U.S History

Liberalism

A belief that government can and should achieve justice and equality of opportunity.

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

Tuskegee Airmen

332 Fighter Group famous for shooting down over 200 enemy planes. African American pilots who trained at the Tuskegee flying school. Their bombing campaign toppled Mussolini, however they were under the command of white men

Erie Canal (1817-1825)

350 mile canal built by the state of NY that stretched from Buffalo to Albany; the canal revolutionized shipping in NY and opened up new markets (evidence of the Market Revolution) by Clinton

African Americans in WWII

370,000 African Americans drafted; they face rampant discrimination and prejudice in the army, where their units were completely segregated from white units. They weren't allowed to serve in the Marines Corps and the 10,000 in the navy were restricted to lower ranks.

Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809) Biography

3rd president, 1st secretary of state, 2nd vice president, Governor of Virginia, spoke 6 languages, some said he was the most brilliant president

2nd Continental Congress (1775-1781)

55 men from all the colonies meet in Philli

Sobering statistics

630,000 people were killed overall, 2% of the us pop. dead, 3,000 people/week, explains why battlefields are hallowed ground, a generation of young men dead or damaged, pits family against family

W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963)

A black historian and sociologist and author a several books, he was a leader in the movement to win social justice for African Americans. In The Souls of Black Folks, he expressed his sadness, rage, and frustration with the hardships that black people encountered. Harvard educated (First black PhD), DuBois was considered a radical in that he demanded racial equality should be immediate. He was devoted to teaching, training, and mentoring college-educated black people to become leaders of their race. He formed the Niagara Movement in 1906. This group later became the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), possibly the most influential civil rights group in American history. Grew up in the north, and didn't really see racism until he went to college at Fisk in Nashville. Says the racial entrenchment is worse here than in Europe. Eventually gives up and moves to Ghana saying America will never overcome its racial obstacles. Tried to recruit black soldiers for WWI.

Red Scare (1919-1920)

A brief wave of fear over the possible influence of Socialists/Bolsheviks in American life. Red is associated with communism. There was fear the immigrants were sent to infect America with communism.

"America First Committee"

A committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They wanted to protect America before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh (the aviator) was its most effective speaker.

Space Race

A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union.

Credit Mobilier Scandal (1872)

A construction company was formed by owners of the Union Pacific Railroad for the purpose of receiving government contracts to build the railroad at highly inflated prices and profits. In 1872 a scandal erupted when journalists discovered that the Credit Mobilier Company had bribed congressmen and even the Vice President in order to allow the ruse to continue. Basically money laundering

Hoover Dam

A dam built in the 1930s, with funding from the federal government, to control the Colorado River.

Scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners

Mutually Assured Destruction

A doctrine of military strategy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two opposing sides would effectively result in the destruction of both the attacker and the defender.

Medicaid

A federal and state assistance program that pays for health care services for people who cannot afford them.

Medicare

A federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older

Panic of 1837

A financial depression that consumes his entire presidency, ruined people's confidence in paper money; it's value decreases. People blame Van Buren not Jackson

Harriet Tubman (1821-1913)

A former escaped slave, she was one of the shrewdest conductors of the Underground Railroad, leading 300 slaves to freedom. She made 19 trips into slave territory to lead fellow blacks to freedom. Her successes caused her to be referred to as "the Moses of her people." Lobbied for Lincoln to put black troops into war during the Civil war

Red Tails

A group of Tuskegee Airmen who flew escort planes for bombers in World War Two.

Nation of Islam

A group of militant Black Americans who profess Islamic religious beliefs and advocate independence for Black Americans

"Copperheads"

A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War, they were subject to arrest without trial

Mugwumps

A group of renegade Republicans who supported 1884 Democratic presidential nominee Grover Cleveland instead of their party's nominee, James G. Blaine.

Teapot Dome Scandal (1923)

A horrible political scandal involving the private bribery of Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall in exchange for government oileries. Up to that point, it was considered the worst political scandal in American History. He leased federal land to private companies and pocketed the profits..

"Lame Duck" (Nov. - Mar.)

A lag in the presidency because the current president has no authority and the new president hasn't been sworn in yet

Fugitive Slave Act

A law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders. Occasionally free slaves were recaptured and brought back into slavery.

William Randolph Hearst

A leading newspaperman of his times, he ran The New York Journal and helped create and propagate "yellow (sensationalist) journalism."

Chancellorsville (1863)

A major battle in the American Civil War (1863), the Confederates under Robert E. Lee defeated the Union forces under Joseph Hooker. General Jackson was killed by friendly fire. A pyrrhic victory

Al Capone

A mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.

Grange Movement

A movement for social and educational organization through which farmers attempted to combat the power of the railroads in the late 19th century

Palmer Raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities

Flare-ups of Antiforeignism

!840s-50s Irish and Germans immigrants were Roman Catholics. Americans feared that so the created a group that burned churches and impersonated nuns to try to convert them

Babe Ruth

"Home Run King" in baseball, provided an idol for young people and a figurehead for America

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

"Pact of Paris" or "Treaty for the Renunciation of War," it made war illegal as a tool of national policy, allowing only defensive war. The Treaty was generally believed to be useless. Basically made war illegal

George Wallis

"Segregation today Segregation tomorrow, Segregation forever"....Govenor of Alabama at time of selma march

TR and Foreign Policy

"Speak softly and carry a big stick"

Japanese surrender— "V-J Day" (August 14, 1945)

"Victory over Japan day" is the celebration of the Surrender of Japan, which was initially announced on August 15, 1945. Happens 6 years and 1 day after the war began in Poland

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Bismarck

(1815-1898) Prussian chancellor who engineered the unification of Germany under his rule. Delivers "blood and iron" speech.

Carrie Chapman Catt

(1859-1947) A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.

Herbert Hoover

(1929-1933) The New York Stock Market Crashes October 29, 1929 "Black Tuesday". The 20th Amendment is passed and added and the 21st Amendment is passed by 1933.

Khrushchev in US

(1959) Arrived September 15 and planned to tour America and conclude his trip nearly two weeks later with a summit meeting with president Eisenhower. At the top of his list was to visit Hollywood. On September 27 he concluded his visit.

Largest peacetime expansion

(1993-2000)

French and Indian War (1754-1763)

(7 years war) a global conflict between France and Britain in the colonies. G. Washington is a major in the British military. A British win gets the French to pull out of the New World and the British decide that the Americans need to understand that they are part of an empire. A strict British presence becomes prevalent in the Colonies

The Peace Corp

(JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America

TVA

(Tennessee Valley Authority Act) Relief, Recover, and Reform. one of the most important acts that built a hyro-electric dam for a needed area.

Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861)

). Built on an island in 1829, the fort was one of three that the United States maintained in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. In order to claim true independence from the Union, Jefferson Davis decided that the forts needed to be taken; a Confederate force under P.G.T. Beauregard ordered the small Union garrison, controlled by Major Robert Anderson, to surrender. Anderson refused, shots were fired, and the Union commander surrendered two days later, with only one soldier killed. The Union made two unsuccessful attempts to recapture the fort with ironclad ships in 1863, but Confederate forces finally abandoned it when they left Charleston in February 1865

Reagan the Negotiator 2nd term (Cold war)

- IMF Treaty

Roe vs. Wade (1973)

- court case made it so that abortion was unrestricted in the first trimester only, it's restricted and requires state approval in the second and third trimesters - this activated the evangelical christians who say it's destroying a life

Three Mile Island (may 1979)

- nearly had a nuclear meltdown at 3 mile island in Pennslyvania - weans America off nuclear energy

Operation Niagara

- three B-52s hit the enemy every 90 minutes for most of the 77-day siege

"Morning in America"

-1984 election; Reagan's effective political campaign television commercial formally titled "Prouder, Stronger, Better" -Promises a rebirth of America -was a film actor (not A-list) -Governor of California in the 60s

JFK Biography

-1st president born in the 1900's, emblematic of the era -youngest president elected -Born in 1917 -Up until Trump he was the wealthiest president -Champion of the middle and lower class -Only (Irish) Catholic we've ever elected

WWII Costs and Effects for the US

-405,000 (x2 of that in WWI, 75 million global deaths, Russia loses 25 million, China loses 20 million. -Our homeland (excluding Pearl Harbor) is intact -Unmatched leadership and commitment -From 1945 onward America has a world dominant military and economic power (It's 5% of the world pop., controls 90% of the money, makes 80% of the cars)

Barak Obama

-44th President -Dad was from Kenya and wife from Kansas (white). Obama was bi-racial -wins over John McCain (who was a pow of vietnam) -people say that America moved into a new America

Depression

-5,000 banks close in a year and half after the stock market crash -1,000's more close in the next decade -100k business close (people believe that it's a result of the econ. darwinism) -25% unemployment (single earner houses, those with jobs have severe wage cuts -Lasts for 12 years

Consequences of WWI

-50,000 American deaths -15-20 million European deaths -10,000 casualties -Short lived peace because of German bitterness which will have major consequences 20 years later

The Break-In (June, 1972)

-A group of men are arrested for breaking into the Democratic Party Headquarters @ Watergate (a hotel/office complex) -Cops noticed that these men were extremely well-equipped with CIA-grade equipment. One robber had a little black book with a WH written in it

French Indochina War (1945-54)

-After WWII the Indochina colony is going to try to break away from France -there's a series of battles that France loses -France actually asks America for help, but doesn't get it - Vietnam or rather Indochina (which means lower china) gains its independence

Iran Hostage Crisis (1979)

-American hostages taken by US hating Shiites upon Shah's flight from uprising, botched rescue attempts -Hostages were released a year later seconds after Reagan took office -It came to symbolize American impotence

Saigon Captured

-April 30, 1975 -Renamed Ho Chi Minh City

The Great Recession (2007-09)

-Banks close -Mortgages reset -Worse than the 1970's recession America it was about to go into a Depression worse than the 30s

2000 election

-Bush (271 electoral votes) v. Gore (267 electoral votes), very controversial-Bush won (lost popular vote, won electoral vote) -sets America on the path of polarized politics

Panama Canal Transfer (1979)

-Carter gives the panama canal back to Panama -we still control it and if there's a crisis we handle -the actual transfer happens in 1999

Aquitted (1999)

-Clinton's denial under oath of the Monica Lewinsky was perjury. -DNA evidence showed his lie

Factors of Stock Market Crash

-Construction and consumer boom led to higher stock prices which fueled speculations and people were buying stocks on credit. This meant that companies weren't actually making legit money with the stock holders because it was solely credit that would need to be paid off -Consumer debt (again because of credit) -Neglect of farm policies (farmers migrated to cities, and they overextended themselves with credit, the drought) -Worldwide economic collapse (WWII pulls the world out of the depression)

Goals of the Presidents in the Progressive Era

-Correct the abuses of the Gilded. Laws to prevent child labour are created. Betterment of poor working and living conditions. Shortened workday with good pay. Betterment of the quality of products(food, toiletries). Gender and racial equality (Woodrow falls short on this). Conservation of natural resources. Democracy and capitalism learn to work together.

