damping layer C. is usually very low D. is usually much higher than the acoustic gel applied to the patient

C.) Is usually very low

As transducer frequency increases: A. lateral resolution will improve but axial resolution will be degraded B. lateral resolution will be degraded bu axial resolution will improve C. axial and lateral resolution will improve D. axial and lateral resolution will be degraded

C.) axial and lateral resolution will improve

When preparing the sterile tray for an invasive procedure, the cover on the tray should be opened: A. no more than 2 hours before the procedure begins B. by the radiologist C. by pulling the far corner of the wrapper toward you D. while wearing sterile gloves

C.) by pulling the far corner of the wrapper toward you

Axial resolution artifacts occur due to _______________________, while lateral resolution artifacts occur due to ________________________. A. long pulses, wide beams B. matching layer damage, element damage C. short pulses, narrow beams D. element damage, matching layer damage

A.) long pulses, wide beams

The wider the element diameter, the A. longer the near zone. B. greater the beam intensity. C. greater the probe frequency. D. greater the beam divergence in the far field.

A.) longer the near zone

Which of the following correctly describes a dedicated continuous wave Doppler transducer? A. narrow bandwidth B. very low duty factor C. cork or epoxy for backing material D. low quality factor

A.) narrow bandwidth

Which of the following will increase with increased output power? A. patient exposure B. pulse length C. beam frequency D. propagation speed

A.) patient exposure

The __________ of a wave is defined as the time for one wavelength. A. period B. PRF C. pulse duration D. PRP

A.) period

Scatter is defined as: A. redirection of the sound beam in several directions away from the transducer B. redirection of a portion of sound beam from a boundary C. conversion of the US beam to thermal energy D. spreading out of the US beam as it moves away from the transducer

A.) redirection of the sound beam in several directions away from the transducer

Potential bioeffects of ultrasound can be minimized by which of the following? A. reduce exam time B. increase PRF C. using a lower frequency D. decrease overall gain

A.) reduce exam time

What can be done to reduce the Mechanical Index level during an exam? A. reduce output power B. decrease probe frequency C. increase the threshold setting D. use contrast materials on the exam

A.) reduce output power

Which of the following will maintain compliance with the ALARA principle? A. reducing the number of images taken in standard protocol B. reducing overall gain C. reducing transducer frequency D. all of the above

A.) reducing the number of images taken in standard protocol

______________________ refers to redirection of a portion of the US beam from a boundary. A. reflection B. rarefaction C. refraction D. absorption

A.) reflection

Which of the following is true regarding continuous wave transducer structure and function? A. CW probes usually require a double thickness of matching layer compared to a PW probe of the same frequency. B. CW probes usually have no backing material except a pocket of air posterior to the element. C. Higher frequency CW probes have the highest duty factor % of all CW probes. D. CW probes have a single PE element.

B. CW probes usually have no backing material except a pocket of air posterior to the element.

While you are scanning the carotid artery, you find that range ambiguity artifact is causing false echoes within the lumen. How will you eliminate the artifactual echoes from the image? A. Increase the gray scale priority settings B. Change your scanning approach to increase the distance between the vessel and the face of the transducer C. Change your scanning approach to decrease the distance between the vessel and the face of the transducer D. Decrease the gray scale priority settings

B. Change your scanning approach to increase the distance between the vessel and the face of the transducer

If the Intensity Transmission Coefficient% is 46% what is the Intensity Reflection Coefficient% for the same incident beam? A. 64% B. 54% C. 27% D. 46%

B.) 54%

What is the log10 of 1,000,000? A. 3 B. 6 C. 100,000 D. 10,000

B.) 6

If the time of flight of the pulse is 39 microseconds, what is the total distance traveled by the pulse? A. 3.9cm B. 6cm C. 3cm D. 7.8cm

B.) 6cm

The beam intensity is 100mW/cm2 and the PRP is 4 milliseconds. If 20% of the beam is reflected at a boundary, what is the transmitted beam intensity? A. 80% B. 80mW/cm2 C. 40mW/cm2 D. 20mW/cm2

B.) 80mW/cm2

Assuming line density is constant at two lines per degree and you change from a 90 degree sector to a 45 degree sector, how many lines will be now be produced? A. 45 B. 90 C. 180 D. 360

B.) 90

Put the following media in order from lowest to highest according to their acoustic impedance. Bone Air Liver Blood A. Liver, Bone, Air, Blood B. Air, Blood, Liver, Bone C. Bone, Liver, Blood Air D. Air, Bone, Liver, Blood

B.) Air, Blood, Liver, Bone

Which of the following is NOT the proper procedure for disinfection of instruments between patients? A. Gel bottles should be sanitized daily using disinfectant cleanser. B. All biopsy needles should be sent out for sterilization after each use. C. Sonographers should wash their hands after each exam, even if gloves were used. D. Saniwipes or Cidex can be used to disinfect the transducer after each external, non-invasive ultrasound exam.

B.) All biopsy needles should be sent out for sterilization after each use.

The tissue phantom is scanned from the top. There are 6 pins separated by different millimeter intervals from each other from the top to bottom in the phantom. If you measure the minimum visible distance between the pins, what are you testing on your ultrasound system? A. Lateral resolution B. Axial resolution C. Slice Thickness resolution D. Contrast resolution

B.) Axial resolution

. ______________________ is defined as the spatial peak intensity divided by the spatial average. A. Quality factor B. Beam uniformity ratio C. Duty factor D. Bandwidth

B.) Beam unifromity ratio

Which of the following tissue types will first be affected by heating when the Thermal Index exceeds 1.0? A. Air B. Bone C. Solid organs D. Blood

B.) Bone

______________________ resolution is defined as the ability of an ultrasound system to differentiate structures on an image based on variations in the brightness of the echo/pixel. A. Axial B. Contrast C. Lateral D. Elevational

B.) Contrast

The crystal in the ultrasound transducer converts: A. electrical energy into heat energy B. electrical energy into mechanical energy C. mechanical energy into heat energy D. all of the above

B.) Electrical energy into mechanical energy

. ____________________ used to form the sector shaped field of view for a phased array transducer. A. The curved arrangement of the elements are B. Electronic steering is C. An acoustic lens is D. Electronic focusing is

B.) Electronic steering is

Some US systems allow you to adjust the beam thickness or slice thickness. Decreasing the slice thickness will primarily improve ___________________ resolution. A. Axial B. Elevational C. Lateral D. Contrast

B.) Elevational

Which type of phantom is necessary to evaluate temporal resolution? A. AIUM test object B. Fluid filled Doppler phantom C. none of the above D. tissue phantom

B.) Fluid filled Doppler phantom

Which of the following correctly describes how the elements of a sequential linear transducer are excited? A. varies with exam preset selection on the system B. in a specific order that does not change C. elements are excited left to right with a 0.01ms between each voltage spike D. varies with transmitted frequency of the transducer

B.) In a specific order that does not change

Which of the following statements is true regarding decreased frame rate? A. Decreased frame rates are preferred for real time 2D imaging. B. Increased line density will lead to a decreased frame rate. C. Decreasing the frame rate will improve color Doppler evaluation. D. Decreased frame rates will improve temporal resolution.

B.) Increased line density will lead to a decreased frame rate.

. The tissue phantom is scanned from the top. There are 6 pins evenly spaced from the top to bottom of the phantom. The width of the pins is measured to assess the ______________ of the system. A. Slice Thickness resolution B. Lateral resolution C. Axial resolution D. Contrast resolution

B.) Lateral resolution

What type of probe is preferred for extremity vascular imaging? A. Sector B. Linear C. Curved D. Phased

B.) Linear

All of the following transducers can be focused at multiple depths, except: A. annular phased B. mechanical single element C. curvilinear phased D. linear phased

B.) Mechanical single element

While using a linear phased array to perform a vascular exam, you notice that the color box will only allow you to place it centrally and steer 20 degrees to the right. What is most likely causing this problem? A. Cracked acoustic lens B. PE element damage C. Reduced voltage to the pulser D. Loose connection of the transducer to the machine

B.) PE element damage

What phenomenon is described as the conversion of a pressure wave into an electrical voltage? A. Doppler effect B. Piezoelectric effect C. Snell's effect D. Schlierin effect

B.) Piezoelectric effect

You are performing real-time imaging of a vessel adjacent to the tibia. What acoustic artifact will most likely be identified on the 2D image? A. Defocusing B. Posterior shadowing C. Aliasing D. Cross talk

B.) Posterior shadowing

Intensity = ___________________________. A. Power X Beam Area B. Power / Beam area C. Density x Propagation Speed D. Frequency X Wavelength

B.) Power / Beam area

You switch from a 5MHz curved probe to a 2.5MHz sector probe to image deeper in the abdomen. How is the attenuation rate affected by the change to the new probe? A. decreases by 25% B. decreases by 50% C. Doubles D. increases by 4 times

B.) decreases by 50%

The artifact that is produced when the incident beam hits a curved surface and produces an acoustic shadow is referred to as: A. mirror imaging B. defocusing C. comet tail D. multi-path artifact

B.) defocusing

The acoustic power is increased by 3dB. The beam intensity ____________________. A. is multiplied by 3 B. doubles C. is multiplied by 4 D. decreases by half

B.) doubles

Which two factors determine the focal depth of a transducer? A. element thickness and diameter B. element diameter and frequency C. element thickness and frequency D. propagation speed and element diameter

B.) element diameter and frequency

The frequency of the transducer depends primarily on the _______________. A. element diameter B. element thickness C. thickness of the matching layer D. thickness of the backing layer

B.) element thickness

Curved PE elements and acoustic lenses will improve which two types of resolution? A. contrast and lateral B. elevational and lateral C. contrast and spatial D. elevational and spatial

B.) elevational and lateral

Sound waves carry ____________ along their path. A. particles of the media B. energy C. electrons D. vibrations

B.) energy

Ultrasound contrast media is least likely to be used in which of the following exams? A. echocardiography for suspected septal defect B. evaluation of gallbladder function C. evaluation of liver tumor vascularity D. echocardiography for suspected coronary artery disease

B.) evaluation of gallbladder function

Lateral resolution is best at what location in the beam? A. far zone B. focal point C. periphery D. near zone

B.) focal point

The narrowest point of the ultrasound beam is called: A. focal depth B. focal zone C. Fraunhofer zone D. Fresnel zone

B.) focal zone

When the US beam is absorbed by the medium, energy is lost in the form of ____________. A. friction B. heat C. radiation D. viscosity

B.) heat

Fill-In interpolation will: A. Reduce contrast resolution B. Improve spatial resolution C. Reduce temporal resolution D. Improve elevational resolution

B.) improve spatial resolution

Decreasing the number of cycles in a pulse will: A. increase the wavelength B. improve the axial resolution of the system C. increase the frequency of the wave D. degrade the axial resolution of the system

B.) improve the axial resolution of the system

Which of the following will improve the lateral resolution on the image? A. adjust dynamic range B. increase the focal zone number C. decrease the PRF D. decrease transducer frequency

B.) increase the focal zone number

Which of the following media has the highest propagation speed?

