US History 151 Midterm

charles eastman

father gets a homestead, get a chance to go to college, becomes a renowned writer was an indian that went to school and became "civilized". when he graduated he said that he wanted to take what he had learned and use it to help his people. so he became a doctor around the time of the Ghost Dance tragedy. showed that in the rapidly changing world of American Indians, one could adapt without totally assimilating

sharecropping

free blacks continued to work in agriculture, free but trapped into debt peonage, permanent servitude based on a leasing system, still grew tobacco, cotton and rice (cash crops) every purchase was run through the landowner, per capita income increases, not as exploitative as slavery but not far off Sharecropping was a system of work for freed men who were employed in the cotton industry. This system traded a freed man's labor for the use of a house, land, and sometimes further accommodations.They would usually give half or more of their grown crop to their landlords. basically a legal twits on slavery post emancipation

new feminism

grew out of abolitionism, role of women in other reform movements, awareness of women's own restrictions in a male-dominated society

anti-imperialist league

(1898-1921) diverse group formed in order to protest American colonial oversight in the Philippines. It included university presidents, industrialists, clergymen, and labor leaders. Strongest in the Northeast, the Anti-imperialist League was the largest lobbying organization on a U.S. foreign-policy issue until the end of the nineteenth century. It declined in strength after the United States signed the Treaty of Paris (which approved the annexation of the Philippines), and especially after hostilities broke out between Filipino nationalists and American forces. Formal opposition grew which outwardly opposed US imperalism and advocated free trade without aggression or conquest of foreign territory

william jennings bryant

A former Nebraska congressman delieverd an impassioned address to the assembled delegates. It has become known as the "Cross of Gold" speech. He won the democratic nomination. The populaists liked him, but didn't like his vice president. They also did not like giving up their identity as a party during the presidential election because they didn't nominate a presidential canedate. They compromised with the Democratic party by nominating their own canediate for vice president.

workers union

1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers attracted 600,000 members including the skilled, unskilled, and farmers. It pushed social reform, an eight-hour day, and arbitration of labor disputes

battle of little bighorn

1876 - General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse...last victory if the native americans 1876 Battle in the Black Hills of the Dakota Territory where Custer's Seventh Cavalry was massacred when they attempted to suppress the Sioux and return them to their reservation. Crazy Horse led the Sioux in battle, and killed every one of Custer's men. The Indians were later pursued over the plains and crushed in a series of battles.

reconstruction era

A period after the civil war when Lincoln originally set up the Ten-Percent Plan stating that most Southerners could reinstate themselves if 10 percent of the voters pledged an oath of allegiance. After his assassination, Johnson added that the states must revoke their secession, accept the 13th Amendment, deny Confederate debt, and pledge loyalty to the Union.

open door policy

A policy that asked powerful and influential countries to respect Chinese rights and promote fair trade with low tariffs. This policy was accepted by other countries and prevented any country from creating a monopoly on Chinese trade. Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.

union pacific railroad

A railroad that started in Omaha, and it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH the railroad company commissioned by Congress to build westward from Omaha, NE; eventually met the Central Pacific near Ogden, UT. Company was granted 20 square-miles of land for every mile of track built, also given large federal loans. Employed Irish labor gangs. Was involved in the Credit Mobilier scandal, when insiders reaped millions in profits.

socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government , owns and controls the means of production Economic system where the government passes laws to limit businesses and tries to redistribute wealth

robber barons

A term used to describe leaders of industry at the turn of the century who rose to this position based on their unfair business practices Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price

ida b wells

African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores

george e waring

After a yellow fever epidemic swept through Memphis, Tennessee in 1878, the newly created National Board of Health sent engineer and Civil War veteran George A. Waring Jr. to design and implement a better sewage drainage system for the city. His success there made Waring's national reputation, and in 1895 he was appointed sanitation commissioner of New York City. During his brief tenure, Waring made a huge impact on the city, making much-needed reforms that would become the foundations for modern recycling, street sweeping and garbage collection

booker t washington

Born a slave, worked his way up, self educated. Founded vocational schools (Tuskegee Institute 1881). Publicly accepted disenfranchisement and social segregation in exchanged for black economic progress, education, and justice. Whites liked him - invited to speak at cotton states expo. Said blacks should lift themselves up through communication and work. Founded National Negro Business League. Black intellectuals resisted him, lower/middle classes supported him. Often seen as "2-faced" Advisor to Teddy Roosevelt and Taft Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery."