What was learned from the Gilded Age? (Contextualization for the Progressive Era)

-Corrupt politicians as a result of political -Unrestrained capitalism (no safety nets w/ industry) -Hollow attempts at reform movements (deliberate loopholes in legislation) -Exploited Immigrants/working class -Unparalleled technological innovations -Farming: Abundance and Debt -Westward Expansion and Indian Conflicts

Lyndon B Johnson Biography

-Cowboy from Texas, crude and rude, no sense of privacy -went swimming nude in the white house pool -man who got things done (60's FDR)

1920's Traditionalism v. Moderinsm

-Culture (Scopes Trial: science vs. religion , Sacco and Vanzetti: immigration, KKK: immigration, race, and religion, Women's issues: flappers vs. WCTU, discussion of prohibition) -Government (Pro-Business/Anit-Labour(unions), Anti-interventionist foreign policy, conservative politically)

Spanish-America War Legacy

-Deaths (lots of them) -Territorial gain/hypocrisy

Grover Cleveland (1885-1889)

-Democrat -Knights of Labor, 1886 -Haymarket Riot, 1886 -Interstate Commerce Act, 1887 -Washburn v. Illinois, 1886 Was only elected because the Republican party bolted the party(mugwumps) and voted for the opposition because they didn't approve of their candidate (James Blaine). President during the Pullman Strike. Runs again in 1888 but loses in the electoral college to Benjamin Harrison (William H. Harrison's grandson)

Grover Cleveland (1893-1897)

-Democrat -Panic of 1893 (lasted 4 years) -Hawaiian incident, 1893 -Venezuelan Boundary Affair, 1895 -Pullman Strike, 1894 -American Federation of Labor -Wilson-Gorman Tariff, 1894

Truman (D) vs. Thomas Dewey (R)

-Dewey led the campaign the entire time - A third part ran -the election was the biggest political upset in american history until the 2016 election

2016: Populist Rage

-Dissaffected groups: - non-college whites - Rust belt manufacturing and mining - Traditionalist evangelical Christianity -Affected groups: - minority groups - women

Key Players of the Vietnam War

-Dwight Eisenhower (1953-61) -John F. Kennedy (1961-63) -Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-69) -Richard Nixon (1969-74) -Gerald Ford (1974-77) -Robert McNamara (SecDef. during JFK?LBJ -William Westmoreland (4-star general) -Henry Kissinger (Sec. of State during Nixon)

Malcom X's Initial Philosophy

-Encouraged violence when necessary -Black self-sufficiency, complete separation of the races economically, politically, socially

China Visit (1972)

-February 21 - Nixon visited for a week to meet with Chairman Mao Tse-Tung for improved relations with China, Called "ping-pong diplomacy" because Nixon played ping pong with Mao during his visit. Nixon agreed to support China's admission to the United Nations. -Nixon plays off the animosity between China and Russia, it's called triangulation

Party nomination challenge by Reagan (1976)

-Ford barely wins this, so he can run again but he still loses the election

Hoover's Depression Philosophy

-Gilded age mentality: the businesses will pull us out of the depression

US Intervention under Wilson

-Haiti -Mexico -WWI

The Geneva Conference

-In Switzerland, the western powers decided that Vietnam would be split in two -North:communist, South: capitalist -Western powers decided to let the country vote for who would rule, when it becomes clear that Ho Chi Minh would win they install Ngo Dinh Diem who's a catholic and was mostly abroad in South Vietnam

Moral and Practical Dilemmas After the Spanish-American War

-It was expensive to occupy the Philippines and other countries -There was a religious and racial divide between America and those countries -America was colonies ones, so the other countries see it as hypocrisy - America feels as though their civilizing them by bringing democracy - There was much push back in America, especially businesses, who worried about another depression as a result of the occupation, and American values may not be well received within those occupied countries

Notable Muckrakers

-Jacob Riis (How the Other Half Lives) - Upton Sinclair (The Jungle) -Theodore Dreiser (Sister Carrie) -Ida Tarbell (A History of Standard Oil Co.) -Frank Norris (The Octopus)

SALT (1972)

-Limited the amount of nuclear weapons that each superpower could possess. -Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty

Danger Signs in the 1920s

-Low farm prices -Little international trade (raised tariffs) -German default on WWI reparations that France, Serbia, etc. depended on - US consumer debt: Buying on the margin

Thrugood Marshall

-Lynda Brown's attorney -1st black person to argue in the Supreme Court with proper credentials -Hired by NAACP - 1st African-American Supreme Court judge appointed by Lyndon Johnson in 1967

Background on Nixon

-Nixon was bitter about losing to Kennedy and thought he was going to win in a landslide his first election but he barely won (1968) - He feels boxed in by his political enemies and was very paranoid. This is what lead to watergate

Civil Rights Backlash

-Nixon's not a fan of civil right's movement, and white america get tired of it too, which is called the southern strategy

Agnew's Resignation (1973)

-Nixon's vp had to resign because he was caught for Income tax evasion and bribery -Nixon was the one who told investigators about it to throw them off his scent for awhile

Evolutions in American Attitude During the Age of Empire

-No more frontier (ends in 1893) -There's a need for more trade -Ego: America has a desire to keep up with the world -Missionaries: Protestant American nature wants to bring the backward people (considered Pagans) the two C's; Christianity and Capitalism

Title IX (1972)

-No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance -Added to the civil rights act of 1964.

The Eisenhower Years (1953-61)

-Normandy and NATO commander -ran as a republican (1st one since Hoover) -Wins two landslide elections

Roosevelt's Legacy

-Powerful president (domestically and globally) -President like him hasn't been seen since Lincoln -First president to leave America while in office to observe the construction of the Panama Canal

Franklin D. Roosevelt

-President of the US during Great Depression and World War II -Our only disabled president he was stricken with polio at 39 -He's elected to office 4 times

Split Party Loyalties

-Progressives are taken out of the Republican Party by Roosevelt, when the Progressive Party dies with him they're folded back into the two party system and the progressives lean more democratic than before

Carter

-Represents the "New South" -Doesn't have a national identity - 1 term governor of Georgia -wants racial healing and to bring industry to the south

U.S. disadvantages in the War of 1812

-Republicans refused to mobilize resources -New Englanders refused to cooperate -wealthy northern merchants failed to respond to the U.S Treasury's appeals for loans to finance the war -poorly coordinated marches

The 1970's presidents

-Richard Nixon (1969-74) -Gerald Ford (1974-77) -Jimmy Carter (1977-81)

Election of 1912

-Roosevelt breaks with Taft and creates a third party called the Progressive Party whose symbol is a bull moose -Taft comes in last in the presidential race -Roosevelt is shot in October of 1912 while campaigning, his glasses case and speech saved him, he insisted he finish his speech even after he was shot.

Clinton (1993-2001)

-Served 2 full terms as president after his election win in 1993 (10th) -ran as a democrat, people thought he was a little crazy run against Bush

Robert Kennedy Assassination

-Sirhan assassinated him because he was angry at Kennedy's support of Israel. -he was one of the people who ordered protection for the freedom riders and he had broad support from all races, genders, and ages. If he hadn't been killed he probably would've won the presidency

Hungary Crisis (1956)

-Stalin dies and is replaced by Khrushchev in the early 50s who denounces some of Stalins implements but he's still a communist -Hungary topples their communist government and wait for America to bring them out from behind the Iron Curtain -America decides it can't do that without risking WWIII and doesn't help - Several hundred thousand Soviet troops come in and reimpose control

Wilson's Progressive Agenda

-Sufferage was reintroduced -Trust Busting (Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914) -Child Labor (Keating Owen Act of 1916) -8 Hr. Day (Adamson Act) -Federal Reserve -Tariff Reform (Underwood Act) -Income Tax - Direct Election of Senators -Prohibition

Roosevelt's Progressive Agenda

-The "Square Deal" -Trust "Busting" <-- Theodore known as trustbuster -Labour friendly

McCarthy targeted

-The State Department -Professors -Hollywood -The US Military (this will be his downfall)

Olympic Boycott (1980)

-The U.S. withdrew from the competition held in Moscow to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. The Soviet Union had sent troops into neighboring Afghanistan to support its communist government against guerrilla attacks by fundamentalists Muslims. About 64 other nations withdrew for this and other reasons, we couldn't just withdrawl without allies. -it's odd because historically government's would put issues aside (like athens and sparta who stopped a war to participate) -Next time, Russia ducks out of the LA Olympics

The Nixon Years Economy

-The Vietnam expense sent America into a recession and this lagging economy goes into the 80's -It's the end of the "American Century"

Woodward and Bernstein's investigation

-The pair of newbie reporters find a highly placed government operative codename, "deepthroat" who gives them clues about where to look and what happened (it was all very clandestine) - Their investigation leads them to Nixon's taping system in his oval office, but he refused to give it over things go south quickly

World War I Background in Europe

-There was fear of the rapid rise of Germany which entered country hood in 1871. Bismarck industrialized and militarized Germany, so rapidly that their Navy rivaled Britain's. -US kept out of the war until 1917, and then fought for 11 months -Idea of Ultranationalism sparked in Germany - Crown Prince is assassinated by a Serbian -Britain and Frace ally with Russia and Serbia -Germany and Austria-Hungary ally with the Ottoman Empire

The months after the break-in (1972-73)

-There was no connection to the robbers and the WH on the black book -Nixon wins his next election in landslide -Finally it's discovered that the thieves had a connection to a government official -Nixon appointed a Special Prosecutor to find out who it was, Archibald Cox, this interests Congress and they all start sniffing

Politics of the 20s

-There's a brief return of the Gilded Age -conservative government when the culture is growing more permissive

Civil Rights Pioneers and Organizations

-Thurgood Marshall -Rosa Parks -Martin Luther King Jr. -Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee

Taft's Progressive Agenda

-Trust Busting (US Steel and Standard Oil Co.) -Secretary of Labor (1913)

Origins of the Vietnam War

-US attempting to prevent the spread of communism with the aid of the South Vietnamese -French Indochina War (1945-54) -Containment and the Domino Theory

Reagan the Hardliner in 1st (Cold War)

-USSR was the "Evil empire" -Budget was mostly focused on military and pushing boundaries with Russian borders -Takes us back to the 50's view on the cold war

The American Country

-Where the world sees America as the shining city on a hill

Age of Empire Presidents

-William McKinley (1897-1901) -Theodore Roosevelt (1901-09) -William Howard Taft (1909-13) -Woodrow Wilson (1913-21)

IMF Treaty (1988)

-arms reduction treaty

positives of prohibition

-bank savings increased - decrease of domestic violence -decrease in workplace accidents

Kerner Report (1968)

-blamed violence on segregation & poverty and offered a powerful indictment of white racism

Ho Chi Minh

-communist leader of North Vietnam -uses quotes from the Dec. of Independence (which America doesn't like) -Vietminh is a guerrilla fighting brigade -dies in 1969

Vietnam Amnesty (1977)

-grants amnesty (official pardon) to Vietnam "draft dodgers" -thought it could help the healing process -Vietnam veterans didn't like Carter's thinking

Pardon of Nixon (1974)

-happened 1 month after watergate -looked like the 20th century "corrupt bargain" -Ford's argument is that an trial would paralyze the country

Wealth gap in the US

-happened in the 80's -it was either really poor or really rich

1950s culture

-picks up where the 20s left off - suburban communities born

Tet Offensive (1968)

-pivot point where the approval of Vietnam War plummets in America -America broke form fighting to let the Vietnamese observe the holiday (tet which is vietnamese new year) -The Vietcong launch surprise attacks on military bases with heavy American occupation they do this for four weeks until America pushes them back -This is all caught on camera and shows America how useless this war is

Bush Sr.