Bone

Which of the following describes the best way to identify an unconscious patient? A. ask the patient to give you their medical record number B. verify that the name on the chart matches the name on the order C. ask the patient to give you their birthdate D. check the hospital wristband on the patient's arm

D.) check the hospital wristband on the patient's arm

An area of high pressure and particle density on a pressure wave is referred to as a _________________. A. refraction B. destructive interference C. rarefaction D. compression

D.) compression

The hydrophone can be used to evaluate all of the following, except: A. pulse duration B. pulse amplitude C. pulse repetition period D. dead zone depth

D.) dead zone depth

As a pulse travels through a medium, the amplitude of the pulse ________________. A. increases B. does not change C. does not change until the pulse reaches the far field D. decreases

D.) decreases

As beam width increases, how is intensity affected? A. no change except in endocavity probes intensity decreases B. increases C. no change except in endocavity probes intensity increases D. decreases

D.) decreases

If the amplitude of a wave is decreased by one half, the intensity ____________________ A. decreases to 1/2 the original intensity B. doubles C. quadrupled D. decreases to 1/4 the original intensity

D.) decreases to 1/4 the original intensity

Volume averaging artifact causes: A. improved contrast resolution B. improved spatial resolution and degraded contrast resolution C. degraded elevational resolution D. degraded contrast and spatial resolution

D.) degraded contrast and spatial resolution

Glutaraldehyde is used to: A. opacify blood vessels and cardiac chambers on a contrast exam B. provide a liquid "cushion" for the element in a mechanical wobbler transducer C. sterilize the transducer after a patient exam D. disinfect the transducer after a patient exam

D.) disinfect the transducer after a patient exam

Which type of resolution improves the most with a short pulse duration? A. contrast B. axial C. lateral D. elevational

D.) elevational

Which type of bioeffects research uses data acquired from patients or subjects that have been exposed to ultrasound to describe the bioeffects that were experienced? A. mechanistic approach B. subjective approach C. qualitative approach D. empirical approach

D.) emprical approach

Ultrasound hybrid imaging refers to: A. using 2D ultrasound imaging with microbubble contrast B. automated ultrasound imaging C. comparing ultrasound images to a CT exam on a PACS system D. fusion of real-time ultrasound imaging with another modality to form a new evaluation technique

D.) fusion of real-time ultrasound imaging with another modality to form a new evaluation technique

All of the following are coupling agents or mediums typically used for US exams, except: A. KY jelly B. ultrasonic gel C. water D. gastrografin

D.) gastrografin

Increasing the transducer frequency on a multihertz transducer will: A. improve the axial resolution only in the near field B. increase the spatial pulse length C. improve the lateral resolution in the near field D. improve the axial resolution in the near and far field

D.) improve the axial resolution in the near and far field

. If a sound beam moves from air into soft tissue at an incident angle of 60 degrees, how will the angle of the transmitted wave change? A. unable to determine B. remains constant C. decrease D. increase

D.) increase

As frequency increases, the amount of scatter ________________. A. does not change unless pulse duration changes B. does not change unless imaging depth changes C. decreases D. increases

D.) increases

As the transducer frequency increases, the quality factor _______________. A. changes only if a different PE element is used B. does not change C. decreases D. increases

D.) increases

All of the following correctly describe the damping material in the transducer, except: A. it decreases spatial pulse length B. it reduces the "ringing" of the crystal C. it improves longitudinal resolution D. it improves lateral resolution

D.) it improves lateral resolution

Which of the following tissue interfaces will cause the greatest amount of specular reflection? A. renal parenchyma - renal sinus B. rectus abdominis muscle - subcutaneous fatty tissue C. liver parenchyma - IVC D. liver parenchyma - diaphragm

D.) liver parenchyma - diaphragm

Tissue Doppler imaging uses _________________ settings than PW Doppler. A. higher filter B. lower frequencies C. higher frequencies D. lower filter

D.) lower filter

. The wider the element diameter, the A. shorter the near zone. B. greater the probe frequency. C. greater the beam divergence in the far field. D. lower the beam intensity.

D.) lower the beam intensity

Which of the following units is used to describe beam intensity? A. dB B. dB/cm/MHz C. mW D. mW/cm2

D.) mW/cm2

Fill-In interpolation will:

Improve spatial resolution

A curved array transducer is preferred over a sector array transducer of the same frequency for fetal and abdominal imaging because:

It has a wider near field

________ resolution is the ability to resolve two closely spaced structures which lie perpendicular to the sound beam.

Lateral

The coupling gel used for ultrasound exams provides the same function as what transducer component?

Matching layer

Mirrors and lenses can be used to ________________.

Mechanically focus the US beam

Which type of transducer has the smallest field of view in the near field?

Sector

Increasing scan line density leads to improved __________________ resolution.

Spatial

Axial resolution varies directly with ___

Spatial pulse length

Which of the following exams would benefit from an exam performed with a multidimensional array? A. carotid exam with a high grade stenosis B. breast biopsy to localize the lesion in several planes C. cardiac exam to evaluate left atrial and ventricular volume D. abdominal exam on an obese patient

C.) cardiac exam to evaluate left atrial and ventricular volume

When using a tissue phantom to evaluate range accuracy, what unit will be used to report the measurement? A. decibel B. millisecond C. centimeter D. micrometer

C.) centimeter

The angle at which total reflection occurs is called the: A. Doppler angle B. incident angle C. critical angle D. refractive angle

C.) critical angle

_________________ is defined as the ratio of two sound intensities. A. sensitivity B. dynamic range C. decibel D. duty factor

C.) decibel

As the quality factor increases, the bandwidth _______________. A. does not change B. increases C. decreases

C.) decreases

. _______________ is defined as the bending of waves around small obstacles and the spreading out of waves past small openings. A. scatter B. reflection C. diffraction D. refraction

C.) diffraction

Tissue Doppler imaging is commonly used in _______________. A. breast ultrasound exams B. fetal ultrasound exams C. echocardiography D. carotid Doppler exams

C.) echocardiography

Spatial compounding requires a transducer that can perform: A. harmonic imaging B. dynamic frequency tuning C. electronic steering D. electronic focusing

C.) electronic steering

Which of the following factors affect the focal length of the transducer? A. element thickness and diameter B. element frequency and PRF C. element diameter and frequency D. element diameter, frequency and thickness

C.) element diameter and frequency

Quality factor = _________________ ______ _____________________ A. dynamic range / bandwidth B. bandwidth X frequency C. frequency / bandwidth

C.) frequency/bandwidth

. Which of the following parameters cannot be evaluated by the AIUM test object? A. azimuthal resolution B. depth calibration C. gray scale D. distance calibration

C.) gray scale

. Transesophageal and transvaginal transducers are considered _____________ devices that should be disinfected using _________________. A. critical, thermal sterilization B. semi-critical, thermal sterilization C. semi-critical, high level disinfectant D. critical, high level disinfectant

C.) semi-critical, high level disinfectant

The acronym SPTP refers to: A. saturation peak temporal peak B. spatial pulse temporal peak C. spatial peak temporal peak D. None of the Above

C.) spatial peak temporal peak

Reducing the size of the field of view improves ___________ resolution. A. contrast B. lateral C. temporal D. axial

C.) temporal

When you activate Harmonic imaging and add a focal zone to the field of view, which type of resolution will degrade with these changes? A. axial B. lateral C. temporal D. contrast

C.) temporal

The main advantage of a curvilinear transducer over a vector transducer is: A. the ability to perform CW Doppler with 2D imaging B. the ability to scan at increased frame rates C. the wider near field D. the smaller footprint

C.) the wider near field

Which of the following are bioeffects seen in tissue at high US intensities? A. necrosis and fibrosis B. necrosis and thermal C. thermal and cavitation D. fibrosis and cavitation

C.) thermal and cavitation

Time gain compensation is necessary due to: A. attenuation B. scatter C. reflection D. All of the above

D

Which of the following is most attenuating? a. full urinary bladder b. moderately fatty liver c. 2.5cm renal cyst d. 2.5cm gallstone

D. 2.5cm gallstone

Which statement regarding high frequency transducers is correct? A. Higher frequency transducers always have low signal to noise ratio B. Higher frequency transducers provide improved image resolution because the sound travels faster through the tissues to provide a more accurate display. C. Harmonic imaging should never be used on transducers over 12MHz D. A multi-Hz transducer operates at multiple frequencies and offers a broad bandwidth.

D. A multi-Hz transducer operates at multiple frequencies and offers a broad bandwidth.

Which of the following will improve slice thickness resolution? A. decreasing damping levels B. decrease rejection C. decreasing transmitted frequency D. adding an external focusing lens

D.) adding an external focusing lens

All of the following are used as contrast agents in US, except: A. perfluorocarbon based contrast B. gas filled bubbles C. agitated saline bubbles D. agitated iodine bubbles

D.) agitated iodine bubbles

Specular reflections have the greatest _______________ of all of waves returned to the transducer. A. amplitude B. intensity C. frequency D. all of the above

D.) all of the above

Time gain compensation is necessary due to: A. attenuation B. scatter C. reflection D. all of the above

D.) all of the above

Transmit Delay or Receive Focusing improves _____________________ resolution. A. temporal only B. angular only C. azimuthal only D. angular and azimuthal

D.) angular and azimuthal

The linear transducer you are using has 7-5MHz printed on the side of the housing. What probe characteristic is this? A. dynamic range B. duty factor C. system sensitivity D. bandwidth

D.) bandwidth

Range resolution of a pulsed wave system is determined by: A. the sound source only B. the medium only C. the frequency and intensity of the beam D. both the source and medium

D.) both the source and medium

The Mechanical Index predicts the potential for what effect in the tissue? A. refraction B. heating C. necrosis D. cavitation

D.) cavitation

. When using a tissue phantom to evaluate range accuracy, what unit will be used to report the measurement? A. decibel B. millisecond C. micrometer D. centimeter

D.) centimeter

Slice thickness artifact can result in:

The appearance of debris in an anechoic structure

If more cycles are added to a pulse, which of the following types of resolution is degraded?

axial

Which type of resolution improves the most with a short pulse duration?

axial

Which of the following imaging parameters is responsible for the ability to resolve the AP wall thickness of an artery?

axial resolution

An area of high pressure and particle density on a pressure wave is referred to as a _________

compression

The angle at which total reflection occurs is called the:

critical angle

The unit used for the attenuation coefficient is:

dB/ cm

___________ is defined as the ratio of two sound intensities.

decibel

As a pulse travels through a medium, the amplitude of the pulse _______

decreases

If the amplitude of a wave is decreased by one half, the intensity _________

decreases to 1/4 the original intensity

The artifact that is produced when the incident beam hits a curved surface and produces an acoustic shadow is referred to as:

defocusing

Volume averaging artifact causes:

degraded contrast and spatial resolution

The diagram displays a transducer transmitting a pulse. Which of the following correctly describes when to measure the temporal average beam intensity?

during the time the transducer is producing a pulse and receiving reflections (purple)

___________ is the percentage of time the transducer is transmitting soundwaves.

duty factor

If an ultrasound beam passes from soft tissue through a large fatty mass and then back into soft tissue, what will be displayed on the image?

echoes from tissues posterior to the mass will be displaced deeper on the image

Some US systems allow you to adjust the beam thickness or slice thickness. Decreasing the slice thickness will primarily improve ___________________ resolution.

elevational

Curved PE elements and acoustic lenses will improve which two types of resolution?

elevational and lateral

_____ is an increase in the strength of returning echoes caused by intervening structures of low attenuation.

enhancement

The narrowest portion of a beam produced by a focused ultrasound transducer is:

focal point

Greater than 90% of the US beam will be reflected at an interface between _________

gas and tissue

Huygen's principle describes:

he formation of the sound beam by multiple sound sources along the path of the beam

How is density of a media related to impedance within the media?

highest densities = higher impedance

Which of the following principles of sound describes the formation of the hourglass shape of the beam?