lowell, ma

Developed in the textile mills of Lowell, Massachusetts, in the 1820s, in these factories as much machinery as possible was used, so that few skilled workers were needed in the process, and the workers were almost all single young farm women, who worked for a few years and then returned home to be housewives. In a textile mill at Lowell, Massachusetts virtually all of the workers were New England farm girls. They were supervised on and off the job, and even escorted to and from church. They had few opportunities to express their discontentment regarding their working conditions. Example of inhumane labor conditions in America during the Industrial Revolution.

herbert spencer

Developed the survival-of-the-fittest theories with William Graham Sumner. He coined the phrase "survival of the fittest," not Darwin. This social thinker emphasized the rigidity of natural law, while occasionally borrowing evolutionary jargon to engage contemporary audiences. He said: "These millionaires are a product of natural selection. What do social classes owe each other? Nothing." English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903)

child labor

Federal ban on the interstate shipment of goods manufactured by children under the age of 14. The culmination of Progressive efforts since 1904 and of state laws, this was designed to reduce the use of young children in factories for long hours and low pay. -1.7 million children under 16 unemployed -Child labor laws had no impact - set minimum age 12 and couldn't work more than 10 hrs but employers ignored -Working conditions fatal

assembly line

Industrialist Henry Ford installed the first assembly line while developing his Model T car in 1908, and perfected its use in the 1920s. Assembly line manufacturing allowed workers to remain in one place and master one repetitive action, maximizing output. It became the production method of choice by the 1930s.

the grange

It was a farmers' movement involving the affiliation of local farmers into area "granges" to work for their political and economic advantages. The official name of the National Grange is the Patrons of Husbandry the Granger movement was successful in regulating the railroads and grain warehouses The more common name of the Patrons of Husbandry—this organization was formed in 1867 as a support system for struggling western farmers. This organization was a educational and social organization, but under the leadership of Oliver Kelley, this organization began to lobby state and federal governments for legislation that would protect farmers from the effects of big business.

yellow journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers Reliance on self-advertisement and the familiar aspects of sensationalism: crime news, scandal, gossip, divorces, sex, sports and reprinting of disasters

american railroad union

Led by Eugene Debs, they started the Pullman strike, representing mostly of railroad workers.

radical reconstruction

Reconstruction strategy that was based on severely punishing South for causing war. IN POWERPOINT: Civil authorities in the territories were subject to military supervision. Required new state constitutions, includingblack suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments. In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making. -period beginning in 1867, when the Republicans, who had control in both houses of Congress, took charge of Reconstruction. The Radical Republicans passed four Reconstruction Acts in 1868: (1) ratify the Fourteenth Amendment; (2) write new state constitutions that guarantee freedmen the right to vote; (3) form new governments to be elected by all male citizens including African Americans.

klu klux klan

The KKK was a group of mostly Southerners who were extremely racist against African Americans, and disliked all other cultures and races. They originated in Tennessee in 1865. General Forrest was in charge of this group. The members of this group dominated the democratic party. They also released a campaign that terrified the republicans. The Ku Klux Klan went around blackmailing many republican politicians and burned black schools and churches.

first great migration

The movement of African Americans from the South to the industrial centers of the Northeast and the Midwest. Causes for migration included decreasing cotton prices, the lack of immigrant workers in the North, increased manufacturing as a result of the war, and the strengthening of the KKK. Migration led to higher wages, more educational opportunities, and better standards of life for some blacks.

big stick diplomacy concept

The policy held by Teddy Roosevelt in foreign affairs. The "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them. Diplomatic policy developed by T.R symbolizing his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy.