-presides over end of cold war in 1991 -soviet union ceases to exist in December, 1991

Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909)

-protected national parks -established the National Forest Laws -trustbuster against monopolies -speak softly & carry a big stick=foreign policy -First, vp to win a term on his own -Executive branch comes back to power -Republicans made him vp to shut him up -Presidency begins the "Bully Pulpit." -Refused security

Government action during the depression

-raise the tariffs -RFC -Hoover dam

negatives of prohibition

-rise of organized crime - it's just in general unmanageable

Failure of Containment

-the Vietnam war makes America reevaluate its cold war aims and objectives -58,000 American troops die -creates long lasting political divisions -begins to erode the "American Century"

Women's Movement pt.2

-the first wave is disputed between being in the 1840's or the 19teens' -Betty Friedan and her book "The Feminine Mystique" (1963) started it all

Voting polarization in the 1928 election

-the wet vs. dry topic of polarization -urban vs. Midwestern rural - Catholic vs. Protestant

During Carter's administration

-there was double digit inflation and unemployment

Recession (1991-92)

-this dooms Bush's presidency

The Vietnam War (1959-1974)

-ultimate failure of containment -first war that America loses

9-11-2001

-war on terror, modern life is how it is because of this -3,000 Americans die, death toll is larger than Pearl Harbour by about 500

Criticisms of Hoover

1. The longevity of the Depression became clear by 1932 - Hoover should have began to create a solution 2. Hoover did nothing to help to solve the humanitarian issues raised by the Depression - in fact, the Bonus Marchers were treated like terrorists - this damaged public opinion of Hoover massively 3. Laissez faire was not aiding economic recovery yet Hoover did not attempt to alter these policies 4. Hoover only attempted to aid business through the RFC 5. Hoover opposed direct federal relief payments to individuals - opposite to the Keynesian policies followed by Hoover

1st Continental Congress (1774)

12 of the 13 colonies sent representatives to Philadelphia to plan a response to British actions. It was suggested that a militia be trained, and a list of grievances were sent to the king who ignored it.

Lodge Reservations

14 formal amendments to the treaty for the League of Nations; preserved Monroe Doctrine, Congress desired to keep declaration of war to itself

Civil Rights Setbacks during the Gilded Age

14th Amendment: Federal government leaves the enforcing of this to the states. Instead the southern states enforce the Jim Crow laws

Sussex (1916)

A French freighter carrying American passengers was sunk by German U-Boats. It resulted in the Sussex Pledge which stated that Germany would not sink anymore merchant ships without warning. Americans threaten to stop trading and being diplomatic with Germany

Haiti Rebellion (1804)

A French island, Santo Domingo, near the Dominican Republic. The slave rebellion caused governmental collapse, and the French were forced to flee and the island became governed by black slaves. Many countries refused to trade with them because they'd be acknowledging that it was a successful rebellion which would be inspiring to other slaves.

Highways

1790s roadways were dangerous, horses would drown in mudpits, People built a road from Philli to Lancaster and they put in pikes that blocked the road, so when you'd pay the toll they turn the pike. the term "turnpike" originates from there

William Lloyd Garrison; The Liberator

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. He was tarred and feathered, his printing press destroyed.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman in Massachusetts who questioned gender roles, Winthrop banishes her, so she moves her husband and 17 children to New York, all of them but one daughter died.

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.

Alexander Grahm Bell

1876 gets patent for the telephone and creates a company called the American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T)

Winslow Homer

A Realist painter known for his seascapes of New England.

American Federation of Labor

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

American Colonization Society

A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country, brought around 300 slaves back, but most didn't really feel like going

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Muckrakers

1906 - Journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business

The "Great White" Fleet

1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914 law that strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act, fixed the loopholees

Washington Naval Conference (1922)

1921 - president Harding invited delegates from Europe and Japan, and they agreed to limit production of war ships, to not attack each other's possessions, and to respect China's independence

Churchill's Iron Curtain Speech

1946 "communism & capitalism are incompatible" "Churchill is like a war-monger" --> iron curtain "has fallen over Europe"

Joseph McCarthy

1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists

Marshall Plan (1948-1952)

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe. It was presented to congress by a 5-star general, John Marshall, who was the Sec. of State. In essence it was a $17.5 billion dollar aid plan that was available to any European country who wanted to partake. It was a 5 year plan, even offered to Middle East and Soviets.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

1957 group founded by Martin Luther King Jr. to fight against segregation using nonviolent means

Watts Riots

1964 riots which started in an African-American ghetoo of Los Angeles and left 30 dead and 1,000 wounded. Riots lasted a week, and spurred hundreds more around the country.

Ronald Reagan

1981-1989,"Great Communicator" Republican, conservative economic policies, replaced liberal Democrats in upper house with consevative Democrats or "boll weevils" , at reelection time, jesse jackson first black presdiential candidate, Geraldine Ferraro as VP running mate (first woman)

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

The Knights of Labor

1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed

Executive Order 9066

2/19/42; 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes & businesses, 600K more renounced citizenship; demonstrated fear of Japanese invasion. THis is the black spot on FDR's legacy

March on Washington (August, 1963)

200,000 interracial demonstrators converged on the Lincoln Memorial to hear Dr. King's speech and to celebrate Kennedy's support for the civil rights movement. They demanded and are granted a meeting with JFK who agrees and helps to push a law for equality which is passed in '64

Osama bin Laden killed

2011, Obama signed off on it

What repealed the 18th Amendment?

21st amendment

Ho Chi Minh Trail

A network of paths used by North Vietnam to transport supplies to the Vietcong in South Vietnam. This is where America concentrated the bombs, the amount bombing America does=9 Hiroshimas

Carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states

"The Man in the Grey Flannel Suit"

A novel detailing the search for a world dominated by business, it detailed conformity

Nation Defense Education Act

A one billion program intended to produce more scientists and teachers of science.

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Conservative resurgence

A periodization concept, often used by historians, for the period of time roughly corresponding to the administrations of Presidents Nixon through Reagan, and perhaps beyond, during which the dominance of liberalism was replaced by the dominance of conservatism in American politics. -the "New Right"

"Peace with Honor"

A phrase U.S. President Richard M. Nixon used in a speech , to describe the Paris Peace Accord to end the Vietnam War.

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Detente

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

"Open Door" Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Black Shirts

A private army under Mussolini who destroyed socialist newspapers, union halls, and Socialist party headquarters, eventually pushing Socialists out of the city governments of Northern Italy.

Gag Rule (1836-1844)

A procedure in the House of Representatives by which antislavery petitions were automatically tabled when they were received so that they could not become the subject of debate. Signifies the growing divisiveness of the slavery issue in the 1830's and 1840's.

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Mercury Astronaut Program (1959-63)

A program created to train astronauts

Rosie the Riveter

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.

ERA (1972-79) Equal Rights Amendment

A proposed amendment to the United States Constitution designed to guarantee equal rights for women. This was originally written by Alice Paul and, in 1923, it was introduced in the Congress for the first time. In 1972, it passed both houses of Congress and went to the state legislatures for ratification. It was not passed, it failed by 3 states

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams, Paul Revere, and John Hancock.

Gadsden Purchase (1853)

A region of present day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico purchased by the US in a treaty. It proved the land necessary for a southern transcontinental railroad and attempted to resolve conflicts that lingered after the Mexican-American War. Diplomat James Gadsden made the buy, we thought it would be a good place for a railroad, but it never happened.

Second Great Awakening (early-mid 1800s)

A second religious fervor that swept the nation. It converted more than the first. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery.

Nullification Crisis of 1832

A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress.

Vamps

A seductive woman who used her sexuality to exploit men, until a shocked the public who forced codes of censorship to be placed on them.

"Bleeding Kansas"

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent. Lasted into the Civil War

The New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)

A series of seven debates for US Senate in Illinois between Lincoln (R) and Senator Douglas (D). The debates previewed the issues that Lincoln would face in the aftermath of his victory in the 1860 presidential election. The main issue discussed in all seven debates was slavery as it related to popular sovereignty in the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the Lecompton Constitution and the Dred Scott decision. Douglas won election, but Lincoln's fine showing made him a national figure and helped him win Republican nomination in 1860. Lincoln was asked his views on slavery, he said: he didn't believe that blacks were equal to whites, that slavery was immoral, but it wasn't his place to irradicate it.

Headright System

A signed contract that lasts 7 years for indentured servants. Each person who sponsors someone gets 50 acres of land from the crown in the New World

Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)

A slave who had a white lineage that grew up in Maryland where the lady of the house taught the slaves to read and write. He was sold to people who didn't like his in Virginia. He escaped to Pennsylvania. He was an abolitionist, and many southerners thought he wasn't a black because of how eloquent he was. During the civil war he pressed Lincoln to make it a moral battle and to organize black military groups to fight in the war. He was the 19th century Martin Luther King, and was made a US Ambassador to Haiti.

Kitchen Cabinet

A small group of Jackson's friends and advisors who were especially influential in the first years of his presidency. Jackson conferred with them instead of his regular cabinet. Many people didn't like Jackson ignoring official procedures.

World Bank

A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

Pullman Strike (1894)

A staged walkout strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts. The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of Labor. Eventually President Grover Cleveland intervened because it was interfering with mail delivery and federal troops forced an end to the strike. The strike highlighted both divisions within labor and the government's continuing willingness to use armed force to combat work stoppages.