huygen

___is defined as the ratio of particle pressure to particle velocity at a given point within the US beam.

impedance

Increasing the transducer frequency on a multihertz transducer will:

improve the axial resolution in the near and far field

Refraction occurs when an ultrasonic wave passes through an interface between two media at an oblique angle. The media also have different indices of refraction. If the propagation speed in medium 2 is greater than in medium 1, the transmitted angle of the pulse will _______________.

increase

If the amplitude of the sound wave doubles, what happens to the beam intensity?

increases by a factor of 4

. Rayleigh scatter increases with:

increasing probe frequency

Noise or speckle artifact noted on the image is caused by:

interference of reflected waves

When you activate Harmonic imaging and add a focal zone to the field of view, which type of resolution improves the most?

lateral

The use of multiple focal zones will improve _______________ , but degrade ________________.

lateral resolution, temporal resolution

______ artifact is caused by refraction and results in subtle image degradation.

multipath

When sound hits a boundary between two media of the same propagation speed at oblique incidence:

no refraction will occur

. If the frequency of the beam increases, the propagation speed in the media will _______

not change

The _____________ of a sound wave refers to the time it takes to complete one cycle.

period

Side lobes are defined as:

portions of the transmitted sound beam that are considered off axis and move away from the probe ina different direction than the main beam

Axial resolution is primarily dependent upon:

pulse duration

An area of low pressure and particle density on a pressure wave is referred to as a _________

rarefaction

Scatter is defined as:

redirection of the sound beam in several directions away from the transducer

Which of the following is responsible for comet tail artifact?

reflection

__________ refers to redirection of a portion of the US beam from a boundary.

reflection

Snell's law describes what acoustic principle?

refraction

As a sound wave travels through soft tissue, what happens to the period of the wave?

remains constant

What system parameter is defined as the ability to differentiate two separate objects on an image?

resolution

Increased damping improves axial resolution, but decreases _________

sensitivity

What wave parameter is defined as the wavelength times the number of cycles in the pulse?

spatial pulse length

What technique is used to reduce lobe artifact?

subdicing

Lateral Resolution is defined as:

the ability to differentiate two reflectors that are perpendicular to the US beam

The speed of sound in tissue is primarily dependent on:

the media in which the sound travels

Spatial resolution is:

the minimum reflector separation required to produce separate echoes

You are scanning with a transducer that maintains a constant of 2 scan lines per sector degree. Which of the following statements is true regarding changing a 45 degree sector angle to a 90 degree sector angle?

the temporal resolution will degrade

Which of the following media interfaces is most likely to produce the comet tail artifact?

tissue- gas

The Sonographer can improve the axial resolution by:

using a higher frequency transducer

The duty factor for a system with pulse duration of 3 microseconds and a PRP of 300 microseconds is?

1 %

Which of the following is most attenuating? A. moderately fatty liver B. 2.5cm gallstone C. full urinary bladder D. 2.5cm renal cyst

B.) 2.5cm gallstone

Which of the following frequencies could be detected by the human ear? A. 2500kHz B. 2000Hz C. 20MHz D. 20kHz

B.) 2000 Hz

Diagnostic ultrasound is described as frequencies greater than: A. 1MHz B. 2MHz C. 2.5MHz D. 3MHz

B.) 2MHz

The spatial pulse length is 4mm. What is the minimum axial resolution? A. 1mm B. 2mm C. 8mm D. 16mm

B.) 2mm

Which of the following transducer frequencies can be used for imaging or therapeutic purposes? A. 15MHz B. 3MHz C. 1MHz D. 5MHz

B.) 3MHz

A wave that oscillates at 40 cycles per second has a frequency of _____________. A. 4 MHz B. 40 Hz C. 40 kHz D. 4 kHz

B.) 40 Hz

Which of the following correctly describes the duty factor of an ultrasound system? A. Duty factor refers to the amount of time sound waves are being produced. B. Continuous wave transducers have a low duty factor because the PE crystal is receiving signals most of thetime. C. The duty factor for a continuous wave transducer is 0.01% D. The duty factor for a continuous wave transducer is much lower than the duty factor for a pulsed wavetransducer.

A. Duty factor refers to the amount of time sound waves are being produced.

Which of the following is correct regarding endocavity probes? A. They most commonly incorporate a curved array of elements that are electronically steered to create an extended field of view. B. They should be cleaned and soaked in a high level disinfectant at least once a day. C. One of the main disadvantages of the tightly curved elements of the endocavity probe is decreased spatial resolution. D. Endocavity probes offer improved lateral resolution at greater depths.

A. They most commonly incorporate a curved array of elements that are electronically steered to create an extended field of view.

Ultrasound hybrid imaging has shown to be beneficial for: A. liver tumor vascularity B. the progression of kidney failure C. the anatomy of the Circe of Willis D. the cardiac muscle contraction rate

A.) liver tumor vascularity

What two things are necessary for refraction to occur? A. oblique incidence of the beam and two media with different propagation speeds B. perpendicular incidence of the beam and two media with different acoustic impedance C. perpendicular incidence of the beam and two media with different propagation speeds D. oblique incidence of the beam and two media with different acoustic impedance

A. oblique incidence of the beam and two media with different propagation speeds

Which of the following techniques will lead to degraded lateral resolution? A. trapezoidal field of view on linear array B. increase number of focal zones C. increased probe frequency D.none of the above

A. trapezoidal field of view on linear array

What is the duty factor for a system if the pulse duration is 4 microseconds and the PRP is 1 millisecond? A. 0.4% B. 0.2% C. 8% D. 2%

A.) 0.4%

If a 4 MHz transducer is used for an abdominal exam, the wavelength will be approximately ______________. A. 0.4 mm B. 0.8 mm C. 0.4 cm D. 4 mm

A.) 0.4mm velocity = frequency X wavelength 1540m/s = 4,000,000Hz X wavelength 1540 / 4,000,000Hz = wavelength 0.000385m OR 0.4mm

A 5MHz transducer has a PRF of 6kHz and is being used to produce a wave with a 0.6mm wavelength and 3mm spatial pulse length. What is the axial resolution of this system? A. 1.5mm B. 1.2mm C. 2mm D. 1mm

A.) 1.5mm

Which of the following transducers would be preferred for breast imaging? A. 10MHz linear array B. 10MHz curved array C. 8MHz sector array D. 8MHz mechanical

A.) 10 MHz linear array

If media 1 has an impedance of 65rayls and media 2 also has an impedance of 65rayls, what percentage of the beam will be transmitted at their interface? A. 100% B. 50% C. 0% D. Unable to determine with information given

A.) 100%

If a pulse has a time of flight of 130 microseconds, what is the depth of the reflector? A. 10cm B. 1.3cm C. 2.6cm D. 13cm

A.) 10cm

The imaging PRF is set to a level of 14kHz. This can also be written as: A. 14,000Hz B. 1,400,000Hz C. 140,000Hz D. 1,400Hz

A.) 14,000Hz

The AIUM has stated that there have been no confirmed reports of thermal bioeffects to living mammals with ultrasound exposure, if the temperature rise in tissue is less than: A. 2 degrees Celsius B. 1 degree Kelvin C. 2 degree Fahrenheit D. 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit

A.) 2 degrees Celsius

In a standard pulse echo system, a 2.5 MHz beam traveling in 2cm of soft tissue will be attenuated by how many decibels? A. 2.5dB B. 5.0dB C. 7.5dB D. 25dB

A.) 2.5dB

If the incident beam angle is 25 degrees, what is the angle of reflection? A. 25 degrees B. 50 degrees C. 65 degrees D. 90 degrees

A.) 25 degrees

Which of the pulses produced from a 7MHz transducer would have the best lateral and axial resolution? A. 2mm beam diameter, 3 pulses per cycle B. 8mm beam diameter, 8 pulses per cycle C. 2mm beam diameter, 8 pulses per cycle D. 8mm beam diameter, 2 pulses per cycle

A.) 2mm beam diameter, 3 pulses per cycle

. Which of the following transducers would have the best axial resolution? A. 2mm element thickness B. 4mm element thickness C. 2mm element diameter D. 4mm element diameter

A.) 2mm element thickness

Which of the following transducers would have the best axial resolution? A. 2mm spatial pulse length B. 2mm element diameter C. 4mm spatial pulse length D. 4mm element diameter

A.) 2mm spatial pulse length

SA = 25mW/cm2 SP = 75mW/cm2 TA = 40mW/cm2 TP = 80mW/cm2 What is the beam uniformity ratio? A. 3.0 B. 0.5 C. 2.0 D. 0.33

A.) 3.0

When using a 3-6MHz transducer, which frequency will offer the best penetration? A. 3MHz B. 4MHz C. 5MHz D. 6MHz

A.) 3MHz

. If the fundamental frequency of a transducer is 3 MHz, what is the second harmonic frequency for this transducer? A. 6MHz B. 4.5Mhz C. 1.5MHz D. 12MHz

A.) 6MHz

A 7MHz pulse is attenuated _______________ after it passes through 2cm of soft tissue. A. 7dB B. 3.5dB C. 5.5dB D. 14dB

A.) 7dB

A sound wave leaves its source and is traveling through air. The reflected wave returns 0.5 second later. What is the distance from the source to the reflector? A. 83 m B. 830 m C. 83 cm D. 83 mm

A.) 83 m

All of the following patients would require a guardian to sign an informed consent form for a renal biopsy, except? A. A patient with Parkinson's disease B. A 16yr old patient C. A patient that has no language translator and does not speak English D. A patient with Alzheimer's disease

A.) A patient with Parkinson's disease

Which of the following correctly describes a gold standard test? A. An accepted test that is assumed to be able to determine the true disease state of a patient, regardless of positive or negative test findings B. A test that is preferred by most doctors to make a specific diagnosis C. A type of test that has been used for over 15 years to successfully diagnose rule out disease when it is absent D. A type of test that has been used for over 15 years to successfully diagnose disease when it is present

A.) An accepted test that is assumed to be able to determine the true disease state of a patient, regardless of positive or negative test findings

Which of the following statements correctly describes annular arrays? A. An annular array can electronically focus the beam. B. An annular array can use phasing to electronically steer the beam. C. Annular arrays provide the lowest slice thickness resolution. D. Annular arrays usually contain 30 or more circular elements.

A.) An annular array can electronically focus the beam

Which of the following is true regarding annular arrays and linear arrays? A. Annular arrays must be mechanically steered, linear arrays use electronic steering. B. Annular arrays and linear arrays can be electronically steered. C. Annular arrays have multiple elements, linear arrays have a single element. D. Annular arrays can be electronically steered, linear arrays must be mechanically steered.

A.) Annular arrays must be mechanically steered, linear arrays use electronic steering

Lateral resolution is primarily dependent upon: A. Beam width B. Dynamic range C. Spatial pulse length D. Frame rate

A.) Beam width

When working in a hospital setting, what is the best way to verify a patient's identity? A. Check the hospital issued ID bracelet B. Ask the patient to verify their date of birth C. Ask the patient to verify their name and room # D. Ask the patient to verify their medical record number

A.) Check the hospital issued ID bracelet

During your first exam of the day, you notice a small crack in the face of the transducer. Which of the following describes the correct action to take next? A. Contact service immediately and the damaged probe should not be used until it is repaired. B. No action needed unless the piezoelectric elements are exposed. C. Contact service immediately but you can use the transducer with a stand off pad until the new one arrives. D. No action needed unless the electrical components are exposed.

