US 1 Honors Unit Three Test Review
Describe the battle of Fort Duquesne
1755 - western Pennsylvania, general Braddocks force of 1450 men surrounded and defeated by Indian and French Canadian forces
When did Great Britain formally declare war on France?
1756
French take Fort Oswego
1756 - upstate New York, French commander Montcalm takes fort, but is horrified to discover that his Indian allies kill wounded soldiers, take scalps, and make slaves of captives
How did William Pitt guide the British war effort?
1757-1761: as Secretary of State, Pitt sought to reduce tension with colonists by promising payment in proportion to support of war effort, giving colonial assemblies control of recruitment, sending thousands more British soldiers, and replacing Lord allowed on with a more reasonable commander
Louisburg and Fort Duquesne captured by British
1758: British American Indian forces overwhelm French who abandon Louisburg and burn fort Duquesne before retreating north
Battle of Quiberon
1759: British victory restricted French Navy's ability to resupply forces in Canada
Battle of Quebec
1759: though British commander General Wolf is killed (along with French commander Montcalm), British forces seize Quebec in a dramatic uphill attack
Sugar act
1764: instituted by Prime Minister George Grenville, part of an effort to remedy Britain's that from the seven years war, first law ever passed by Parliament for raising tax revenue in the colonies for the crown, increased duty on foreign sugar imported from the west Indies, cause bitter protest in the colonies, after which the duties were lowered substantially
First Continental Congress
55 delegates from 12 colonies meet to discuss how to address colonial grievances; the Association - complete boycott of British goods: nonimportation, non-exportation, non-consumption
What major conclusions does the First Continental Congress come to after meeting in Philadelphia? Explain why this was a significant development.
A British attack on one colony was an attack on all colonies - leads to unity and colonists believing that they are Americans rather than citizens of their respective states, solidarity, formation of unique American identity
Why do you think the Albany Plan of Union was rejected by colonial legislatures and the Crown?
Colonial legislatures: might take power from their own
Why do you think the Albany Plan of Union was rejected by colonial legislatures and the Crown?
Colonial legislatures: might take power from their own state governments, different cultures between colonies; crown: wants complete power over colonies
Sons of liberty
Colonial protesters, took law into their own hands, enforced nonimportation agreement, violators were tarred and feathered, ransacked houses of unpopular colonial officials, confiscated their money, and effigies of stamp agents on liberty polls, lead to nullification of stamp act
Lexington and Concord
Colonists began to collect arms and form militias, particularly in Massachusetts; the colonist were storing a large majority of these weapons in Concord; British march to Concord to take weapons, but interrupted by colonial militia in Lexington, fight ensued
Why might conflicts between the European powers lead to land conflicts in the colonies?
Colonists feel that they have the right to expand, but land may be claimed by a different country, leading to conflict
How do the initial battles of the French and Indian war illustrate a disconnect between Great Britain and her colonists?
Colonists refuse to serve under Lord Loudoun or pay for the war; ware mostly fought in America; many English losses-> shown English were not as invincible as colonists thought
Describe the finances of the British motherland
Colonists should help pay for their own defense
How would conflicts in the 17th and 18th centuries contribute to increased tension in the colonies? In Europe? Between whom?
Colonists vs native Americans; tension because English colonies had close proximity to Spanish and French colonies; tensions between colonists and Mother Country b/c they were fighting proxy wars; betrayals
What are the implications of William Pitt's policies?
Colonists-> taxes after war to repay debts; stresses government; stronger military force-> well-qualified generals and money to spend; reckless/irresponsible use of money; resentment/marginalization
What does the battle of Bunker Hill reveal about continental on British efforts why is it significant
Colonists: Well lead, strategic, smart, highly motivated, hard-working, efficient, few resources; British: lazy, less motivated; war would last much longer than anticipated; significant because British lost a lot of people and resources and colonists gained confidence
How many men and ships did the British have compared to the Continental Army?
British: 450+ shifts and 35,000 men; Continental Army: 18,000 troops
How would the proclamation of 1763 affect the British government?
Less economic concerns; fear of other nations; limits resources (no access to fir trade)
What ultimately allowed for the Americans to be successful?
Tactics - guerilla and surrounding, sharpshooters; help of other countries; more inclination to fight
Why is the shot fired at Lexington called the "shot heard around the world"?