"the business of America is business"

A statement made by president Calvin Coolidge which showed his overconfident in the American economy before the depression

Anthracite Coal Strike (1902)

A strike organized by the United Mine Workers of America that took place in Pennsylvania. Notable for Roosevelt's forcing of the coal corporations to cooperate with the strikers. The company lowered wages and raised hours, so they went on strike. Roosevelt brought bosses and unionizers to the White House and made them compromise

Cuban Revolution (1959)

A successful armed revolt by Fidel Castro's 26th of July Movement that overthrew the U.S.-backed Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista on 1 January 1959. Goes from democracy to communism.

The Domino Theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

The Cold War (1945-1991)

A war of words and threats between the United States and the Soviet Union that was marked primarily by a political and economic, rather than military, struggle between the two nations. Proxy wars are fought. Russians are fighting for communist expansionism and America is fighting for the CONTAINMENT of communism

Indentured Servitude

A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. 7 year contract that can be extended by the sponsor. 1600s workforce on the farms

Missouri Compromise of 1820

AKA the Compromise of 1820. Missouri petitioned for statehood as a slave-holding state. This would put the slaveholding and non-slaveholding states in an unbalance in the Senate. So, Henry Clay creates Maine out of Massachusetts to make the Senate equal with 24 states. The compromise also states that if you are above 36" 30' latitude you must be a free state, with the exception of Missouri. It only solved the problem in the short term.

Gettysburg Address (1863)

Abraham Lincoln's oft-quoted speech, delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield. In the address, Lincoln framed the war as a means to uphold the values of liberty.

Federalist Legacy

Adams was the only federalist president, A/S acts made people fear federalists, there is a retreat of the federalist mindset

Conformity in the 50s

Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Olive Branch Petition (1775)

Adopted by the Continental Congress in an attempt to avoid a full-blown war with Great Britain.

Embargo Act (1807-09)

Adresses Britain and France saying there will be a complete embargo of trade with them. They are America's biggest traders as a result of the boomerang effect it throws America into a Depression. It outrages New england merchants where the federalists reside, they defy this law and go through Canada. Known as the O'grab me (embargo backwards) Our manufacturing starts to flourish

Langston Hughes

African American poet who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

Malcom X

African-American civil rights leader who encouraged violent responses to racial discrimination

French Foreign Affairs

After Louis XVI gets overthrown and beheaded the French say that the Americans should come over and put down the anarchy in the factions, we say we can't because we're just starting out

"New South"

After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. Henry Grady played an important role.

Growth of Government Power

After the Great Depression and WWII, the power of the president becomes the supreme branch of government, there's permanent agencies that regulate the economy, there's better international alliances, a vast allocation of resources toward national security, first peacetime military establish 24/7, 365, and a government role to provide security from threats abroad and from economic hazards at home

Emancipation Proclamation (1863);

After the Union victory at Antietam, Sep. 23, 1862, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation which declared slaves free in territories still in rebellion. Did not apply to border slave states because Lincoln feared it would push them into CSA, also felt he could only free slaves as a war measure under his power as commander-in-chief. However, hearing of this many slaves fled to Union armies, and this turned federal forces into armies of liberation (also made European intervention for South much less likely since Europe was anti-slavery)

Washington's Term of Office

After two terms he called it quits because he didn't think one should go more than two

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Agency established in 1932 to provide emergency relief to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks.

AAA

Agricultural Adjustment Administration: attempted to regulate agricultural production through farm subsidies; ruled unconstitutional in 1936; disbanded after World War II

Lucy Burns

Alice Paul's partner, campaigned for 19th amendment' a fierce activist for women's rights in the United States as well as in the U.K., very good friends with Alice Paul with whom she founded the National Women's Party; (most of the stuff we saw in the movie was true: imprisonment, attending Oxford University (amongst other schools: Vassar, Columbia, Yale))

Fall of Mussolini

Allies captured Sicily from Italy and Germany, this toppled Mussolini from power. Germany seized control of Norther Italy and put Mussolini back in power. On April 27th, 1945 italian resistance fighters ambushed German trucks and found Mussolini disguised as a German, they then shot him. The next day they hung him for all to see.

Non-Intercourse Act (1809)

Allows trade with France, but not England

Nat Turner Rebellion (1831)

Almost 60 whites killed in Virginia; over 100 blacks executed in connection to Nat Turner -> increased fear of slave revolt; increased fear of slave revolt; same year as The Liberator began. Bloodiest rebellion in history. White militia groups were formed and Nat Turners body was hanged and butchered

voter registration drives

Also referred to as Freedom Summer when the SNCC helped black citizens pass the literacy test. At one point 3 SNCC workers were pulled over, yanked out of their cars, shot and buried with their cars by the KKK. FBI found them 2 months later

Annexation of Hawaii (1898)

Although independent, Hawaii already had close economic ties with the U.S. in the late 19th century, and its economy was dominated by American-owned sugar plantations that employed native islanders and Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino laborers. In 1893, a group of American planters organized a rebellion that overthrew the Hawaii government of Queen Liliuokalani, and in 1898, the U.S. annexed the Hawaiian island, reflecting its growing empire during the Age of Imperialism. Their queen demanded that the American companies either renegotiate or leave, they no neither and America deposes the queen who is exiled later.

16th Amendment

Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.

Treaty of Paris (January of 1783)

America gained its freedom and British land all the way to the Mississippi River. British started withdrawing the army from their forts. 20% of the American population were torties (pro-british) and Britain wanted the protection of these. Americans harass the torties so much that most of them fled back to England. Declaration of Independence is the first document of the U.S.

What does the Containment and Domino Theory force us to do?

America has to defend south vietnam because of these

Money Army

America rebuilds Europe and Japan

Panama Canal

America tried to build in Nicaragua originally, but since they wanted complete sovereignty Nicaragua refused. America went to Panama which was then part of Columbia, Columbia also refused so America encouraged Panama to take their independence, they did. Construction started on the Panama Canal in 1902, America insisted on sovereignty, they later cede it to Panama in January of 2000

Slidell & Mexico

American diplomat was sent to buy Texas from Mexico for 10 million. Mexico said no.

Douglas MacArthur

American general, who commanded allied troops in the Pacific during World War II.

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood. Against abortion

Sinclair Lewis

American novelist who satirized middle-class America in his 22 works, including Babbitt (1922) and Elmer Gantry (1927). He was the first American to receive (1930) a Nobel Prize for literature.

Walt Whitman

American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry. His poetic themes were a bit scandalous for the time period

Communist containment

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world

Henry James

American writer who lived in England. Wrote numerous novels around the theme of the conflict between American innocence and European sophistication/corruption, with an emphasis on the psychological motivations of the characters. Famous for his novel Washington Square and his short story "The Turn of the Screw."

Government growth in WWI

Americans actually believed what the government said. The government took control the rail and communication lines

Battle of New Orleans (January 1815)

Americans attack the British New Orleans port. Andrew Jackson lead the attack two weeks after the Treaty of Ghent was signed

war hawks (1811-1812)

Americans who go into office so they can vote for a war with Britain. Henry Clay (Kentucky), John C Calhoun (South Carolina) Thomas Hart Benton (Missouri)

"Doves"

Americans who opposed the Vietnam War.

"Hawks"

Americans who supported the Vietnam War.

Salutary Neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

Elijah Lovejoy (1802-1837)

An abolitionist and editor. The press he used was attacked four times and Lovejoy was killed defending it. His death was an example of violence against abolitionists.

Unions

An association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages. They ask for something all at once because there's strength in numbers, these have a very rocky beginning

Dominion of New England (1685-1689)

An attempt by Edmund Andros to try and control the colonies and James II gets overthrown

Alliance with Progress

An attempt to repair the relationship with Latin America because they were still a lil' bit salty about the Mexican war that happened in 1845, a little petty but understandable

The Fair Deal

An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress. Health care, minimum wage, public works and infrastructure, aid to farmers, and civil rights movements are all turned down by Congress

Affordable Care Act

An expansion of medicaid, most of employers must provide health insurance, have insurance or face surtax, prevents rejection based on pre-existing condition. Also referred to as "Obamacare", signed into law in 2010.

"Waving the Bloody Shirt!"

An expression used as a vote getting stratagem by the Republicans during the election of 1876 to offset charges of corruption by blaming the Civil War on the Democrats.

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

An organization for social change founded by college students in 1960.

American Temperance Society

An organization group in which reformers are trying to help the ever present drink problem. This group was formed in Boston in 1826, and it was the first well-organized group created to deal with the problems drunkards had on societies well being, and the possible well-being of the individuals that are heavily influenced by alcohol.

The Draft (civil war)

Angered many- laborers, immigrants, Democrats opposed (Copperheads/Peace Democrats) Riots in NYC July 1863, over 100 died, fed troops quelled riots, first draft ever issued

Constitutional Convention Factions

Anit-federalists didn't want to change the AC because they thought creating the constitution would create a monarchy (John Hancock, Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, Thomas Paine. Federalists want the constitution

Washington's Cabinet

Appoints experts on foreign trade and economics as well as Attorney General, Secretary of State, Secretary of War, and Secretary of Treasury

The Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945)

Approved Declaration of a Liberated Europe (Soviets did not follow); approved establishment of UN; Soviets promised to help Americans against Japan after 90 days of the fall of the Nazi regime; Germany would be divided up into 4 occupation zones. The Big 3 said that Nazi occupied countries would have free elections but Stalin invaded Poland and set up puppet governments a month later. Britain and America couldn't intervene because they still needed help with Japan

FDR Dies

April 12, 1945. Dies of a stroke while in Georgia

Hitler Suicide

April 30, 1945 (girlfriend commits suicide as well)

MLK assassination

April 4th, 1968. killing of a prominent civil rights leader by James Earl Ray in Memphis Tennessee

Denmark Vesey Rebellion (1822)

Argued slavery violated Christianity and republicanism. Denmark Vesey won his freedom in a state lottery, and then founded a Methodist church in Charleston. A rebellion was planned but discovered before it took place. The slaves were going to kill their way to a ship and sail to Haiti. He was caught, jailed, and killed. His church was burned, and a law was passed that there was no such thing as a black ruled church without a white clergymen.

Yorktown (1781)

As south as the war goes. In east Virginia, an attempt by the British to sever the south and north parts of America. French navy is an obvious help. Washington defeats General Cornwallis. Britain extends home rule where they can stay in the empire and have total freedom, the colonists refuse.

Chicago riots in 1968

Assassination of Martin Luther King then Riots broke out

Richard Olney

Attorney General of the U.S., he obtained an active injunction that state union members couldn't stop the movement of trains. He moved troops in to stop the Pullman strike.