A.) Contract service immediately and the damaged probe should not be used until it is replaced

_____________________ is the percentage of time the transducer is transmitting soundwaves. A. Duty factor B. Pulse duration C. Pulse repetition frequency D. Q factor

A.) Duty factor

Which of the following describes the type of focusing used in an annular phased array? A. focusing at multiple levels across all depths of the image B. fixed focus set by the manufacturer C. mechanical focusing using curved elements D. single focal point that is adjustable by the technologist

A.) Focusing at multiple levels across all depths of the image

Which of the following describes a vector array transducer? A. Has a sector shaped field of view with a flat top B. Uses mechanical steering C. Used for breast imaging and extremity vascular exams D. Uses only mechanical focusing

A.) Has a sector shaped field of view with a flat top

Which of the following correctly describes the positive predictive value (PPV) of a testing technique? A. If the test result is positive, PPV is the probability that the patient actually has the disease B. If f the test result is negative PPV is the probability that the patient does not have disease C. The ability of a test to detect disease when it IS present. D. The ability of a test to rule out disease when it IS NOT present.

A.) If the test result is positive, PPV is the probability that the patient actually has the disease

All of the following are AIUM recommendations regarding the use of ultrasound, except: A. In order to limit ultrasound intensity, always use PW Doppler instead of M-mode to evaluate the fetal heart B. Always adhere to the ALARA principle when scanning C. Limit ultrasound exposure to patients that require an examination for a specific reason D. Limit the examination time to the shortest time necessary to complete a diagnostic exam

A.) In order to limit ultrasound intensity, always use PW Doppler instead of M-mode to evaluate the fetal heart

. During an exam, you change from a 5MHz transducer to a 3MHz transducer. What happens to the period of the waves produced from the new transducer? A. increases B. decreases C. remains constant D. unable to determine

A.) Increases

Which of the following lists the correct equation for duty factor? A. PD / PRP B. PRP x PD C. PRP / PD D. PRP x PD / PRF

A.) PD / PRP

______________ is defined as energy per unit of time. A. Power B. Impedance C. Intensity D.) Kinetic engery

A.) Power

Which of the following beam intensity measurements will be the lowest? A. SATA B. SPTP C. SPTA D. SATP

A.) SATA

Which of the following lists the appropriate preventive maintenance schedule for the US system? A. Service engineer performs PM testing semiannually B. Service engineer performs PM testing annually C. Technologist vacuums filters and inspects equipment for hazards semiannually D. Preventative maintenance is only provided for equipment covered in a service contract

A.) Service engineer performs PM testing semiannually

Which of the following is correct regarding the wavelength of a sound wave? A. Shorter wavelengths are preferred for better image resolution B. Frequency and wavelength will remain constant as the beam travels through soft tissue and attenuation occurs C. Sound waves produced by a continuous wave transducer have longer wavelengths than sound waves produced by a pulsed wave transducer D. Sound waves produced by a pulsed wave transducer have longer wavelengths than sound waves produced by a continuous wave transducer

A.) Shorter wavelengths are perferred for better image resoltion

Which law of physics describes the refraction of sound at the boundary between two media with different propagation speeds? A. Snell's Law B. Bernoulli Principle C. Reynold's Law D. Poiseuille's Law

A.) Snell's Law

Which statement regarding US bioeffects is incorrect? A. The Schlieren method is used to minimize patient exposure. B. There are no known ultrasound exposure injuries documented in humans due to diagnostic use. C. Patient exam time should be minimized to reduce the potential for bioeffects. D. Cavitation and heat are potential bioeffects of ultrasound exposure.

A.) The Schlieren method is used to minimize patient exposure.

Which of the following correctly describes the sensitivity of a testing technique? A. The ability of a test to detect disease when it IS present. B. The ability of a test to rule out disease when it IS NOT present. C. If f the test result is negative sensitivity is the probability that the patient does not have disease D. If the test result is positive, sensitivity is the probability that the patient actually has the disease

A.) The ability of a test to detect disease when it IS present

___________________ determines the acoustic power of the transducer. A. The magnitude of the voltage spike B. The frequency of the transducer C. The diameter of the matching layer D. The size of the PE element

A.) The magnitude of the voltage spike

Which of the following describes an important reason to verify the US examination that is ordered is the exam that should really be performed? A. When the suspected diagnosis is not able to be evaluated by the exam that is ordered B. When the suspected abnormality is better visualized by another modality C. When the exam is ordered after hours and no reading physician is available D. Sonographers should not question the orders written by physicians and perform the exams as ordered.

A.) When the suspected diagnosis is not able to be evaluated by the exam that is ordered

Multiplying density of the tissue by propagation speed in the tissue will provide a value for what tissue characteristic? A. acoustic impedance B. intensity C. frequency D. attenuation coefficient

A.) acoustic impedance

. All of the following can be used for backing material in PW probe, except: A. air B. putty C. cork D. epoxy

A.) air

Which of the following imaging parameters is responsible for the ability to resolve the AP wall thickness of an artery? A. axial resolution B. dynamic range C. contrast resolution D. lateral resolution

A.) axial resolution

If a 3.5 MHz wave is transmitted through the media listed below, the longest wavelength will be seen in the wave moving through ____________. A. bone B. fat C. air D. soft tissue

A.) bone

What type of precautions is required for a patient with MRSA? A. contact precautions B. enteric precautions C. strict isolation D. reverse protective isolation

A.) contact precautions

The ability to differentiate a hyperechoic hemangioma within the hypoechoic liver tissue is due to what type of image resolution? A. contrast resolution B. elevational resolution C. spatial resolution D. slice thickness resolution

A.) contrast resolution

There is 100% reflection when the beam strikes an interface at _____________. A. critical angle B. Snell's angle C. Rayleigh's angle D. oblique angle

A.) critical angle

Which of the following transducers is capable of electronic beam steering? A. curvilinear phased array B. curvilinear sequential array C. linear sequential array D. mechanical

A.) curvilinear phased array

The unit used for the attenuation coefficient is: A. dB/cm B. dB/cm/MHz C. dB D. mW/cm2

A.) dB/cm

The frequency of the transducer is increased from 2.5MHz to 10MHz, what happened to the wavelength? A. decreased to 1/4 original wavelength B. decreased to 1/2 original wavelength C. increased x 4 D. doubles

A.) decreased to 1/4 original wavelength

The acoustic power is changed by -3dB. The beam intensity ____________________. A. decreases by half B. doubles C. is multiplied by 4 D. is multiplied by 3

A.) decreases by half

If you change from transducer with a 40mm crystal thickness to one with a 20mm crystal thickness, the frequency of the sound produced will: A. double B. increase by 1/2 C. increase by a factor of 4 D. decrease by 1/4

A.) double

The % of time that a pulsed ultrasound unit is emitting pulses is the _______________________. A. duty factor B. pulse duration C. acoustic impedance D. spatial pulse length

A.) duty factor

If an ultrasound beam passes from soft tissue through a large fatty mass and then back into soft tissue, what will be displayed on the image? A. echoes from tissues posterior to the mass will be displaced deeper on the image B. echoes from tissues anterior to the mass will be displaced deeper on the image C. echoes from tissues posterior to the mass will be displaced closer to the top of the image D. echoes from tissues anterior to the mass will be displaced closer to the top of the image

A.) echoes from tissues posterior to the mass will be displaced deeper on the image

Which of the following system functions allows the linear transducer to offer a trapezoidal field of view? A. electronic steering B. apodization C. electronic focusing D. mechanical focusing

A.) electronic steering

Greater than 90% of the US beam will be reflected at an interface between _________________. A. gas and tissue B. muscle and fat C. fat and liver D. peritoneum and muscle

A.) gas and tissue

In the electronically focused US beam, the intensity is ________________. A. greatest at the focal point B. greatest in the near field C. same throughout the length of the beam D. greatest in the far field

A.) greatest at the focal point

Which of the following describes a Multi-dimensional array? A. has thousands of elements arranged in a matrix pattern B. offers increased slice thickness and improved spatial resolution C. has less than 100 elements that can be fired simultaneously D. has less than 100 elements that can be fired sequentially

A.) has thousands of elements arranged in a matrix pattern

When the service engineer wants to assess the acoustic pressure output of the probe, what device can be used? A. hydrophone B. AIUM test object C. tissue phantom D. all of the above

A.) hydophone

Refraction occurs when an ultrasonic wave passes through an interface between two media at an oblique angle. The media also have different indices of refraction. If the propagation speed in medium 2 is greater than in medium 1, the transmitted angle of the pulse will _______________. A. increase B. decrease C. remain unchanged D. change only if the interface is between air and tissue

A.) increase

Increasing the angle of electronic steering causes ______________ production of lobe artifact. A. increased B. decreased C. no change D. limited

A.) increased

Grating lobes degrade: A. lateral resolution B. sound penetration C. axial resolution D. contrast resolution

A.) lateral resolution

The use of multiple focal zones will improve _______________ , but degrade ________________. A. lateral resolution, temporal resolution B. axial resolution, lateral resolution C. temporal resolution, lateral resolution D. lateral resolution, axial resolution

A.) lateral resolution, temporal resolution

If you use a tissue phantom that contains a substance with an average propagation speed of 1600cm/s to evaluate a standard ultrasound system, how will this affect the depth calibration testing? A. reflectors will appear more shallow than they actually are located within the phantom B. reflectors will appear more medial than they actually are located within the phantom C. reflectors will appear deeper than they actually are located within the phantom D. reflectors will appear more lateral than they actually are located within the phantom

A.) reflectors will appear more shallow than they actually are located within the phantom

Snell's law describes what acoustic principle? A. refraction B. reflection C. pressure gradients and flow D. diffraction

A.) refraction

What system parameter is evaluated by scanning all three sides of the AIUM test object and compiling the images? A. registration B. vertical calibration C. axial resolution D. dead zone

A.) registration

If you suspect the US system is placing the same structure at different locations on the image depending on the window used to obtain the image, what should be evaluated on the system? A. registration accuracy B. beam intensity profile C. dead zone D. uniformity

A.) registration accuracy

What principle of sound allows for visualization of stones in the gallbladder or calcified plaque in the carotid arteries? A. reflection B. rectification C. refraction D. interference

A.) relection

All of the following image artifacts will degrade lateral resolution, except: A. reverberation B. grating lobes C. side lobes D. refraction

A.) reverberation

All of the following information should be entered into the ultrasound system prior to the start of the exam, except? A. social security number B. patient gender C. date of birth D. medical record number

A.) social security number

Which of the following variables has the most significant effect on propagation speed? A. stiffness B. frequency C. temperature D. density

A.) stiffness

Which of the following can be done to reduce the beam divergence? A. switch to a higher frequency transducer B. deactivate dynamic focusing C. remove an acoustic lens in front of the PE element D. switch to a lower frequency transducer

A.) switch to a higher frequency transducer

Which type of image resolution is negatively affected by the placement of multiple focal zones at the area of interest? A. temporal B. contrast C. elevational D. lateral

A.) temporal

Increasing the pulse repetition frequency improves: A. temporal resolution B. spatial pulse length C. the pulse repetition period D. the pulse duration

A.) temporal resoultion

The narrowest portion of a beam produced by a focused ultrasound transducer is: A. the focal point B. the Fraunhofer zone C. the first centimeter of the beam that leaves the transducer D. the Fresnel zone

A.) the focal point

As the area of the beam increases, _________________________________________________. A. the intensity of the beam decreases B. the frequency increases C. the intensity of the beam increases D. the wavelength increases

A.) the intensity of the beam decreases

Which of the following techniques will lead to degraded lateral resolution? A. trapezoidal field of view on linear array B. increase number of focal zones C. increased probe frequency D. none of the above

A.) trapezodial field of view on linear array

Which of the following conditions requires staff to use a personal respirator when entering the patient's room and providing care? A. tuberculosis B. mumps C. pneumonia D. recent organ transplant

A.) tuberculosis

How can you adjust the elevation focus to a more superficial location in a 1D array transducer? A. use a stand off pad B. scan the breast from a lateral approach C. there is no way to adjust the elevation focus in a 1D array D. change the short axis focus setting on the console

A.) use a stand off pad

Which of the following correctly describes how a linear array transducer produces a trapezoid field of view? A. PE elements are stimulated by timed voltage spikes produced in a convex pattern B. PE elements are stimulated by timed voltage spikes produced first on the right and moving to the left side of the array C. PE elements are stimulated by timed voltage spikes produced in a concave pattern D. PE elements are stimulated by timed voltage spikes produced first on the left and moving to the right side of the array

A.). PE elements are stimulated by timed voltage spikes produced in a convex pattern

Which of the following transducers will produce the highest frequency sound waves? A. 6mm element thickness, 2mm/μs propagation speed of the element B. 2mm element thickness, 6mm/μs propagation speed of the element C. 6mm element thickness, 6mm/μs propagation speed of the element D. 2mm element thickness, 2mm/μs propagation speed of the element

B. 2mm element thickness, 6mm/μs propagation speed of the element

If 60% of the beam is transmitted, what percent is reflected to the transducer? A. 20% B. 40% C. 10% D. 20-40% varies with medi

B.) 40%

Which statement correctly describes reflection? A. The greater the difference in attenuation rate of the two media, the greater the amount of reflection at theirinterface. B. The greater the difference in acoustic impedance of the two media, the greater the amount ofreflection at their interface. c. The greater the difference in propagation speed of the two media, the greater the amount of reflection at theirinterface. D. The greater the difference in the distance the sound travels in each media, the greater the amount ofreflection at their interface.