War would show that the British - most powerful empire in the world - were fallible by nothing more then ragtag militia - other countries could gain confidence to defeat British; unknown who fired shots; started revolution - sparked idea for other revolutions
Massacre at Fort William Henry
1557- upstate New York, following the surrender of British and colonial garrison to Montcalm (who promised safe passage back to England), Indians killed 185 and took 310 British captive
Stamp act
1765: instituted by Grenville to raise revenues to support the new military force, stamp tax, mandated the use of stamped paper or the affixing of stamps, certifying the payment of taxes, stamps were required on bills of sale for about 50 trade items as well as on certain types of commercial and legal documents, Grenville believed it was just because colonists were only paying their fair share
Quartering acts
1765: rekindle the fire of colonial resentment from sugar act, required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops
Townshend acts
1767: why import duties on glass, white led, paper, paint, and tea, taxes were an indirect customs duty payable at American ports, but still angered colonists, who are energized from defeat of stamp act, revenues earmarked to pay royal governors and judges in America - more anger, nonimportation agreements were less effective and colonists began buying smuggled tea instead
Intolerable acts
1774: series of acts design to chastise Boston and Massachusetts in general, Boston Port act= close Boston Harbor until damages were paid and order could be insured, many chartered rights of colonial Massachusetts, quartering act= give local authorities power to lodge soldiers anywhere, even in private homes, British officials who killed colonists in the line of duty could now be sent home for trial
September 1777
A series of victorious battles take place near Saratoga, NY led by American General Horatio Gates; surrender and exhaust British forces- forced to surrender; biggest victory yet
Why were most Americans still loyal to England despite mounting tensions by 1763?
A shared British culture; dependence on British consumer goods; shared nationalism after British military victories against French
How was the proclamation of 1763 impact the Indians?
Able to live peace
Tea act in Boston tea party
After Townsend acts abolished, tea tax remained to keep alive principle of parliamentary taxation, monopoly granted to British East India Company - tea prices were extremely low, but Americans still refuse to pay tax on bases of principle, in Boston, patriots boarded English tea ships dressed as Indians and dumped 342 chests of tea into Atlantic to protest tax and Governor Hutchinson
What did England gain at the treaty of Paris 1763?
All French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to the Caribbean slave trade, and total control of India
What happened in 1757 which showed the disunity of the colonies?
American colonists refused to serve under British commander - new British commander (Lord Loudoun) closely manage the war effort, demanding exact numbers of recruits and money from colonies. Colonial assemblies began to refuse to cooperate.
Casualties in aftermath of battle of Saratoga
American victory destroyed an entire British force, boosting morale and ensuring a steady flow of volunteers; internationally, the victory contributed to Francis decision to declare war on Britain in 1778, swinging the war in America's favor
Describe how the revolutionary war was beginning to be a world war
Americans always received help from some Europeans - training, strategy, leadership; Americans already had a secret alliance with the French- want an open one; Franklin goes to Paris to negotiate a treaty - French agree after the victory at Saratoga: now have more amenities, British have an enemy on two fronts, and Americans and French bound themselves to a war until US secured it's freedom and until both agree to terms with England; Spain and Netherlands join; Catherine the great of Russia agreed to armed neutrality
Who were the dominant powers in pre-French and Indian war conflicts?
British, France, and Spain (Anglo-French Rivalry)
War of inconsistency
April 1775 to July 1776: two options - affirm loyalty to the king and desire to mend difficulties (Olive Branch)or raise armies against the Kings soldiers (the state of surveillance)
Describe the British response to Bunker hill
August 1775- proclaimed the colonies in the state of rebellion; hired Hessian soldiers
What was the final battle of the French and Indian war in the Americas
Battle of Montreal
Significance of Trenton and Princeton
Boost morale for all; encourages support and enlistment
Proclamation of 1763
British want to restore peace and avoid wasting resources on stopping sieges; King George the third issues proclamation of 1763; prohibits English settlement west of the Appalachians
What were two defeat suffered by the Spanish as they entered the war is a French Ally?
British capture Havana and Manila
What were the results of the treaty of Paris 1763?
British move West in response to the treaty of Paris- what more land and money; British are farmers - not hunters are traders; Indians assume that they would still be compensated for lands as French had done right
What was the military organization of the British motherland?
British officers in charge of colonials
How might the cultural, economic, and social differences between the British and the French lead to war?
British poor treatment of Indians-> French justification for war; religious differences-> each would feel god was on their side; British need more land for more settlers; British want access to lucrative fur trade
What were the results of the battle of New York?
British take New York City - forces the Continental Army to retreat into Pennsylvania and leaves troops with a feeling of desperation as winter approaches - many desert
What were some causes of Pontiacs rebellion?
British under Amherst refused to negotiate with the Indians - cuts them off from trade system - build forts to enforce Indian submission
What did the French lose at the treaty of Paris 1763?