Victory Gardens

Backyard gardens; Americans were encouraged to grow their own vegetables to support the war effort

H.L Mencken

Baltimore writer who criticized the supposedly narrow and hypocritical values of American society

Expiration of US Bank (1811)

Bank was decommissioned and put into several state banks

Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)

Becomes president of Princeton University after presidency and Governor of New Jersey

The Black Panther Party (1966-71)

Began in Oakland, CA. Looks militant but is actually more that it's a political party that is still active in places like Chicago. Most of it was destroyed in the Nixon era because he deemed them a domestic terrorist group

"Hippies"

Believed in anti-materalism, free use of drugs, they had a casual attitude toward sex and anti-conformity, (1960s) practiced free love and took drugs, flocked to San Francisco- low rent/interracial, they lived in communal "crash pads", smoked marijuana and took LSD, sexual revolution, new counter culture, Protestors who influenced US involvement in Vietnam

WWII (1939-1945)

Between Allies: Great Britain (Churchhill), USA (Roosevelt/Truman), Russia (Stalin), France (De Gaulle), China (Chiang Kai-shek). Axis Powers: Germany (Hitler), Italy (Mussolini), Japan (Hirohito). U.S. and USSR emerged as world superpower. Led to Cold war for 45 years. United Nations formed to prevent further global conflicts.

"Jacksonian Democracy"

Between Washington and Lincoln he's the most consequential pres. Strong executive branch and comfy in Commander and Chief role and using his executive power.

Pendleton Act (1883)

Bill that outlawed compulsory campaign contributions from federal employees and established the Civil Service Commission. Tries to unwind the political spoil systems that Andrew Jackson created.

Birmingham, Alabama (1963)

Birhmingham, Alabama was where King advocated most of his efforts in terms of marches, mass meetings, and boycotts. The SCLC and CORE campaigned for blacks to register to vote in Birmingham. Bombings in Birmingham began emerging due to the tension that rose. Birmingham is also where MLK was arrested on Good Friday.

Eugene "Bull" Connor

Birmingham police commissioner who arrested over 900 marching kids and directed the fire station to blast them with fire hoses and let police dogs loose on them.

October 29, 1929

Black Tuesday, Stock Market Crash

Shiloh (1862)

Bloody battle on the TN-MI border that ended in marginal Union victory rise of Grant In two days: 3,500 dead

"Deep Throat"

Bob Woodward's anonymous source to the Watergate scandal; eventually revealed himself to be Mark Felt, the Deputy Director of the FBI

Ku Klux Klan (1867)

Born in Tennessee, a Confederate general Nathan B. Forest is credited as founder, played on black fears (the devil), uses vigilantism and terrorism to preserve the southern culture, Don't just target blacks, target abolitionists and carpetbaggers, try to preserve white protestant culture

Propaganda (Cold War Strategy)

Both superpowers used it to try and win support overseas. Radio free Europe broadcast radio programs about the rest of the world into Eastern Europe (Cold War Strategy)

Non-Violent Colonists Resistance

Boycotts, stamp act congress, sons of liberty, committees of correspondence

Intolerable Acts (1774)

Britain called them the "Coercive Acts"...punitive measures enacted after the Boston Tea Party.

Declatory Act (1766)

Britain declares the right to tax and govern as they see fit, if they send more troops over it's at the colonists expense. Declared at the same time as the Stamp Act

Battle of Washington (August 1814)

British break into the White House and burn it a few hours after James Madison fled. Dolly Madison was the last one to flee, she saved a portrait of George W. The only thing that remains intact were the walls.

Barbary Pirates (1805)

Brits pay off pirates off the Northern Coast in the Mediterranean of Africa called the Barbary Coast to harass Americans. Jefferson asks Congress if there's $ in the budget to create a navy. Navy fight song has a reference to Barbary pirates.

Interstate Highway Program

Building of many new interstates in the country included the federal Highway act largest domestic spending in american history needed to be able to move military equipment quickly declines the prosperity of rural america because those towns aren't included in the program

Polk's Agenda

California Oregon Independent Treasury Lower Tariffs

Capitalism vs. Communism

Capitalism: an economic system where private ownership profites owner Communism: a political philosophy that creates a classless society where everything is government owned

China Civil War 1949

Chairman Mao is the leader of communist China, Truman gets a bunch of shit for letting China fall to communism. This directly informs why America went to Korea and Viet'nam

Henry Cabot Lodge

Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations

Flying in the '20s

Charles Lindbergh, and commercial aviation is just getting started

Industrialization in the Gilded Age

Child labor was common, economies of scale( buying in bulk selling less to consumers), unrestrained capitalism

Trenton (1776)

Christmas Eve in Trenton, New Jersey. Army stopped in observance for the holidays. British guns for hire were Hessians (Germans) and King George III was German. Washington crosses the Deleware in the middle of the night and surround/imprisoned the Hessians.

Lexington and Concord (April 19, 1775)

Cities in Massachusetts known to be store houses for weapons. Britain got word and went to take the weapons away. Colonists had an alert system (Paul Revere and the British are coming). Shots heard around the world.

CCC

Civilian Conservation Corps. It was Relief that provided work for young men 18-25 years old in food control, planting, flood work, etc.

"New Left"

Coalition of younger members of the Democratic party and radical student groups. Believed in participatory democracy, free speech, civil rights and racial brotherhood, and opposed the war in Vietnam.

Mid-Atlantic Colonies Traits

Colonial "bread basket", diverse people (dutch, german, swedish, anglicans, puritans, lutherins, european protestant)

Boston Tea Party (December 16, 1773)

Colonists had to buy The East British company bc they had a down marketing year, it's the best tea and they got it at a cut price. Dressed as Indians they snuck aboard a ship and dumped tea in the harbour, and drink coffee instead. Dressing as Indians meant they were identifying with the American side. British close Boston harbour.

Catholics (Maryland 1634)

Colonists have a strong suspicion of this group

Settlement Houses

Community centers located in the slums and near tenements that gave aid to the poor, especially immigrants

Bull Run (July 1861)

Confederates troops forced union troops to retreat. First major battle on land during this war. The confederacy won. The importance is that this showed the union war was not going to be as quick as they thought.

Mexican War (1846-1848)

Conflict between the US and Mexico that after the US annexation of Texas, which Mexico still considered its own; US troops fought primarily on foreign soil; covered by mass-circulation newspapers; Whigs opposed. Lead by General Zachary Taylor.

CORE

Congress of Racial Equality created by James Farmer, it's the first non-violent resistance to racial segregation

"New Right"

Conservative political movements in industrialized democracies that have arisen since the 1960's and stress "traditional values," often with a racist undertone.

Redeemer Governments

Conservative white Democrats (confederates), many of them planters or businessmen, who reclaimed control of the South following the end of Reconstruction

John Tyler (1841-1845)

Considered his act-cidency. Everything he believed contradicted Whig beliefs, he was a democrat and vetoed everything that federalists stood for. Mid-presidency he was kicked out of the Whig Party and every cabinet member resigns but one

Political Machines

Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party.

Schecter Case (1935)

Court decision to disband the AAA because there was too much government overreach into private institutions

Social Security Act of 1935

Created both the Social Security Program and a national assistance program for poor children, usually called AFDC.

Land Conservation Under Roosevelt

Creates National Parks (kind of first one [Yellowstone] was created under Ulysses Grant). Contradictory because Roosevelt was a big hunter.

CIA and Espoinage

Cuba (the Missile Crisis)

Carribean Theater

Cuba and Puerto Rico

Shay's Rebellion (Massachusetts 1786)

Daniel Shay a veteran in MA. MA was foreclosing land of people who were in debt, veterans who couldn't keep up with their mortgage because they were fighting the war. The veterans start squatting on land, interrupting auctions, and attack government officials in Boston. It went for months and proved that without federal government there will be anarchy.

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

Declared that the U.S. would remain neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain and threatened legal proceedings against any American providing assistance to any country at war.

Border States of Civil War

Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri. Lincoln knew he MUST keep them at all costs. So he shut down free press, pro-confederate talkers were held without trial indefinitely. What he did set a precedent that presidents can take extraordinary measures/ powers in a time of great crisis

1960 election

Dem JFK vs. Rep Nixon. JFK won because of the civil rights issue and his better TV appearance.

Democracy vs. Totalitarianism

Democracy and totalitarianism are opposing political ideas: democracy allows people to represent themselves and doesn't allow one person to have total control. Totalitarianism on the other hand, has one leader with absolute power.

Election of 1932

Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, beat the Republican, Herbert Hoover, who was running for reelection. FDR promised relief for the unemployed, help for farmers, and a balanced budget. It's a landslide victory for FDR

New Freedom

Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.

Guatemala (1954)

Democratically elected President Jocobo Arbenz overthrown in a coup orchestrated by the CIA. The U.S. acted as it did in order to protect the United Fruit Company and to prevent Soviet influence in the Western Hemisphere. The coup was followed by the installation of a U.S. supported leader named Carlos Castillo Armas.

Hoovervilles

Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress

Silver Coinage

Designed to encourage inflation (rising prices). This was the most important goal of the Populist Party. The angry Populist farmers wanted the government to coin or print more money backed by silver (and not just gold). Prices increase when the government prints more money and price increases (inflation) would allow farmers the chance to sell crops at higher prices (and the rise in farm income from higher crop prices would make it easier to pay off debts).

Oueida Communities

Didn't believe in marriage or inequality, sexually active, gender neutral construct, made top notch silverware, lasts 10 years

William Howard Taft (1909-1913)

Didn't want to be president wanted to be Supreme Court justice. Roosevelt endorses him, but later regrets it and runs against him as a third party. He was 5'8" at 300lbs. His laughs were called as Mirthquakes. He was the only the only president to get stuck in the White House tub. Later he winds up a Chief Justice in the Supreme Court

Big Stick Diplomacy

Diplomatic policy developed by T.R where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy.

James K. Polk (1845-1849) Biography

Disciple of Andrew Jackson, called young hickory, first speaker of the House of Representatives to become president. Ran against Henry Clay, election is seen as a mandate for manifest destiny

Taft foreign policy

Dollar Diplomacy

Declaration of Independence (1776)

Drafted during the 2nd cont. congress. Jefferson, Adams, and Franklin wordsmith the whole thing

Boston Massacre (March 5, 1770)

Drunk colonist mob taunted British garrison, and threw rock filled snowballs. Brits fire into the crowd and killed 5 Bostonians. Amercians spun it that Brits killed innocent Americans. The soldiers are arrested and put on trial, John Adams defends them and he acquitts most of them. Two get their hands branded.

2000 election controversy

Due to lack of technology, the state of Florida had to keep recounting its votes. In the end a very pro Bush supreme court decided that he had won the election.