B. The greater the difference in acoustic impedance of the two media, the greater the amount ofreflection at their interface.

Which of the following will improve slice thickness resolution? A. decreasing damping levels B. adding an external focusing lens C. decreasing transmitted frequency D. decrease rejection

B. adding an external focusing lens

Huygen's principle describes: A. the principles involved in the formation of the image within the scan converter B. the formation of the sound beam by multiple sound sources along the path of the beam C. the amplification of the sound beam when the intensity of the beam increases D. the principles involved with amplification, demodulation and compression of the reflected beam

B. the formation of the sound beam by multiple sound sources along the path of the beam

The average attenuation of ultrasound in the soft tissue is: A. 5 dB/cm/MHz B. 0.5 dB/cm/MHz C. 0.5 dB/cm D. 0.5 dB/cm2/MHz

B.) 0.5 dB/cm/MHz

A sound wave leaves its source to travel through the liver and a reflected wave returns 2 microseconds later. What is the distance from the source to the reflector? A. 1.5 cm B. 1.5 mm C. 3 cm D. 3 mm

B.) 1.5mm

. The matching layer for a transducer is usually made of plastic and is approximately ________________ . A. 1/2 of the probe wavelength in thickness B. 1/4 of the probe wavelength in thickness C. 1/4 of the probe spatial pulse length in thickness D. 4 times the probe wavelength in diameter

B.) 1/4 of the prove wavelength in thickness

There is no known adverse biological effect in vivo using an unfocused ultrasound transducer at intensities below __________. A. 100 W/cm2 SPTA B. 100 mW/cm2 SPTA C. 1000 mW/cm2 SATA D. 1000 mW/cm2 SPTA

B.) 100 mW/cm2 SPTA

What is the frequency of a transducer with a 10mm element, 14kHz PRF and a propagation speed of 5 millimeters / microsecond? A. 5MHz B. 2.5MHz C. 7.5MHz D. 10MHz

B.) 2.5MHz

As you are scanning an obese abdominal patient, you notice a 1.2 Thermal Index. What should be done next? A. Take a break from scanning the patient for 30-60 seconds and then start again while monitoring the TI level. B. Reduce the output power and increase the gain compensation. C. Stop the exam and consult the radiologist regarding increased patient exposure. D. Reduce the number of images obtained to significantly reduce exam time.

B.) Reduce the output power and increase the gain compensation

As you are performing an exam on an obese patient, you notice a 1.2 Thermal Index. What should be done next? A. Stop the exam and consult the radiologist regarding increased patient exposure. B. Reduce the output power and increase the gain compensation. C. Take a break from scanning the patient for 30-60 seconds and then start again while monitoring the TI level. D. Reduce the number of images obtained to significantly reduce exam time.

B.) Reduce the output power and increase the gain compensation.

_____________________ is a QA process using the refraction properties of water to evaluate the beam pattern and measure intensity. A. Hydrostatic Doppler Tank Method B. Schlieren method C. Bernoulli's method D. Snell's method

B.) Schlieren method

What technique is used to reduce lobe artifact? A. Rectification B. Subdicing C. Focusing D. Autocorrelation

B.) Subdicing

Which of the following statements is true regarding the Sonographer assisting the radiologist with a biopsy procedure? A. The Sonographer's hands must be sterile when opening needles and biopsy device packaging. B. The Sonographer's hands must be covered by sterile gloves when removing the biopsy device from the tray to hand to the physician to start the procedure C. The Sonographer should wear sterile gloves when disposing of the needles and devices used for the biopsy. D. The Sonographer is responsible for creating the point of entry on the patient for the biopsy device.

B.) The Sonographer's hands must be covered by sterile gloves when removing the biopsy device from the tray to hand to the physician to start the procedure

. Which of the following correctly describes the specificity of a testing technique? A. If f the test result is negative specificity is the probability that the patient does not have disease B. The ability of a test to rule out disease when it IS NOT present. C. If the test result is positive, specificity is the probability that the patient actually has the disease D. The ability of a test to detect disease when it IS present.

B.) The ability of a test to rule out disease when it IS NOT present

. Which of the following statements is true regarding the advantage of a mechanical annular probe over the mechanical single element probe? A. The array of elements allows for electronic steering which is not possible with a single element. B. The array of elements allows for electronic focusing which is not possible with a single element. C. The array of elements allows for mechanical steering which is not possible with a single element. D. The single element probe will have higher temporal resolution than the annular array.

B.) The array of elements allows for electronic focusing which is not possible with a single element.

Which statement correctly describes reflection? A. The greater the difference in propagation speed of the two media, the greater the amount of reflection at their interface. B. The greater the difference in acoustic impedance of the two media, the greater the amount of reflection at their interface. C. The greater the difference in attenuation rate of the two media, the greater the amount of reflection at their interface. D. The greater the difference in the distance the sound travels in each media, the greater the amount of reflection at their interface.

B.) The greater the difference in acoustic impedance of the two media, the greater the amount of reflection at their interface.

Which of the following is incorrect in reference to sterile technique? A. Gowns are considered sterile only in the front B. The only person who must be sterile within the sterile field is the physician performing the procedure C. Personnel with colds should avoid working while ill or apply a double mask D. Sterile packages or fields are opened or created as close as possible to time of actual use.

B.) The only person who must be sterile within the sterile field is the physician performing the procedure

Which of the following statements is true regarding the differences between a vector array compared to a phased sector array? A. The vector array provides better penetration capabilities than the phased sector array of the same MHz. B. The vector array has a smaller footprint than the phased sector array. C. The vector array has a smaller near field FOV than the phased sector array. D. The vector array is mechanically steered while the phased sector array is electronically steered.

B.) The vector array has a smaller footprint than the phased sector array

Which of the following describes a purpose for applying acoustic gel to the face of the transducer? A. To increase the amount of reflection that occurs within the first 2cm of tissue B. To reduce the difference in impedance between the matching layer and the skin C. To increase the amount of refraction that occurs within the first 2cm of tissue D. To reduce the beam intensity just before the sound beam enters the patient

B.) To reduce the difference in impedance between the matching layer and the skin

Which of the following sound / tissue interactions does NOT cause redirection of the incident wave? A. refraction B. absorption C. reflection D. attenuation

B.) absorption

The amount of energy that is transmitted versus reflected at a media boundary depends on which of the following? A. transducer frequency B. amount of difference in acoustic impedance C. output power D. beam intensity

B.) amount of difference in acoustic impedance

What type of transducer has a cylindrical beam profile? A. curved array B. annular array C. linear array D. phased array

B.) annular array

To obtain a longer near zone: A. add a lens to the transducer face. B. change from a 3MHz to a 6MHz transducer. C. decrease the transducer element diameter. D. use a linear transducer instead of a curved transducer

B.) change from a 3MHz to a 6Mhz transducer

As the frequency of a wave doubles, the wavelength ___________________. A. is unchanged B. decreases by half C. increases exponentially by a factor of 2 D. doubles

B.) decreased by half

How do the microbubbles in an ultrasound contrast agent change the image? A. microbubbles cannot be used to evaluate arterial flow due to embolism risk B. increase vasodilation to move the bubbles more quickly so they are visible to ultrasound C. increase the reflectivity of flowing blood D. increase the resistance to flowing blood to make it more visible

B.) increase vasodilation to move the bubbles more quickly so they are visible to ultrasound

Rayleigh scatter increases with: A. temperature elevation in tissue where US beam passes through B. increasing probe frequency C. decreasing depth D. high velocity blood flow

B.) increasing probe frequency

92. The term "in vivo" refers to: A. tissues grown from stem cells B. living human tissue C. tissues grown in a laboratory

B.) living human tissue

Which of the following applies to therapeutic ultrasound transducers? A. backing material at least 2X thickness of that used in imaging transducers B. narrow bandwidth C. frequencies >15MHz used due to the increased potential for focused cavitation D. low Q factor

B.) narrow bandwidth

Diffuse reflection: A. occurs when the beam strikes a large smooth surface B. occurs when the beam strikes a large rough surface C. is also called specular reflection D. when a structure contains high levels of calcium

B.) occurs when the beam strikes a large rough surface

The matching layer is usually made of _____________. A. quartz B. plastic C. air D. cork

B.) plastic

_______________________ = period X # cycles in pulse A. duty factor B. pulse duration C. frequency D. spatial pulse length

B.) pulse duration

What shape is the image display from a sequential linear transducer? A. flat top triangle B. rectangle C. wedge shaped with curved top D. trapezoidal

B.) rectangle

What happens to the attenuation coefficient as the wave travels through soft tissue? A. unable to determine B. remains constant C. decreases D. increases

B.) remains constant

What type of precautions is required for a patient that had a renal transplant yesterday? A. contact precautions B. reverse protective isolation C. enteric precautions D. strict isolation

B.) reverse protective isolation

Axial resolution varies directly with __________________________. A. output power B. spatial pulse length C. beam intensity D. beam diameter

B.) spatial pulse length

What wave parameter is defined as the wavelength times the number of cycles in the pulse? A. pulse repetition frequency B. spatial pulse length C. period D. pulse duration

B.) spatial pulse length

Elastography is used in breast imaging to determine the relative _______________ of a mass. A. amount of through transmission B. stiffness C. compression D. amount of reflection

B.) stiffness

Which of the following correctly describes Real-time Virtual Sonography? A. technique that enables the display of an ultrasound B-mode image and CT or MR images on a PACS system B. technique that enables the display of real-time ultrasound B-mode images and CT or MR images C. technique that enables the display of molecular activity in breast masses D. technique that enables the display of molecular activity in liver masses

B.) technique that enables the display of real-time ultrasound B-mode images and CT or MR images

Lateral Resolution is defined as: A. the ability to differentiate two reflectors that are parallel to the US beam B. the ability to differentiate two reflectors that are perpendicular to the US beam C. the ability to differentiate two reflectors that are in moving in a direction that is perpendicular to the US beam D. the ability to differentiate two reflectors that are in moving in a direction that is parallel to the US beam