pure food and drug act

This law requires manufacturers to tell the truth about their food and drug products. the act that prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure of falsely labeled food and drugs

social darwinism

This was a belief held by many that stated that the rich were rich and the poor were poor due to natural selection in society. This was the basis of many people who promoted a laissez fairee style of economy. Applied Darwin's theory of natural selection and "survival of the fittest" to human society -- the poor are poor because they are not as fit to survive. Used as an argument against social reforms to help the poor., A social application of Charles Darwin's biological theory of evolution by natural selection, this late-nineteenth century theory encouraged the notion of human competitio and opposed intervention in the natural human order. Social Darwinists justified the increasing inequality of late-nineteeth-century industrial American society as natural.

industrialization

businesses that use machines to create mass production and distribute the products. growth of industry Process of industrial development in which countries evolve economically, from producing basic, primary goods to using modern factories for mass-producing goods. At the highest levels of development, national economies are geared mainly toward the delivery of services and exchange of information.

populist party

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies, 8 hour work day, restrictions on immigration, and issues that would be the 16-18th Amendments Peoples party; national political party fromed in 1892 that supported a graduated income tax, bank regulation, government ownership of some companies, restrictions on immigration, shorter workdays, and voting reform grass roots movement of farmers south and midwest were suffering and being exploited big companies took advantage 1880's in order to have a voice they need a party- People's Party William James Bryan

wounded knee massacre

When the Sioux gathered here for the Ghost Dance in 1890 U.S. troops opened fire killing 300 men, women, and children. 1890, Indian police officers tried to arrest Sitting Bull, he hesitated, and the officers shot and killed him. about 120 men and 230 women ahnd children surrendered and were rounded up at a creek called wounded knee. as the were disarmed someone fired a shot, and more than 200 Sioux were killed. last major episode of the indian wars.

alfred thayer mahan

Wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History, which argued that control of the sea was the key to world dominance;it stimulated the naval race among the great powers. A United States Navy officer, geostrategist, and educator. His ideas on the importance of sea power influenced navies around the world, and helped prompt naval buildups before World War I. Several ships were named USS Mahan, including the lead vessel of a class of destroyers. His research into naval History led to his most important work, The Influence of Seapower Upon History,1660-1783, published in 1890

triangle shirtwaist fire

a fire in New York's Triangle Shirtwaist Company in 1911 killed 146 people, mostly women. They died because the doors were locked and the windows were too high for them to get to the ground. Dramatized the poor working conditions and let to federal regulations to protect workers.

muller v oregon

a landmark decision in United States Supreme Court history, as it relates to both sex discrimination and labor laws. The case upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health., 10-hour work day for women laundry workers on health and community concerns

pullman strike

a nonviolent strike which brought about a shut down of western railroads, which took place against the Pullman Palace Car Company in Chicago in 1894, because of the poor wages of the Pullman workers. It was ended by the president due to the interference with the mail system, and brought a bad image upon unions.

"40 acres and a mule"

a temporary plan, also known as Special Field Orders, No. 15, issued by Union general William Tecumseh Sherman in 1865 that granted each freedmen family forty acres of tillable land on islands and the coast of Georgia. The army had a number of unneeded mules which were also granted to these settlers. Although the federal government had confiscated some Confederate lands and given them to freed slaves, it never did this on a massive scale.

prohibition

a total ban on the manufacture, sale, and transportation of liquor throughout the United States. 1919-1933 when the manufacturing, distribution, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by the 18th Amendment of the Constitution. The 18th Amendment was repealed under President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Administration in 1933 during the Great Depression. Widely seen as a failure in this country.

presidents 1865-1920

abraham lincoln 1865 andrew johnson ulysses s grant rutherford b hayes james garfield chester arthur grover cleveland benjamin harrison grover cleveland william mckinley teddy roosevelt woodrow wilson 1920

boom and bust periods

accelerating growth followed by a crash and then depression. Led to much panic and anxiety to people, partly leading to religious revivals. Cycle was seen as an inevitable part of market economy

advertising

advertising came of age following the wartime propaganda of WWI. Advertisers sought to associate products with different lifestyles, glamor, prestige. term used to describe America's consumer culture of the 1920, when advertising began to influence the choices of purchasers