Canada, most of its empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River
Describe the French side of the Anglo-French rivalry.
Catholic; few settlers- mostly trappers; patter of conquest- more inclusive (intermarriage, land compensation, languages); fur trade- very profitable
How might the Albany Plan of Union have influenced the development of other key American documents?
Constitution: House of Representatives, president in charge of military; bill of rights: describes what citizens can and can't do; Federalist papers- separation of powers; trade deals; border control
Declaration of Independence
Continental Congress meets to discuss what to do about state of the army... Decide that they must declare independence; nominate a young Thomas Jefferson (who is influenced by enlightenment thinkers in Europe) to write a declaration
What did the pan Indian movement do which came to be known as Pontiacs rebellion?
Decided to rebel and attacked British forts and white settlers: kill approximately 2000 settlers, destroy every British for west of the appellations except Fort Pitt and fort Detroit (trading centers)
What were the effects of the fraction Indian war on the British?
England's colonial empire in North America increased, Pitt's "blank check" greatly enlarged England's debt, Britain's contempt for the colonists created bitter feelings-> English leaders felt that a major reorganization of its American empire was necessary
How did new English mercentilist policies change its economic and military attitude toward the colonies?
English increased protective tariffs and trade regulations so the colonies worked for motherland; if that failed, go to war with economic rivals and get the colonists to fight too
How might the results of the French and Indian war contribute to a greater divide between the colonies and England?
English not expecting the colonist to be powerful; colonists feel that the English are wrong about their strength and ability; didn't need help of British
What was the Albany Plan of Union?
English officials and colonists met to discuss Iroquois problem at the Albany Congress; Ben Franklin proposed the Albany Plan of Union for a coordinated colonial army
Why might the colonists view the proclamation of 1763 as oppressive?
Feel that they deserve the win because they fought for it
How does fighting in the colonies in the French and Indian war represent the development of a world war?
Fighting in America between European powers -> multiple continents involved; fighting on multiple fronts and new nations involved - Spain
What did Spain gain and lose at the treaty of Paris 1763?
Gained: all French lands west of the Mississippi river, New Orleans; lost: Florida to England
To what extent could the Albany Plan of Union have succeeded in rectifying some of the colonists' issues?
Gave colonists more central voice; colonists have more control over Indian relations-> resolve conflicts; each colony has their own autonomy; takes power away from King and Parliament; lead to colonial unity; centralize power
What were the strengths of the Continental Army?
Guerrilla tactics; former British generals, new British tactics; George Washington - motivating force; new terrain; hard-working
What do conflicts between European powers reveal about colonial values and the social climate? What will colonists ideally want to do?
High population-> need for more land; colonists value mother country and expand for their sake; desire for more land and more materials; social status was land based; climate of competition and fear; desire for more land; want to gain land to gain social status and for economic opportunity
What were the three major causes of the French and Indian war?
Ideological- religious; economic- access to fur trade, mercantilism; political- conflict in Europe; "proxy" wars
Describe the turning point which started the French and Indian war.
In 1754, VA governor sent 22 year old George Washington to protect an Ohio Company claim; Washington's troops were forced to retreat from fort Dunsque; this clash proved to be the beginning of the French and Indian war
What were the fighting methods of the colonies?
Indian style guerrilla attacks
What was the significance of the proclamation of 1763?
Indian successes expose the British army's weaknesses; attacks reveal desperation of Native Americans after the with withdrawal of their French allies; colonials took matters into their own hands (Paxton boys in PA)
What tips the balance of power tour the British?
Iroquois join British-American alliance
Battle of Princeton
January 1777 - similar approach of surprise attack like trend, but caught by the British; Americans maintain territory but lose many men
Olive branch petition
July 1775 - last attempt to calm tensions and prevent war, reconciliation
Battle of Saratoga, NY
June 1777- British goal: cut New England off from the other colonies - move out of Canada through northern NY to do so; Americans retreat - destroyed bridges and cut down trees to slow progress of British; British lines of supply decrease
Boston massacre
March 5, 1770: crowd of about 60 towns people began taunting and throwing snowballs at a squad of 10 redcoats, provoked by the crowd and acting without orders, troops open fire and killed or wounded 11 citizens, both sides were in some degree to blame, only to redcoats found guilty of manslaughter
What were the fighting methods of the British motherland?
Marching in formation
When was America's first political cartoon created?
May 9, 1754
Second Continental Congress
Met at Lexington and Concord on May 10, 1775 in Philadelphia; wrote all of branch petition and appointed George Washington as commander of the armed forces
What was the military organization of the colonies?