B.) the ability to differentiate two reflectors that are perpendicular to the US beam

The half intensity depth (HID) is defined as: A. is not affected by Rayleigh scatter B. the depth where the beam intensity is 50% of the transmitted intensity C. the depth where aliasing first occurs for PW Doppler D. is not affected by reflection

B.) the depth where the beam intensity is 50% of the transmitted intensity

The ALARA principle describes: A. the formula for calculation of the right atrial area B. the rule of thumb for adjusting gain before output power to minimize ultrasound exposure C. the formula for using PISA to obtain MR grade D. the recommendations for universal precaution use

B.) the rule of thumb for adjusting gain before output power to minimize ultrasound exposure

Which ultrasound bioeffect occurs due to sound absorption? A. stable cavitation B. thermal C. schlierin effect D. transient cavitation

B.) thermal

Which of the following media interfaces is most likely to produce the comet tail artifact? A. tissue - fluid B. tissue - gas C. calcification - tissue D. liver - kidney

B.) tissue - gas

The term "in vitro" refers to: A. tissues grown from stem cells B. tissues grown in a laboratory C. living human tissues

B.) tissues grown in a labratory

Which of the following transducers provides the best spatial resolution of the cardiac structures? A. curved sequential array B. transesophageal array C. vector array D. phased sector array

B.) transesophageal array

. Which of the following bioeffects refers to the formation of microbubbles that burst and cause damage to tissues? A. stable cavitation B. transient cavitation C. mechanical index D. thermal energy

B.) transient cavitation

Which of the following can be used to eliminate the dead zone on the image? A. place multiple focal zones at the top of the image B. use a standoff pad C. decrease the depth to the lowest setting and turn of harmonic imaging D. not possible to eliminate the dead zone from an image

B.) use a standoff pad

Transducers can be electronically focused by: A. adding an acoustic lens to the face of the transducer B. varying timing of the release of the pulses C. using a convex shaped PE element D. using a concave shaped element

B.) varying timing of the release of the pulses

Which of the following ultrasound techniques has the highest temporal resolution? a. 3D imaging b. 2D imaging c. M-Mode d. Color Doppler

C. M- Mode

Which of the following lists the correct equation for duty factor? A. PRP / PD B. PRP x PD C. PD / PRP D. PRP x PD / PRF

C. PD / PRP

Lobe artifacts: A. only occur with linear arrays B. always appear deeper on the image than the actual structure C. always appear beside the actual structure on the image D. only occur with sector arrays

C. always appear beside the actual structure on the image

All of the following are artifacts that are caused by excessive reflection of sound at a boundary, except: A. ring down B. comet tail C. multipath D. reverberation

C. multipath

As the propagation speed of the crystal increases, the frequency of the transducer: A. decreases B. does not change C. increases D. depends on the thickness and diameter of the crystal

C.) Increases

Which of the following describes the primary advantage of a 1.5D array over a 1D array? A. the 1.5D array can produce a trapezoid field of view while the 1D array can only produce a rectangular field of view B. the 1.5D array eliminates the need for a stand-off pad for superficial imaging C. the 1.5D array allows for variable elevation focus while the 1D array has a fixed elevation focus D. the 1.5D array allows for 3D imaging while the 1D array does not

C. the 1.5D array allows for variable elevation focus while the 1D array has a fixed elevation focus

Slice thickness artifact can result in: A. increased echogenicity of tissues behind an anechoic structure B. decreased echogenicity of tissues behind an anechoic structure C. the appearance of debris in an anechoic structure D. a duplicate copy of a structure placed on the image

C. the appearance of debris in an anechoic structure

Spatial resolution is: A. another term for slice thickness resolution. B. highest with linear phased arrays. C. the minimum reflector separation required to produce separate echoes. D. the weakest reflected signal the transducer can receive.

C. the minimum reflector separation required to produce separate echoes.

If the frequency of a wave increases: A. the wavelength increases because they are directly related. B. the wavelength increases because they are indirectly related. C. the wavelength decreases because they are indirectly related. D. the wavelength decreases because they are directly related.

C. the wavelength decreases because they are indirectly related.

If media 1 has an impedance of 65rayls and media 2 also has an impedance of 65rayls, what percentage of the beam will be reflected at their interface? A. 100% B. 50% C. 0% D. Unable to determine with information given

C.) 0%

Which of the following lists the normal range of intensities used in diagnostic Doppler US? A. 100 - 1000 mW/cm2 B. 100 - 1000 mW/cm C. 0.2 - 400 mW/cm2 D. 0.2 - 400 W/cm

C.) 0.2 - 400 mW/cm2

The duty factor for a system with pulse duration of 3 microseconds and a PRP of 300 microseconds is? A. 0.9% B. 10% C. 1% D. 9%

C.) 1%

Which type of transducer would be used to evaluate a palpable lump in the neck? A. 12MHz sector phased array B. 3MHz curvilinear sequential array C. 12MHz linear phased array D. 12MHz curvilinear phased array

C.) 12 MHz linear phased array

The average speed of sound in soft tissue is: A. 1580 m/s B. 3300 m/s C. 1540 m/s D. 1540 cm/s

C.) 1540 m/s

If the time to produce each frame is 0.05 second, what is the frame rate? A. 50Hz B. 100kHz C. 20Hz D. 10kHz

C.) 20Hz

Which of the following transducers would be most useful for imaging deeper structures? A. 5 MHz long focus B. 3 MHz short focus C. 3 MHz long focus D. 5 MHz short focus

C.) 3 MHz long focus

Ultrasound can be potentially harmful to a fetus if the examination raises the temperature in the womb to a temperature greater than ___________ Celsius. A. 21 degrees B. 77 degrees C. 41 degrees D. 1 degree

C.) 41 degrees

Which of the following transducers will produce the lowest frequency sound waves? A. 6mm element thickness, 6mm/μs propagation speed of the element B. 2mm element thickness, 2mm/μs propagation speed of the element C. 6mm element thickness, 2mm/μs propagation speed of the element D. 2mm element thickness, 6mm/μs propagation speed of the element

C.) 6mm element thickness, 2mm/ μs propagation speed of the element

Which of the following patients would need a guardian to sign an informed consent form for a pericardiocentesis? A. A patient that is accompanied by a translator B. A blind patient C. A patient with Alzheimer's disease D. A patient with Parkinson's disease

C.) A patient with Alzheimer's disease

Which of the following is NOT correct regarding phased array transducers? A. A sector phased array has a fan shaped field of view. B. All phased array transducers are focused electronically. C. All phased array transducers are steered electronically. D. A linear phased array can produce a trapezoidal image.

C.) All phased array transducers are steered electronically

Which of the following adjustments would improve the appearance of microbubble contrast on the image? A. Increase the thermal index B. Use multiple focal zones C. Decrease output power D. Turn off harmonic imaging

C.) Decrease output power

Which of the following will increase the duty factor of the pulsed ultrasound probe? A. Increase the power output B. Decreasing the PRF C. Decreasing the image depth D. Using PW Doppler

C.) Decreasing the image depth

_____________________ is the percentage of time the transducer is transmitting soundwaves. A. Q factor B. Pulse repetition frequency C. Duty factor D. Pulse duration

C.) Duty factor

______________ is an increase in the strength of returning echoes caused by intervening structures of low attenuation. A. Shadowing B. Mirror image C. Enhancement D. Reverberation

C.) Enhancement

. Color Doppler is evaluated with what type of phantom? A. AIUM Test Object B. Tissue Phantom C. Fluid Filled Phantom D. Hydrophone

C.) Fluid filled phantom

Which of the following requires health care providers and organizations to develop and follow procedures that ensure the confidentiality and security of protected health information? A. Informed consent B. ALARA principle C. Health insurance portability and accountability act D. Stark Law

C.) Health insurance portability and accountability act

As frequency increases, the axial resolution will A. depends on how the PE elements are arranged B. be degraded C. improve D. remain unchanged

C.) Improve

Lowering the transducer frequency will: A. improve temporal resolution B. increase sector size C. increase the mechanical index D. decrease the propagation speed

C.) Increase the mechanical index

All of the following are advantages of harmonic imaging, except: A. decreased lobe artifact B. increased signal to noise ratio C. increased beam penetration D. decreased reverberation artifact

C.) Increased beam penetration

Which of the following statements is true regarding damage to the matching layer of the transducer? A. The use of more acoustic gel is required to increase the distance between the probe and the skin surface. B. It causes an increase in the intensity of the beam and increased exposure to the patient. C. It causes an increased risk of electrical shock to the patient. D. It is normal for it to develop small holes after extended use

C.) It causes an increased risk of electrical shock to the patient

__________resolution is the ability to resolve two closely spaced structures which lie perpendicular to the sound beam. A. Axial B. Temporal C. Lateral D. Contrast

C.) Lateral

What type of transducer has approximately 200 elements arranged side by side and produces only a rectangular shaped field of view? A. curved phased array B. phased linear array C. linear sequential array D. annular phased array

C.) Linear sequential array

Which of the following ultrasound techniques has the highest temporal resolution? A. 3D imaging B. Color Doppler C. M-mode D. 2D imaging

C.) M-mode

Which of the following correctly describes an annular array? A. produces a trapezoid shaped field of view B. improved temporal resolution is a primary advantage of annular arrays C. offers excellent lateral resolution D. produces a sector shaped field of view with a flat top

C.) Offers excellent lateral resolution

While performing a fetal ultrasound exam, what can be done to minimize patient exposure? A. Use PW Doppler instead of m-mode to evaluate the fetal heart rate B. If twins are present, scan each fetus on a separate day to reduce the exam times for each fetus. C. Provide an optimal exam in the shortest exam time possible D. Perform a transvaginal scan instead of transabdominal scan

C.) Provide an optimal exam in the shortest exam time possible

_____________ is a reduction in the strength of returning echoes caused by an intervening highly attenuating structure. A. Grating lobe B. Enhancement C. Shadowing D. Range ambiguity

C.) Shadowing

Which of the following is not a technique utilized for a 6yr old patient that is anxious about their renal ultrasound? A. Show them the probe and gel. Demonstrate how the machine works on your arm. B. Turn on a DVD of cartoons C. Show them an article on the importance of renal ultrasound for children D. Allow mom to come in the room during the exam

C.) Show them an article on the importance of renal ultrasound for children

Which of the following describes a normal result for uniformity testing of the ultrasound system? A. All images in a randomly selected exam demonstrate a constant mechanical index B. All images in a randomly selected exam demonstrate a constant thermal index C. TGC set to produce an image with equal echo amplitude across the screen and then when the TGC function is turned off, the echoes in the far field are reduced in amplitude D. Images taken of the same structure with different probes of the same frequency demonstrate uniform echo amplitude between the compared images.

C.) TGC set to produce an image with equal echo amplitude across the screen and then when the TGC function is turned off, the echoes in the far field are reduced in amplitude

Which of the following describes how the ultrasound transducer should be cleaned after performing an ultrasound exam on a patient that has an open wound near the area of interest? A. The face of the probe and the cord are thoroughly cleaned with a Saniwipe B. An arterial Doppler exam should not be performed on a patient with an open sore or wound. C. The face of the probe and the cord are thoroughly cleaned and soaked in a high level disinfectant D. The probe should be sent to the biomedical department for thermal sterilization.

C.) The face of the probe and the cord are thoroughly cleaned and soaked in a high level disinfectant

What effect will a mechanical index of 1.0 have on a contrast exam? A. An MI setting of 1.0 or greater is preferred for contrast exams. B. The decreased beam intensity will reduce the appearance of the bubbles on the image. C. The increased beam intensity will burst the contrast bubbles quickly. D. Mechanical index has no effect on contrast exams. The thermal index must be properly set for an optimal contrast exam.