Chesapeake Affair (1807)

During Jefferson's 2nd term. The Chesapeake was a hybrid merchant ship. British navy came upon Chesapeake 15-20 miles off the shore of Maryland. The ship refused to yield and was crippled. Brits accused a bunch of merchants of deserting the British navy when they didn't. They forced a few off the ship and American tries to cripple them financially

OPEC Oil Embargo (1973)

During the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, Arab members of OPEC (oil cartel) imposed an oil embargo against the US in retaliation for the US support for Israel. The price of oil in the US tripled causing widespread economic hardship.

Fort Ticonderoga (1775)

Early colonial victory is upstate New York. A British fort that the Americans capture.

Square Deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

Orders in Council (1806-1807)

Edicts issued by the British Crown closing French-owned European ports to foreign shipping. The French responded by ordering the seizure of all vessels entering British ports, thereby cutting off American merchants from trade with both parties.

Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968) Presidents

Eisenhower (1953-61) Kennedy (1961-63) Johnson (1963-69)

Stalemate in the Korean War

Eisenhower issues a ceasefire order in July 1953, but even still 38,000 Americans die in the war and 2 million south koreans and 4 million north koreans

Civil war outcomes

End of slavery (13, 14, 15 Amendments) Broad federal powers established permanently, Nullification question put to rest, U.s united physically, but divided economically and politically to the present day

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river. Turns power over to the states, which virtually rewinds the clock back to the 1830s, A well intended failure (civil rights act and the 13-15th Ammendments)

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

Established that there is an implied right to privacy in the U.S. Constitution

Interstate Commerce Act (1887)

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

17th Amendment

Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures)

Union organization issues

Every union had different goals so there was a lot of confusion about what the groups were asking for

Vertical Integration

Ex. Andrew Carnegie was a steel titan in Pittsburg, he controlled all aspects of production. He bought the mining, shipping, processing, etc. companies that he used to manufacture his steel so he'd only have to deal with himself. He figured this out first so he didn't have any competition because he was already king.

100 Days Congress

F.Roosevelt's democratic congress who brought out legislation. Congress gave F.Roosevelt blank check power, passed many progressive goals, supported public reliability on banks during depression. FDR's "I'm here!" statement.

Election of 1936

FDR (Democratic) reelected b/c of his New Deal programs and active style of personal leadership. Running against FDR was Alf Landon (Republic nominee). Wins in a landslide, has every state except Kansas

Stalwarts and Half-Breeds

Factions in the Republican party that emerged by 1880; the Stalwarts, led by Senator Roscoe Conkling, supported the spoils system, while the Half-Breeds claimed to represent the idea of civil service reform.

War of 1812 (1812-1815)

Fallout from the Napoleonic Wars in Europe. Britain didn't want anyone trading with France, America did anyway

Neal Dow

Father of Prohibition; he made a law in Maine that would disallow lethal alcohol to be sold, it was a safety issue in factories and promoted domestic violence

FBI

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the primary investigative arm of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ), serving as both a federal criminal investigative body and a domestic intelligence agency.

FDIC

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: A federal guarantee of savings bank deposits initially of up to $2500, raised to $5000 in 1934, and frequently thereafter; continues today with a limit of $100,000

Freedman's Bureau (1865-1872)

Federal agency established to aid former slaves in their transition to freedom, primarily through economic relief and education

Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA)

Federal program to send volunteers to help people in poor communities

Little Rock 9 (1957)

First African-American students to attend all white high school in Little Rock, Ark. President Eisenhower sent the U.S. Army to enforce federal law that said States must abide by the 1954 Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education which overturned the "separate but equal" ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson

Virginia House of Burgesses (1619)

First Virginian legislative system.

Carter inflation

First authorized some 14 billion in federal spending to trigger job growth while cutting taxes by $34 billion. It helped generate new jobs but spiked inflation. Went from 5% to 13%

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)

First evidence of a constitutional document

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Sputnik (1957)

First man-made satellite put into orbit by the USSR. This caused fear in the US that the Soviets had passed them by in science & technology and the arms race. Democrats scorched the Republican administration of Dwight D. Eisenhower for allowing the United States to fall so far behind the communists. Eisenhower responded by speeding up the U.S. space program (NASA), which resulted in the launching of the satellite Explorer I on January 31, 1958. The "space race" had begun. In 1969, the US would land men on the moon, a major victory.

Tariff of 1816

First protective tariff in American history, created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

First supreme court case, it carves out the court's power. Adam's socked courts with federalists and Jefferson stated that if the Adam's appointed judge did not have the certificate before Adams left office, they weren't and Adams-appointed supreme court judge. Marbury sues Jefferson over this.

1960 Election Significance

First televised debate

American Revolution Legacy

For the next 30-40 years there's much tension between Britain and America, that's a vulnerable country. 6,500 Americans died, 9,000 British, whereas the French revolution killed 40,000. Social condition didn't change at all.

Indian Removal

Forces the removal of southeastern Native Americans to Oklahoma known as the Trail of Tears. Georgia defends that the government doesn't have the right to move the Natives and that the state should get to decide.

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

NASA (1958)

Formed to create satellites and missiles to compete with the USSR after Sputnik.

Conventional Army

Fought with weapons like Korea, Vietnam, and Afghanistan

Joseph Smith

Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.

William Penn

Founder of Pennsylvania

Roger Williams

Founder of Rhode Island

John Adams and France

France harasses America's shipping and Adams sends diplomats to stop it

Presidents During WWII

Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman

Bank Holiday

Franklin Roosevelt closes all US banks for a couple weeks, he gets on the radio to explain what's going on to access their financial security and give it government support

"Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor, Free Men"

Free Soil Party solgan

Valley Forge (1777-1778)

G. Washington finds a place to encampin Pennsylvania 20 miles south of Philli. It's winter and their starving, frostbite is setting in, and troops are feeling hopeless. G. Washington suffers with his men and kept is army together.

Hamilton vs. Jefferson

G. Washington sides with Hamilton on his national debt plan forcing Jefferson to resign in 1793)

Little Big Horn 1876

General Custer and his soldiers attacked an army of Sioux Native Americans and lost

Special Field Order #15

General William T. Sherman provided land along the South Carolina coast to the freed people who were traveling behind his army. Many hoped it would set a precedent for redistributing the land of Confederates to their former slaves. Called "40 acres and a mule"

1968 Election

George Wallace vs. Nixon vs. Humphrey; very narrow popular vote triumph to Nixon (although he had clear majority of electoral votes). LBJ withdrawls name because his popularity goes down with how he handled Viet'nam

1st and 2nd Command in the Revolution

George Washington is 1st in command and Alexander Hamiliton is 2nd in command

Zimmerman Note (1917)

Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilized against Germany, which had proven it was hostile

U-Boat Warfare

Germany's policy of shooting first and then asking questions later of passing merchant ships with submarines.

Ransom E. Olds (1896)

Gets patent for internal combustion engine, although Europeans would argue that Karl Benz reached it first 10 years earlier. Called the horseless carriage, and they sometimes didn't have breaks.

End of war of 1812 and Legacy

Gives a America a new found international respect. America turns their back on Europe politically and militarily until WWI. It looks towards westward expansion

Manifest Destiny (1845-1860)

God given right/destiny to control the continent

Al Smith

Governor of New York four times, and was the Democratic U.S. presidential candidate in 1928. He was the first Roman Catholic and Irish-American to run for President as a major party nominee. He lost the election to Herbert Hoover.

The Warren Commision

Group led by Chief Justice Earl Warren, appointed to investigate President Kennedy's assassination

Bonus Army

Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash that were supposed to be given to them in 1946. Hoover brings the US Army in to send them back home

The Lost Generation

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe

Pacific Theater

Guam and the Philippines (welcoming to American presence)

Haitian Rebellion

Haiti has an internal rebellion which leads marines landing there in 1915 and stay for 19 years

Burr Scandal (1804)

Hamilton personally + publicly criticizing Burr. Burr challenges Hamilton to a duel in New Jersey on July 11, 1804, and he kills Hamilton who actually died the next day. Burr doesn't get tried for murder but it ruins his political career. Burr gets tried for treason for a plot involving the Lousiana Purchase with him being the leader, he gets aquitted.

Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)

Harriet Beecher Stowe's widely read novel that dramatized the horrors of slavery. It heightened Northern support for abolition and escalated the sectional conflict.

Presidents of the Gilded Age

Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Cleveland (2), Harrison, McKinley `

Why was Andrew Johnson impeached?

He violated the Tenure of Office Act. Congress got sick of him so they created a law they knew he'd violate

Zachary Taylor and the Compromise of 1850

He was going to veto it and threatened that if any state were to secede that he would take an army and go hang every traitor and not lose any sleep over it. However, on July 4th 1850, he consumed a bunch of cherries and milk on ice when they were laying the corner stone for the Washington Monument, 5 days later he died of explosive diarrhea, people thought it was arsenic poisoning but in the 1990s that was disproved. His vp Millard Fillmore let the compromise pass.

James Garfield Presidency (1881)

He was struggling against political machines, one of the few presidents who went straight from the Senate to the presidency. He was a half-breed and so his vp, Chester Arthur, was a stalwart. He is pres. 4 months, when in July he's waiting to board a train to visit and a disgruntled employee, Charles Guiteau, who kept going to the white house requesting high ranking positions and they had to turn him away, shoots him in the back saying that he was a stalwart and Chester Arthur was president now. He lingers for 2 months with an infected bullet buried in his back. 2nd shortest presidency.

John Quincy Adams (1825-1829)

He was suited for presidency, interned under G. Washington, his father was John Adams. However, everyone thought he stole the presidency. He had a lot of really good ideas, but Congress wouldn't pass any of it. He always went skinny dipping in the Potomac river

Rise of Hitler (1933)

He's elected to power and desires to unite the Ayrian races of Europe (white, blonde-haired, blue-eyed), Scapegoats the Jews, takes over Austria and parts of Czechoslovakia, European 'appeasement

Alice Paul

Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.

Automotive culture in the '20s

Henry Ford was the first to use the assembly line to produce cars to make the Model T

Election of 1928

Herbert Hoover/republican ("A Chicken in Every Pot") vs. Al Smith/democrat (first catholic to run for president) -> Hoover Wins

Napalm

Highly flammable chemical dropped from US planes in firebombing attacks during the Vietnam War.

Germany's Biterness of Versailles Treaty

Hitler is elected to power every step of the way because of this

Brown Shirts

Hitler's private army of supporters, also known as the SA (Sturm Abteilung).

Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)

Homer Plessy was 1/8 African American from New Orleans sues the public transportation system saying that they violates the 14th Amendment in 1891. It reaches the Supreme Court, they rule in favor of Ferguson saying if the facilities are equal then they can be separate. AKA the Separate But Equal Case

European Food Relief (Herbert Hoover)

Humanitarian efforts to help the refugees in Europe during WWI, it does incredibly well and saves many lives

Utopian Communities

Idealistic and impractical communities. Who, Rather than seeking to create an ideal government or reform the world, withdrew from the sinful, corrupt world to work their miracles in microcosm, hoping to imitate the elect state of affairs that existed among the Apostles.