"rain will follow the plow"

idea that if you would plow and till the new soil it would cause rain, extremely popular idea at the time, encourages farmers to abandon life in the West or in Europe to go try

muckrakers

journalists who used investigative methods to write about injustices and exposed the filth of society

upton sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

lynching

murder by a mob, mostly applied to white southerners killing black men

andrew johnson

only southern senator to remain loyal to the Union became president 1865-1869 everything Lincoln is not, cared much more about status, callous and cold, not as talented as a speaker/politician and lacked a physical command, no first impression when ranking president, Johnson places last or very bottom tried to finish Abe's works but failed openly hostile to free slaves and elite planters blamed planters for conspiracy did not protect slaves

farmer's alliance

organization that united farmers at the statewide and regional level; policy goals of this organization included more readily available farm credits and federal regulation of the railroads. This was the first "national" organization of the farmers, which led to the creation of the Populist party. It sponsored social gatherings, were active in politics, organized cooperatives, and fought against the dominance of the railroads and manufacturers.

49ers

peoples who migrated to mostly California in search of riches after gold was discovered there in 1848 -An estimated 100,000 forty-niners from around the globe flocked to the gold fields in 1849. The population of California exploded, and the issue of slavery was again brought up. Politicians were debated as to whether California should be admitted as a free or slave state.

black codes

put in place across the south, restrictive laws to give white power over black, issue fines or arrest unemployed blacks, vagrancy, sold to pay off imaginary debt, becomes known as Jim Crow, structural racism, continued to bleed into the North -Defined what it meant to be black -Prevented blacks from voting/holding office etc -Prevented blacks from serving in state militias -Prohibited interracial marriage between whites and blacks -Mandated and regulated labor contracts between whites and free blacks enacted on southern states limit freedom/rights to newly freed slaves following the civil war

jim crow laws

restrictive laws to give white power over black, issue fines or arrest unemployed blacks, vagrancy, sold to pay off imaginary debt, becomes known as Jim Crow, structural racism, continued to bleed into the North

"survival of the fittest"

social darwinism Part of Charles Darwin's theory in biology...that those who are fittest for the environment will survive. the poor are poor because they are not as fit to survive. Used as an argument against social reforms to help the poor.

fordism

system of standardized mass production attributed to Henry Ford, principles based on assembly-line techniques, scientific management, mass consumption based on higher wages, and sophisticated advertising techniques

temperance movement

the drive against the consumption of alcohol Reform movement begun in the 1800's that fought to ban alcohol in the U.S. This movement led to the passage of the 18th Amendment in 1920.

hull house

the most prominent American settlement house; established in Chicago in 1889 by Jane Addams; located in a poor immigrant neighborhood of Greeks, Italians, Russians, and Germans; offered instruction in English, counseling to help newcomers cope with American big-city life, child-care services for working mothers, and cultural activities for neighborhood residents co-founded in Chicago, Illinois, in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr who were soon joined by other volunteers called "residents," it was one of the first settlement houses in the U.S. and eventually grew into one of the largest, with facilities in 13 buildings At its beginning, its main purposes were to provide social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood, many of whom were recent immigrants. There were classes

horatio alger- books

this Puritan-reared New England ex-pastor began his literary career in 1866, during which he wrote more than 100 books of juvenile fiction in which virtue, honesty, and industry were rewarded with success, wealth, and honor Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote that virtue, honesty and industry would be rewarded with success, wealth and honor.

web dubois

was raised in a largely white New England town of Massachusetts where he encountered little obvious racism and developed a passion for knowledge. Not being raised in a harsh setting or a life of slavery and achieving what he achieved influenced him by show what could be done in a society where racism was mild. opposed Washington's view which was aimed more towards economic gain and away from achieving social equality, he craved for a world where whites and blacks were not looked down upon and had the same rights as white people co founded NAACP