C.) The increased beam intensity will burst the contrast bubbles quickly

All of the following statements are true regarding sound waves, except: A. They travel in straight lines. B. They cannot travel in a vacuum. C. They are longitudinal, electromagnetic waves. D. They are longitudinal, mechanical waves.

C.) They are longitudunal, elctromagnetic waves

As the element diameter decreases, the focal length _________________. A. will remain unchanged unless the element thickness also changes B. will remain unchanged unless the frequency also changes C. will decrease D. will increase

C.) Will decrease

Which transducer component improves elevational resolution? A. pulser B. damping layer C. acoustic lens D. matching layer

C.) acoustic lens

If a 7 MHz wave is transmitted through the media listed below, the shortest wavelength will be seen in the wave moving through ____________. A. soft tissue B. bone C. air D. fat

C.) air

What type of transducer array has the fewest number of elements? A. curvilinear sequential array B. mechanical transducer C. annular array D. linear phased array

C.) annular array

Elevational resolution is: A. the minimum reflector separation required to produce separate echoes. B. highest with linear phased arrays. C. another term for slice thickness resolution. D. the weakest reflected signal the transducer can receive.

C.) another term for slice thickness resolution.

If two calcifications are located side by side in the liver with a 3mm distance between them and the beam width is 6mm, how will the structures appear on the image? A. as a single elongated vertical reflection B. as two separate structures located 6mm apart on the image C. as a single elongated horizontal reflection D. as two separate structures located 3mm apart on the image

C.) as a single elongated horizontal reflection

If more cycles are added to a pulse, which of the following types of resolution is degraded? A. spatial B. lateral C. axial D. contrast

C.) axial

Why can't ultrasound probes be thermally sterilized? A. because they do not detach from the cord and wiring B. because the plastic components would probably melt C. if the probe is heated above the Curie point, the piezoelectric properties will be lost D. because the electrical wiring cannot get wet

C.) if the probe is heated above the Curie point, the piezoelectric properties will be lost

______________ is defined as the ratio of particle pressure to particle velocity at a given point within the US beam. A. dynamic range B. compression C. impedance D. rarefaction

C.) impedance

. All of the following occur with the implementation of backing material, except A. lower Q-factor B. reduced duty factor C. improved sensitivity D. shorter pulses

C.) improved sensitivity

What leads to the increased propagation speed of sound in the media in which it travels? A. increased density B. increased PRF C. increased stiffness D. increased frequency

C.) increased stiffness

If the amplitude of the sound wave doubles, what happens to the beam intensity? A. doubles B. decreases by a factor of 4 C. increases by a factor of 4 D. decreases by 1/2

C.) increases by a factor of 4

Prior to any invasive procedure, the patient should be educated about the procedure, expected outcomes and any possible complications. The patient will be required to sign a document stating their understanding of these topics in order to proceed with the procedure. This form is called: A. health insurance waiver B. litigation waiver C. informed consent form D. patient acceptance form

C.) informed consent form

A linear transducer providing a trapezoidal image demonstrates degraded ___________ resolution in the far field of the image. A. elevational B. axial C. lateral D. contrast

C.) lateral

When you activate Harmonic imaging and add a focal zone to the field of view, which type of resolution improves the most? A. axial B. contrast C. lateral D. elevational

C.) lateral

Which type of image resolution improves with proper placement of the focal zone at the area of interest? A. temporal B. contrast C. lateral D. elevational

C.) lateral

Which of the following imaging parameters is responsible for the ability to resolve two separate cysts that are side by side in the liver? A. dynamic range B. contrast resolution C. lateral resolution D. axial resolution

C.) lateral resolution

Which of the following types of resolution varies with different depths on the image? A. contrast resolution B. temporal resolution C. lateral resolution D. axial resolution

C.) lateral resolution

Which of the following artifacts cause the appearance of false echoes beside the actual structure on the image? A. lobe artifacts and mirror image artifacts B. refraction artifacts and mirror image artifacts C. lobe artifacts and refraction artifacts D. speckle artifacts and twinkle artifacts

C.) love artifacts and refraction artifacts

Preferred levels of axial and lateral resolution will demonstrate: A. widely different numerical values B. the same numerical value C. low numerical values D. high numerical values

C.) low numerical values

If you set the gain to the lowest level and slowly increase it until an echo is identified on the image, what are you evaluating on the US system? A. dead zone B. spatial resolution C. minimum sensitivity D. registration accuracy

C.) minimum sensativity

. How will the thermal index change when increasing the overall gain to its maximum level? A. increase B. decrease C. no change D. it depends on the transmitted frequency used

C.) no change

When sound hits a boundary between two media of the same propagation speed at oblique incidence: A. the entire beam will be refracted causing multiple refraction artifacts. B. at least 50% reflection occurs. C. no refraction will occur. D. 100% reflection occurs.

C.) no refraction will occur.

If the frequency of the beam increases, the propagation speed in the media will _______________. A. increase B. decrease C. not change D. depends on the media

C.) not change

The _____________ of a sound wave refers to the time it takes to complete one cycle. A. spatial pulse length B. PRF C. period D. PRP

C.) period

Which transducer component improves lateral resolution? A. matching layer B. backing material C. pulser D. thicker PE element

C.) pulser

Which of the following types of PE crystals are usually used for high frequency transducers (>18MHz) used in musculoskeletal exams ? A. rochelle salt B. barium sulfate C. quartz D. lead titanate

C.) quartz

An area of low pressure and particle density on a pressure wave is referred to as a _________________. A. refraction B. destructive interference C. rarefaction D. compression

C.) rarefraction

Which of the following is responsible for comet tail artifact? A. refraction B. Rayleigh scatter C. reflection D. absorption

C.) reflection

A sound wave strikes a border at a 90 degree angle. The second media has a higher density but both media have the same propagation speed. What will occur at this border? A. refraction will occur B. 100% transmission will occur C. reflection will occur D. the propagation speed will increase in the second media

C.) reflection will occur

As a sound wave travels through soft tissue, what happens to the period of the wave? A. increases B. decreases C. remains constant D. unable to determine

C.) remains constant

What system parameter is defined as the ability to differentiate two separate objects on an image? A. rectification B. duty factor C. resolution D. sensitivity

C.) resolution

Which US image artifact resembles the steps of a ladder? A. aliasing B. resonance C. reverberation D. misregistration

C.) reverberation

Which of the following is a responsibility of a Sonographer when assisting with an intravascular ultrasound? A. to perform preliminary IVUS images before the start of the angioplasty procedure B. to advance the ultrasound catheter during the procedure C. to operate the ultrasound machine controls from outside the sterile field D. to send the ultrasound catheter for sterilization after the procedure

C.) to operate the ultrasound machine controls from outside the sterile field

ransducers can be electronically focused by: A. adding an acoustic lens to the face of the transducer B. using a convex shaped PE element C. varying timing of the release of the pulses D. using a concave shaped element

C.) varying timing of the release of the pulses

Which of the following correctly describes the duty factor of an ultrasound system? A. The duty factor for a continuous wave transducer is much lower than the duty factor for a pulsed wave transducer. B. The duty factor for a continuous wave transducer is 0.01% C. Continuous wave transducers have a low duty factor because the PE crystal is receiving signals most of the time. D. Duty factor refers to the amount of time sound waves are being produced.

D. Duty factor refers to the amount of time sound waves are being produced.

Which of the following is true regarding the Curie point of a piezoelectric element? A. A quartz transducer crystal is heated above the Curie point to initiate the PE effect of the crystal. B. If the active PE crystal is heated to this temperature, the intensity of the beam produced will increase. C. If the active PE crystal is heated to this temperature, the frequency of the crystal will increase. D. If the active PE crystal is heated to this temperature, the element will lose its piezoelectric properties.

D. If the active PE crystal is heated to this temperature, the element will lose its piezoelectric properties.

As frequency increases, the amount of scatter ________________. A. decreases B. does not change unless pulse duration changes C. does not change unless imaging depth changes D. increases

D. Increases

What is the proper method used to assess the size of the dead zone? A. Trace the volume of the portion of the image that demonstrates reverberation at the top of the screen B. Measure the width of the area of reverberation at the top of the screen C. Trace the area of the portion of the image that demonstrates reverberation at the top of the screen D. Measure from the top of the image to the depth that uniform tissue is identified

D. Measure from the top of the image to the depth that uniform tissue is identified

When scanning the thyroid, you change from a 5MHz probe to a 10MHz probe. Which of the following statements is false? A. The spatial resolution will improve with the 10MHz transducer. B. The 2D imaging depth settings are much more limited in the 10MHz transducer. C. There will be increased attenuation with decreased penetration with the 10MHz probe. D. The reflected waves will be more quickly received and processed by the 10MHz probe.

D. The reflected waves will be more quickly received and processed by the 10MHz probe.

Which statement is true regarding the Q factor? A. A lower Q factor is associated with a longer spatial pulse length. B. A short spatial pulse length is associated with a high numerical value for axial resolution. C. The higher the Q factor, the better the axial resolution. D. better axial resolution is seen with shorter spatial pulse and low q factor

D. better axial resolution is seen with shorter spatial pulse and low q factor

_____ is defined as the bending of waves around small obstacles and the spreading out of waves past small openings. a. reflection b. scatter c.refraction D. diffraction

D. diffraction

Which of the following variables has the most significant effect on propagation speed? A. frequency B. temperature C. density D. stiffness

D. stiffness

There is no known adverse biological effect in vivo using a focused ultrasound transducer at intensities below __________. A. 100 mW/cm2 SATA B. 1000 mW/cm2 SPTA C. 100 mW/cm2 SPTA D. 1 W/cm2 SPTA

D.) 1 W/cm2 SPTA

How do you determine the lateral resolution for an unfocused, single element transducer? A. element diameter2 B. 1/4 wavelength of the sound waves produced C. 1/2 spatial pulse length D. 1/2 element diameter

D.) 1/2 element diameter

If the time to produce each frame is 0.01 second, what is the frame rate? A. 10kHz B. 10Hz C. 100kHz D. 100Hz

D.) 100Hz

Which transducer would provide the lowest attenuation rate? A. 8MHz B. 5MHz C. 10MHz D. 2.5MHz

D.) 2.5 MHz

If a sound beam moves from air into soft tissue at an incident angle of 60 degrees, What is the angle of reflection? A. 140 degrees B. 30 degrees C. 90 degrees D. 60 degree

D.) 60 degrees

Which of the following statements is false regarding transducer selection? A. A high frequency transducer has improved axial resolution compared to a lower frequency transducer. B. A high frequency transducer has improved lateral resolution compared to a lower frequency transducer. C. A high frequency transducer has less far field beam divergence than a lower frequency transducer. D. A high frequency transducer has greater depth penetration than a lower frequency transducer.

D.) A higher frequency trasducer has greater depth penetration than a lower frequency transducer.

All of the following statements are true regarding equipment preparation for beginning an ultrasound exam, except? A. In order to reduce exam time, the proper exam preset must be used for each exam. B. Adjust the height of the chair to allow your wrist to be fully extended while scanning. C. A medical record number must be used to identify the patient on the ultrasound system. D. Always place the cord around your neck or shoulder to avoid dragging the cord across open sores, wounds or ulcers during the exam.

D.) Always place the cord around your neck or shoulder to avoid dragging the cord across open sores, wounds or ulcers during the exam.