Mentally Ill

If someone showed signs of mental illness they were immediately put in an asylum

The Split of Germany

In 1945 the big three met (Truman, Churchill, and Stalin) and divided up Germany between their countries and France. US, UK, and France was West Berlin. The Soviet area was East Berlin. The west side is the free democratic state behind the "Iron Curtain". In early 61' the talented communist class started leaving to west berlin which led to the construction of the Berlin Wall

Montgomery Bus Boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal. 13 months later the segregation line is dissolved but not before MLK's house is bombed

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

In October, U2 flights captured pictures of missile silos in Cuba. Soviets thought they needed to protect Fidel Castro and his communist ideals. The breach of containment reaches critical levels in America because Cuba is only 90 miles away. It's obvious that the Soviets are supplying Cubans with missiles. Kennedy institutes a naval blockade around Cuba and says that if there's any breach in that blockade it will been seen as a hostile act of war that has every option on the table It's 13 days of waiting for Khrushchev to back down. THE HIGHEST STATE OF MILITARY READINESS THAT AMERICA HAS BEEN AT. There's a deal made to preserve status quo: Khrushchev steams his ships home and we remove our missiles in Turkey. It's the beginning of the end for Khrushchev, he gets driven out the next year. Rebuilds Kennedy's reputation.

Boxer Rebellion (1900)

In an effort to expel foreign influence from their country, a secret super patriotic group of Chinese called the Boxers (their symbol was a fist) revolted against all foreigners in their midst. In the process of laying siege to foreign legations in Beijing hundreds of missionaries and foreign diplomats were murdered. Several nations including the United States sent military forces to quell the rebellion. American participation was seen as a violation of its noninvolvement policies.

Iran (1953)

In this country occurred the overthrow of the democratically-elected government of Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh by the Central Intelligence Agency; It was the CIA's first covert operation against a foreign government. It had repurcussions into the modern day. The leader we overthrew had communist ideals and made the privately owned oil companies into a government venture. America puts in a puppet, SHAH

XYZ Affair (1797)

Incident that precipitated an undeclared war with France when three French officials demanded that American emissaries pay a bribe before negotiating disputes between the two countries.

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin and interchangeable parts after graduating from Yale he moved to Georgia to study law. These inventions benefited the North and South, gives North an advantage in the Civil War

Thomas Edison

Inventor of lightbulb, phonograph and numerous other innovations

Emerald Isle Moves West

Irish moved to the slums of America because of potato famine, American laborers hated them and they jobs they got were low skill, and they often fought with free blacks over those jobs. They managed to elevate themselves with property, weren't concerned about education, and became very influential in American politics and injected British hate into politics.

The Atomic Bomb pt.2

It message to the USSR as well as Japan Soviets wanted a "sphere of influence" between themselves and Germany

Bunker Hill (1775)

It was fought on Breed's Hill which is next to Bunker Hill. Americans on top of the hill and British storm up, it's an American loss.

Committee of Public Information

It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons. Propaganda committee

Jay's Treaty (1794)

It was signed in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and Britain. It dealt with the Northwest posts and trade on the Mississippi River. It was unpopular with most Americans because it did not punish Britain for the attacks on neutral American ships. It was particularly unpopular with France, because the U.S. also accepted the British restrictions on the rights of neutrals.

Force Bill (1882-83)

Jackson gets permission to send military troops to south Carolina to force them into line after they threaten to secede over Tariff of Abominations

2nd National Bank

Jackson vetoes it, and begins removing assets from the bank and putting them in state banks. By the time the bank dies its just a shell company

Election of 1824 (Corrupt Bargain)

Jackson, Clay, Adams, and Crawford all ran. The House of Reps chose Adams because Henry Clay had supported him. After Adams became President, he appointed Henry Clay as his Secretary of State. This was seen as a corrupt bargain by Andrew Jackson and that follows him through his only term in office.

Fortune Hunters

Jamestown 1607, settlers came because England's economy was shaky

Invasion of China (1937)

Japanese militarists touched off an explosion that led to the all-out invasion of China. President Roosevelt declined to invoke the recently passed neutrality legislation by refusing to call the "China incident" an officially declared war. If he had, he would have cut off the trickle of munitions on which the Chinese were dependent. The Japanese, as a result, were able to continue to buy war supplies in the United States. (Both were buying from the US?)

Election of 1800, tie, Jefferson and Burr

Jefferson won popular vote but the electoral college ties them. Hamilton persuades the House of Reps. to vote for Jefferson because he doesn't like Burr. Jefferson wins and a fight starts between Burr and Hamilton.

John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry, VA (1859)

John Brown and his 5 sons raided a weapon center in Harpers Ferry Virginia. They did this hoping to get slaves to raid with them and then they could arm other slaves and maybe start a rebellion. However this raid was unsuccessful and no slaves helped John Brown. John Brown was unfortunately captured and then hung on December 2, 1859.

Republican Party Forms (1856)

John C. Fremont is the first republican presidential candidate. Their platform was preventing the EXPANSION of slavery.

The 1960's Presidents

John F. Kennedy (1961-1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-69)

Trial and acquittal of Andrew Johnson

Johnson didn't show up for his trial just had his lawyers fight for him.Back then you needed 36 senators to vote for impeachment (now it's 67). One vote short of being impeached. This weakens the executive branch meaning the legislature rules until the early 20th century

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

"Jim Crow" laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Jim Crow Laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Acts of Parliament

Laws passed by Parliament, every time Britain makes a show of power the colonies react negatively towards it

John Smith

Leader of Jamestown

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

Legal arm of the civil rights movement in the MLK and Malcolm X era

German 48ers (1830-60)

Liberal German refugees who fled failed democratic revolutions and came to America, they loved public school and the arts, but people thought they were drunks because they kept within the German society. Brought america the christmas tree and covered wagon.

Presidents during reconstruction (1865-77)

Lincoln (1861-65) Andrew Johnson (1865-69): which supremacist, impeached Ulysses S. Grant (1869-77): better general Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-81)

Trent Affair (1863)

Lincoln instituted a naval blockade around the south to keep trade at bay and southerners for asking for foreign help. Trent is a British steamliner that was harbouring two Southern agents. Lincoln order the interception of the ship and the arrest for the two agents. Brits said it was a violation of their soverignty and Lincoln apologized profusely to prevent them from joining the war

Antietam (September 17 1862)

Lincoln restored McClellan back to position of Union General for this battle, where he would find a copy of Lee's battles plan dropped by a careless CSA officer. McClellan succeeded in halting Lee at this battle in one of the bloodiest days of the war. This Union victory led to the British and French forces postponing their involvement in the war. Although this essentially ended in a military draw, this showed the power of the Union and gave Lincoln his much needed "victory" for his Emancipation Proclamation.

Presidential Reconstruction Requirements

Lincoln would've been too lenient (10% of the voting group in southern states would swear an oath to uphold the Emancipation they'd be allowed to reenter the union). Johnson's plan was to irradiate the plantation aristocracy/ government leadership was striped of citizenship rights.

Ernest Hemingway

Lost Generation writer, spent much of his life in France, Spain, and Cuba during WWI, notable works include A Farewell to Arms

Underwood Tariff Act

Lowered tariffs on imported goods and established a graduated income tax. Gilded age presidents jacked the tariffs up so high it impeded international trade

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

Made it so that meat would be inspected by the government from coral to can. It began a quality rating system as well as increased the sanitation requirements for meat producers.

Selma, Alabama (1965)

Major demonstration for black voter registration. The demonstrators were brutally attacked by local police and the violence, just as in Birmingham, received detailed television coverage. • Southern police brutality of peaceful demonstrators in Selma and Birmingham outraged many Americans. The national outrage aided President Johnson in his decision to propose and win passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Marcus Garvey

Many poor urban blacks turned to him. He was head of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and he urged black economic cooperation and founded a chain of UNIA grocery stores and other business

Plantation Life

Marriage wasn't a legal write, and plantation owners often allowed it for their own ammusement.

New England Colonies Traits

Massachusetts is the biggest colony, terrain prevented agriculture so they built ships and fished, people live longer bc there's a more healthful climate, good sense of community, religious ethos extended into their politics, diverse economics, better education

New England Colonies

Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire

V.E Day

May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered

Nazi Regime Falls

May of 1945, however the war still continues with Japan

Separatists (Plymouth 1620)

Mayflower people were separatists, they came because there was a civil war between anglicans and catholics

Censure (1954)

McCarthy's fellow senators vote him off the Senate and three years later he dies of acute cirrhosis of the liver

Teller Amendement (1898)

Means that America will fight for the Spanish colonies with pure intentions, not with the notion of ruling over them afterward

Transcontinental Railroad Completion (October 1869)

Meeting spot north of salt lake city

Greensboro Sit-ins

Members of the SNCC organized "sit - in" of all-white lunch counters at the Woolworth. RESULT: Despite white harassment, it eventually led to the desegregation of lunch counters. NOTE: Dr. King DID NOT organize or lead these protests. SIGNIFICANCE: King did not cause the civil rights movement & large numbers of blacks were motivated to end racial segregation & discrimination.

Profit and Loss in Mexico

Mexican Cession: Texas to California. America pays 15 million

Polk and Texas

Mexico allowed American farmers on their land and didn't want them to bring slaves, they did anyway. Texans decide to break away from Mexico in 1836 and for 9 years it was its own country. It was annexed by President Tyler, and there was a boundary dispute with Mexico

MAIN Reasons for WWI

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

Suez Canal Crisis

Military attack on Egypt by Britain, France, and Israel in 1956 after Egypt seized the Suez Canal from British administration.

Battle of Baltimore (September 1814)

Military reserves reside here. British lay siege to Fort McHenry. Francis Scott Key penned the star spangled Banner while watching the battle. It's a turning point in the war of 1812. After this battle a peace negotiation is opened up

Monopolies/ Robber Barons

Monopoly - complete control over a market Robber Baron - Person that controls said monopoly Rockefeller Oil : horizontal monopoly buys other companies/firms of the same product to combine into one corporation/monopoly Carnegie Steel: vertical monopoly control from raw materials to production. buying every company related to function Railroad - Vanderbilt Monopoly

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

More traditional than NWP

Latter Day Saints

Mormons

Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)

Most infamous worst decision the supreme court has ever made. Dred Scott was a slave who was taken to Illinois, a free state, then sold back to Missouri to the Sanford's. Dred said he was a free man because he was on free soil. Sandford's didn't agree and the Chief Justice agreed. The Chief Justice Roger Taney, a Maryland guy with slaves, ruled that slaves are property and therefore not citizens and didn't possess any rights. And also, said that since slaves are property, property is constitutionally protected so the Sanfords were right.