Militias led by captains
How might mercantilism have influenced pre-French and Indian conflicts?
Mother countries want more land so that they can collect more bullion->conflict for land, exploitation of colonists
What were some benefits of mercantilism for the colonists?
Navigation Acts only loosely enforced; colonists made fortunes by smuggling; colonial producers had a monopoly in the British market; colonies protected by the best navy in the world
What were the weaknesses of the Continental Army?
Not enough supplies/soldiers
Battle of Yorktown
October 1781: British forces under General Cornwallis are on a peninsula in Yorktown, VA waiting for supplies and reinforcements; Washington moves American French troops out to trap him; French blockade coast - stop British from delivering supplies and reinforcements; Cornwall so stuck on the peninsula - can't be reinforced or retreat; forced to surrender; last land battle for the revolutionary war
Why were the colonists appalled at the hiring of Hessian soldiers?
Paid soldiers; reputation for being ruthless and well-trained-> colonial fear; British were using them against their own people-> unjust
Declaratory act
Passed by Parliament shortly after repeal of stamp act, reaffirmed parliaments right "to bind" the colonies "in all cases whatsoever", reserved for Britain absolute an unqualified sovereignty over its North American colonies, sets the stage for continuing confrontation
Describe the start of Pontiacs rebellion
Pontiac (Ottawa leader) forms a pan Indian movement to drive out the British settlers - has help from the Delaware profit with a vision - movement to return to roots - breeds sense of empowerment among tribes
Why did the British concentrate on gaining access to New York?
Port city; could cut off American access to imports and supplies; many loyalists could be easy recruits; cut off Boston, which was the beating heart of the revolution, from other colonies
Eroding bonds - colonial confidence
Possible intercolonial unity; newly gained frontier presented opportunities for wealth and land; took note and learned how to fight - knew weaknesses of British military
How were the actions of the second Continental Congress contradictory to each other?
Preparing for war, but asking for peace
Who took command of the British military in 1757?
Prime minister William Pitt
Describe the British side of the Anglo- French rivalry.
Protestant; large, growing settlements (farmers); English pattern of conquest; diverse endeavors, but want access to markets for more bullion
Expectation: colonial assemblies were quasi-equal to parliament because they had no parliamentary representatives - colonists insisted that only their colonial assemblies could tax Americans
Reality: British officials countered with "virtual representation" - parliament represents all British citizens no matter where they live
Expectation: George would remove British army from America (French were no longer a threat)
Reality: large, expensive army was not removed (note: colonists doubted army's ability to defend against Indians and British citizens did not want to pay for it)
Why were the British colonists on edge?
Recognize tension between mother countries- fear of France in Canada; desire for land- Ohio River Valley; scared of potential Indian alliances
What kind of mindset do the British have regarding the Indians?
Refused to help them by supplying medical supplies; think that they are like their slaves; king disregards them: does not attempting to negotiate or make treaties; think of them as inferior - weren't worth fighting; early biological warfare
What were the strengths of the British army?
Regimented, organized; many reinforcements: strength in numbers; Hessian soldiers; many ships (strong navy)
Describe the finances of the colonies
Resistant to raising taxes
Why would England's new mercantilist policies breed colonial resentment?
Salutary neglect before, increased regulations would feel is the right had been taken away; No chance for negotiation with crown; taxation without representation; Economic exploitation; promoted criminal activity
Why might the colonial defiance to the proclamation of 1763 be considered an ominous sign for the mother country?
Shows that they do not fear the military strength of legitimacy of British anymore
With ideas of first Continental Congress in mind, how will the events in Massachusetts have significant implications for the colonies?
Since the British attacked Massachusetts, it was seen as an attack on all of the colonies, making at the start of the revolutionary war
What were some detriments of mercantilism for the colonists?
Stifled economic initiative; constant dependency on Britain; felt used and kept in a perpetual state of subordination
What were the implications of proclaiming the colonies in a state of rebellion?
They were committing treason against the king for which the punishment was death
What were the weaknesses of the British army?
To regimented, and flexible; unaware of local geography; lazy
Eroding bonds - in English motherland
Viewed the Americans as slow to organize and spoiled since they balked at helping to raise money even to protect their own lands
How would the proclamation of 1763 affect the colonists?
Want to expand more because of their large population: feel persecuted, want to rebel
Describe some of the changes made by William Pitt.
Well qualified generals; "blank check quote to fund the war in America, India, and Europe; borrows and incurs debt; 1758 the tide of the war turned