Which statement is true regarding the Q factor? A. A lower Q factor is associated with a longer spatial pulse length. B. A short spatial pulse length is associated with a high numerical value for axial resolution. C. The higher the Q factor, the better the axial resolution. D. Better axial resolution is seen with shorter spatial pulse lengths and low Q factor

D.) Better axial resolution is seen with shorter spatial pulse lengths and low Q factor

Which of the following media has the highest propagation speed? A. Liver B. Air C. Blood D. Bone

D.) Bone

The Sonographer can improve the axial resolution by: A. Increasing the demodulation of the signal B. Adjusting the monitor contrast C. Adjusting the dynamic range D. Using a higher frequency transducer

D.) Using a higher frequency transducer

As you are scanning an obese abdominal patient, you notice a 0.7 Thermal Index. What should be done next? A. Take a break from scanning the patient for 30-60 seconds and then start again while monitoring the TI level. B. Stop the exam and consult the radiologist regarding increased patient exposure. C. Reduce the number of images obtained to significantly reduce exam time. D. Continue scanning and complete the full exam efficiently to reduce exposure time.

D.) Continue scanning and complete the full exam efficiently to reduce exposure time.

Which of the following is true regarding hand washing recommendations in the Standard Precautions Guidelines? A. If gloves are used during the exam, there is no need to wash your hands with soap and water when finished. B. Hands should be cleaned in Cidex following any procedure involving blood or body fluids. C. 5-10seconds of lathering and rinsing is sufficient for killing most germs. D. Hands should always be washed before and after assisting with any type of interventional procedure.

D.) Hands should always be washed before and after assisting with any type of interventional procedure.

Which of the following transducers will provide the deepest natural focus? A. Low frequency, large diameter B. Low frequency, small diameter C. High frequency, small diameter D. High frequency, large diameter

D.) High frequency, large diameter

How is density of a media related to impedance within the media? A. Higher densities = lower impedance B. Lower densities = higher impedance C. These two characteristics of the media are unrelated to sound wave travel. D. Higher densities = higher impedance

D.) Higher densities = higher impedance

Which of the following principles of sound describes the formation of the hourglass shape of the beam? A. Poiseuelle's B. Schlieren's C. Snell's D. Huygen's

D.) Huygen's

Which of the following correctly describes the negative predictive value (NPV) of a testing technique? A. If the test result is positive, NPV is the probability that the patient actually has the disease B. The ability of a test to detect disease when it IS present. C. The ability of a test to rule out disease when it IS NOT present. D. If f the test result is negative, NPV is the probability that the patient does not have disease

D.) If f the test result is negative, NPV is the probability that the patient does not have disease

All of the following are appropriate reasons to perform a contrast enhanced ultrasound exam? A. Evaluate wall motion of the heart B. Evaluate septal defects in the heart C. Increase the amplitude of the returning doppler signals D. Improve the visualization of bowel segments

D.) Improve the visualization of bowel segments

Some US transducer arrays allow you to increase the focusing along the width of the beam. What effect will this change have on the image? A. decreased beam attenuation B. improved contrast resolution C. degraded temporal resolution D. improved elevational resolution

D.) Improved elevational resolution

Noise or speckle artifact noted on the image is caused by: A. Difference between the transmitted and reflected frequency across the image B. Refraction C. Diffraction D. Interference of reflected waves

D.) Interference of reflected waves

52. At the end of a 2nd trimester fetal scan you notice the overall gain was set to the maximum level during the exam. Which of the following statements is true? A. You should review the images to note the Thermal Index levels during the exam to assess patient exposure. B. You should review the images to note the Mechanical Index levels during the exam to assess patient exposure. C. Note this in the patient's record. The physician should be aware of the additional exposure when considering ordering another US exam. D. None of the above

D.) None of the above

Which of the following techniques uses the highest intensity beam? A. Power Doppler B. M mode C. B mode D. PW Doppler

D.) PW Doppler

. What type of probe is preferred for cardiac imaging? A. Phased Curved B. Curved Sequential C. Linear Sequential D. Phased Sector

D.) Phased Sector

A calorimeter is used to measure the: A. Sensitivity of Doppler transducers B. Attenuation of the beam C. PRF of the US system D. Power of the beam

D.) Power of the beam

Axial resolution is primarily dependent upon: A. Harmonics B. Image depth C. Beam width D. Pulse duration

D.) Pulse duration

If the reflector dimensions are less than the wavelength of the pulse, __________________ occurs. A. Schlieran effect B. Diffuse scatter C. sound absorption D. Rayleigh scatter

D.) Rayleigh scatter

Temperature elevation in tissue is most prevalent with: A. specular reflection B. M-mode imaging C. Color Doppler D. Rayleigh scatter

D.) Rayleigh scatter

Which of the following beam intensity values is used to assess potential patient exposure? A. SATP B. SATA C. SPTP D. SPTA

D.) SPTA

Materials used for the matching layer of a transducer must have an impedance between impedance levels of the __________________________ A. acoustic gel and air B. skin and acoustic gel C. PE element and damping layer D. skin and PE element

D.) Skin and PE element

Which of the following describes the table placement for performing an ultrasound exam? A. Table height should allow the Sonographer's arm to be slightly adducted with the wrist fully flexed toward the side being examined. B. The table should be placed in the reverse trendelenburg position to assist in moving blood flow into the cerebral vessels. C. The table should be placed in the trendelenburg position to assist in moving blood flow into the cerebral vessels. D. Table height should allow the Sonographer's arm to be slightly abducted with the wrist fully extended.

D.) Table height should allow the Sonographer's arm to be slightly abducted with the wrist fully extended.

You are scanning with a transducer that maintains a constant of 2 scan lines per sector degree. Which of the following statements is true regarding changing a 45 degree sector angle to a 90 degree sector angle? A. The PRF will increase B. The number of scan lines will decrease C. The elevational resolution will degrade D. The temporal resolution will degrade

D.) The temporal resolution will degrade

. What is the expected appearance of a malignancy on elastography evaluation? A. deep blue throughout the area that contains the mass B. clear with no demonstration of color over the area that contains the mass C. clear with demonstration of yellow coloring over the area that contains the mass D. malignant masses demonstrate no deformability

D.) malignant masses demonstrate no deformability

Linear phased arrays utilize what type of focusing? A. mechanical only B. electronic only C. elevational only D. mechanical and electronic

D.) mechanical and elctronic

The unit for the period of a diagnostic ultrasound wave is: A. millisecond B. second C. millimeter D. microsecond

D.) microsecond

Which of the following acoustic artifacts is least likely to lead to false echoes filling an anechoic structure? A. slice thickness artifact B. volume averaging artifact C. lobe artifact D. mirror image artifact

D.) mirror image artifact

All of the following are artifacts that are caused by excessive reflection of sound at a boundary, except: A. reverberation B. comet tail C. ring down D. multipath

D.) multipath

___________________ artifact is caused by refraction and results in subtle image degradation. A. misregistration B. comet tail C. scatter D. multipath

D.) multipath

All of the following are important parts of Sonographer - Patient communication, except: A. explaining how to find the MRI department for their next exam B. verifying the patient name and date of birth C. explaining the exam and when to expect the results D. offering advice on ways to alleviate symptoms until the doctor treats the problem

D.) offering advice on ways to alleviate symptoms until the doctor treats the problem

Side lobes are defined as: A. accessory waves that are produced at the lateral sides of the beam by smaller sound sources or wavelets B. refracted waves that cause artifact on the image C. refracted waves that cause loss of information on the image D. portions of the transmitted sound beam that are considered off axis and move away from the probe in a different direction than the main beam

D.) portions of the transmitted sound beam that are considered off axis and move away from the probe in a different direction than the main beam

Cracks in the transducer case: A. provide an electrical hazard to the patient but not the Sonographer. B. provide an electrical hazard to the Sonographer but not the patient. C. are considered normal wear and tear on the probe but if the matching layer is damaged it should be reported immediately. D. provide a potential electrical hazard to the patient and the Sonographer

D.) provide a potential electrical hazard to the patient and the Sonographer

_____________________ artifact appears as multiple parallel, equidistant lines that look like steps on a ladder. A. multi-path artifact B. misregistration artifact C. range resolution D. reverberation

D.) reverberation

Which of the following transducers uses a beam former? A. sequential curved linear array B. mechanical transducer C. sequential linear array D. sector phased array

D.) sector phased array

Increased damping improves axial resolution, but decreases ______________. A. dynamic range B. lateral resolution C. impedance D. sensitivity

D.) sensitivity

Increasing scan line density leads to improved __________________ resolution. A. slice thickness B. temporal C. lateral D. spatial

D.) spatial

Which acoustic artifact causes the normal thyroid tissue to appear grainy and coarse? A. multi-path B. reverberation C. clutter D. speckle

D.) speckle

A hydrophone can be used to evaluate A. the Doppler flow calculations B. elevational resolution C. echo registration D. the beam intensity profile

D.) the beam intensity profile

The Doppler shift is: A. the amount of movement of blood flow that occurs each second B. the difference between the speed of sound and the speed of the blood flow C. the difference between the velocity of sound and the velocity of the blood flow D. the difference between the transmitted frequency and the reflected frequency.

D.) the difference between the transmitted frequency and the reflected frequency

If the thermal index demonstrates a value of 2.4, A. the exposed tissues could experience a decrease in temperature up to 2.4 degrees Celsius B. the exposed tissues have a 2.4% chance of increasing in temperature C. the exposed tissues could experience an increase in temperature up to 2.4 degrees Fahrenheit D. the exposed tissues could experience an increase in temperature up to 2.4 degrees Celsius

D.) the exposed tissues could experience an increase in temperature up to 2.4 degrees Celsius

The speed of sound in tissue is primarily dependent on: A. operator adjustments during the exam B. the ultrasound system C. the source D. the media in which the sound travels

D.) the media in which the sound travels

Which of the following fetal structures carries the greatest risk of thermal injury from ultrasound exposure? A. free floating portions of the umbilical cord B. tissue surrounding the fluid filled cavities in the brain and spinal column C. cardiac muscle tissue D. tissue adjacent to the femur

D.) tissue adjacent to the femur

. A thermocouple device is: A. used to heat the ultrasound gel for patient comfort B. used to assess total beam intensity C. only used in therapeutic ultrasound D. used to assess beam intensity at specific locations

D.) used to assess beam intensity at specific locations

As frequency increases, penetration will?

Decrease

You switch from a 5MHz curved probe to a 2.5MHz sector probe to image deeper in the abdomen. How is the wavelength affected by the change to the new probe?

Doubles

Which of the following is an acoustic variable? a. pressure b. density c. temperature d. particle motion e. all of the above

E. all of the above

Which of the following is an acoustic variable? A. temperature B. particle motion C. pressure D. density E. All of the above

E.) All of the above

_____ is defined as energy per unit of time.

Power

Which of the following statements is true regarding decreased frame rate? a. Increased line density will lead to a decreased frame rate. b. Decreased frame rates are preferred for real time 2D imaging. c. Decreasing the frame rate will improve color Doppler evaluation. D. Decreased frame rates will improve temporal resolution.

a. Increased line density will lead to a decreased frame rate.

. Which of the following sound / tissue interactions does NOT cause redirection of the incident wave?

absorption

Lobe artifacts:

always appear beside the actual structure on the image

The amount of energy that is transmitted versus reflected at a media boundary depends on which of the following?

amount of difference in acoustic impedance

Elevational resolution is:

another term for slice thickness resolution

if two calcifications are located side by side in the liver with a 3mm distance between them and the beam width is 6mm, how will the structures appear on the image?

as a single elongated horizontal reflection