Abolition

Movement to end slavery

Westward Movement

Movement to the west, Andrew Jackson was the first pres. born beyond appa. mtns. 1850 population had crossed the alleghenies mountains, they said moving west was a great adventure, but they weren't prepared

Townshend Act (1767)

Named for Charles Townshend, head of British ministry. Persuaded Parliament to pass these regulations with an import duty on glass, lead, paper and paint and tea. This was an indirect customs duty pay at the port. Merchants had to pay the tax that was passed onto the colonists.

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry with Virginia Governor Berkley bc he ignored their petition to get rid of the Indians so they can get the land they deserved. then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

NRA

National Recovery Administration: established and adminstered a system of industrial codes to control production, prices, labor relations, and trade practices

"Code Talkers"

Navajo Indians recruited by the U.S. Marine Corps to transmit messages in the Navajo language

Tonkin Gulf Incident (1964)

Naval ships reported that south Vietnam were being fired upon by south vietnam. McNamara orders the navy to fire back because even though american ships were just supposed to be monitoring the situation. This leads to Johnson going to Congress for permission on the Tonkin Gulf Resoultion

Stono Rebellion (1739)

Near the Stono river in south carolina. The goal was to make it to Spanish Florida, but it was unsuccessful and the Negro Act is passed

Railroads

Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. The first were built in England in the 1830s. Success caused the construction of these to boom lasting into the 20th Century

Hartford Convention (1814)

New England states almost seceded from the Union over the War of 1812. Federalists labeled as unpatriotic. They wanted to make a declaration of was a 2/3 majority as well as embargo declarations

Ratification

New Hampshire was the 9th state to ratify, Virginia will concede and put it through House of Burgess. Two holdouts were Rhode Island and North Carolina

Mid-Atlantic Colonies

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

Expansion of Vietnam War

Nixon illegally moves the war to Cambodia and Laos. This is one article under his impeachment trial.

Southern Strategy

Nixon's plan to persuade conservative southern white voters away from the Democratic party

Paying for the War

North: excuse taxes, income tax (for the first time), war bonds, inflation > greenbacks South: wealthy lent money, foreign aid

Vicksburg, MS (1863)

Northern offensive, Grant leading, 6,000 people die, Union victory, North can replenish people that the south can't. Grant begins to be elevated to overall command

Runaway Slaves

Not very many slaves ran away because of the repercussions because there were professional slave catchers

US Policy (1939-41)

Official Neutrality exactly like the first world war

Western Farmers

Ohio, Indiana, Illinois (bread basket), west sells crops to the south. Porkopolis in Cincinnati, John Deer make steel plows, Cybrus McCormik makes a mechanical reaper that reaps soil 5x faster. Less people doing more jobs, farming became commerical, wannted to sell to the north but had no way to do so

Assassination of Lincoln (April 14, 1865)

On April 14 of 1865, while watching the play Our American Cousin at the Ford Theatre, Abraham Lincoln was shot and killed by an actor named John Wilkes Booth.

Homestead Strike (1892)

On June 29, 1892, workers belonging to the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers struck the Carnegie Steel Company at Homestead, Pa. to protest a proposed wage cut. Henry C. Frick, the company's general manager, determined to break the union. He hired 300 Pinkerton detectives to protect the plant and strikebreakers. After an armed battle between the workers and the detectives, several men were killed or wounded, the governor called out the state militia. The Homestead strike led to a serious weakening of unionism in the steel industry until the 1930s. People broke in to the building to kill Frick, he was shot 5 times but lived by dodging the others from behind a chair

Pancho Villa's raid, 1916

On March 9, 1916, several hundred Mexican rebels led by Francisco "Pancho" Villa attacked Columbus, New Mexico killing 17 Americans. General John J. Pershing launched an expedition into Mexico to capture Villa, but failed. Resentment over the U.S. intrusion led to a diplomatic crisis with the Mexican government that escalated into violence when Mexican troops attacked the 10th Cavalry. Pancho Villa's raid drove a wedge between the U.S and Mexican governments, which led to the halt of all economic aid and resulted in American resentment towards Mexican Americans.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Once controlled by the French, it was bought from Napoleon Bonaparte because he needed money for his military campaign. US only wanted a small portion for $10 million and the French gave it all for $15 million. A small part of Congress didn't want it bc it'd end the federalist party. Represents the great contradiction of Jefferson who use the national bank he didn't want to make the purchase

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Ordered states to provide lawyers for those unable to afford them in criminal proceedings. Warren Court's judicial activism in criminal rights.

Creation of Germany

Otto von Bismarck unites the German states and provokes three countries into attacking them(Austria-Hungary, Denmark, France) and win all 3 in 1871

Age of Empire (1890s-1918)

Overlaps the Gilded Age and Progressive Era

Quakers (Pennsylvania 1682)

Pacifists, their religious ethos says they can't take up arms against their fellow man, anti-slavery

SAVAK

Pahlavi's secret police who arrested and tortured opponents of the Shah

Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act)

Part of "Second" New Deal Programs (1935-1938), collective bargaining rights, closed shops permitted (where workers must join unions), outlawed anti-union tactics

Camp David Accords (1978)

Peace treaty between Egypt and Israel; hosted by US President Jimmy Carter; caused Egypt to be expelled from the Arab league; created a power vacuum that Saddam hoped to fill; first treaty of its kind between Israel and an Arab state

Benjamin Spock

Pediatrician in the 1940s whose book "The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care" influenced the upbringing of children around the world.

blue laws (sumptuary laws)

Pennsylvania Laws against stage plays, cards, dice, excessive

Declaration of War (April 1898)

People in Congress think that when America declares war its intentions were more cynical than it said

Constitutional Convention Safeguards

People were afraid that we'd elect a tyrant so the electoral college was put in place. The number of votes based on # of reps. and senate.

Doctrine of Nullification

People weren't going to follow the laws they didn't want

Stamp Act (1765)

Placed a tax on almost all printed materials in the colonies, to show the tax was paid a stamp was put on it, cripples colonies economy and the term "no taxation with representation is coined" colonists refuse to pay the tax, and Sons of Liberty is born. It's repealed in 1766

Albany Plan of Union (1754)

Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin that sought to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; only 5 reps. from each colony showed up.

Nation Women's Party

Political organization formed in 1916 to fight for women's suffrage

Greenback Labor Party (1878)

Political party that farmers sought refuge in at first, combined inflationary appeal of earlier Greenbackers w/ program for improving labor. Elected 14 members to Congress.

Burned-Over District

Popular name for Western New York, a region particularly swept up in the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening.

Distinction from Populists

Populists don't the reach as progressives who were more politically connected and hailed from a higher background. Populists are farmers and factory workers, progressives had more leisure time because they weren't. Progressives had more economic clout. Populists and Progressives are found in both Demo. and Rep. parties.

Engle v. Vitale (1962)

Prayer in public schools prohibited by First Amendment (which was made applicable to the states under the 14th A.)

Court Packing Scheme (1937)

President Franklin D. Roosevelt's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of U.S. Supreme Court justices from nine to fifteen in order to save his Second New Deal programs from constitutional challenges. Allowed him to add another justice for every current justice that turned 70

The Great Society

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

Vietnamization

President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

"Making the world safe for democracy"

President Wilson's justification for getting America involved in WWI

12th Amendment (1804)

President and VP run as a team and are in the same political party, a peaceful transition from one faction to another. Jefferson will mark this occasion is his inaugural speech "today we are all federalists, we are all Republicans"

McCarron Internal Security Act

President may arrest and detain any "suspicious" person during a crisis.

Southern key players in the civil war

President: Jefferson Davis (not considered an american president) Generals: Robert E. Lee (allegiance was with Virginia, offered union command but waited to see if Virginia would secede), "stonewall" Jackson

Presidential Election of 1864

Presidential Election in which Lincoln and Johnson ran as a part of the Union Party, General George B. McClellan ran as a Democrat; Fremont ran on the Radical Republican platform; Lincoln won; "Don't change horses in the middle of a stream". Republican party was temporarily renamed Union Party. Lincoln switched vp's from Hannibal Hammilin to a southern senator (tennesse) that didn't leave his seat/ didn't secede named Andrew Johnson

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Proposed by Senator Douglas (Illinois) and advocated popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska territories (vote by people of territory whether they would be slave or free state). K/A Act passed but backfired terribly as extremes of both sides of slavery debate flooded into Kansas. Allowed these states to superseed the Missouri Compromise

Pentagon Protest (1967)

Protesters show and put daisies in the barrel's of the military's guns

PWA

Public Works Administration. Part of Roosevelts New Deal programs. Put people to work building or improving public buildings like schools, post offices,etc.

John Winthrop

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill"

Suffrage

Pursuit of gender equality and women's right to vote. Major leaders: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony, Grimke Sisters

Military Occupation of the South

Radical Republicans insist upon this to enforce and uphold the federal laws in the south, strip the decision making of southern states, goes 1867-1877, Johnson demands that Tennessee is not occupied, Northern armies are conflicted and feel they're being used

John Adams (1797-1801) Biography

Ran against Jefferson in 1796, Born in Braintree, Massachusetts, Trained in law and came from a well-off family, has an estate in Peacefield, Served in Continental Congress, Drafted the Declaration of Independence, Sarcastic, and he knew he wasn't everyone's favorite person

19th Amendment (1920)

Ratified on August 18, 1920 (drafted by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton), prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex. The Constitution allows the states to determine the qualifications for voting, and until the 1910's most states disenfranchised women. The amendment was the culmination of the women's suffrage movement in the U.S.

Roosevelt's 3 R's

Relief, Recovery, Reform

Yellow Journalism's Impact on the Spanish-American War

Reporters and journalists box McKinley in because if he doesn't declare war he is weak for not exacting revenge/justice for those who died on the Maine and not helping the oppressed colonies, but on the other side if he does support them it makes it seem like America is doing it just because it was in that position before

Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929)

Republican Domestic Affairs: Laissez-faire/ Predestination Immigration Act of 1924 Coolidge Opposed Veteran's Bonus Act Farm Relief Laws Foreign Affairs: Kellogg-Briand Pact Assertive influence in Latin America

Recognition of the Soviet Union

Republican presidents in the 1920s refused to grant diplomatic recognition to the Communist regime; Roosevelt wanted to do this because it was to increase U.S. trade and thereby boost the economy

Political Reconstruction

Required states to write new constitutions and to uphold the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendment.

Long Hot Summers

Riots in black neighborhoods in northern cities between 1965 and 1968

Rise of Mussolini (1922)

Roman Empire nostalgia, aided to power by the Blackshirts (street thugs). First place he invades is Ethiopia

"Evil Empire"

Ronald Reagan's description of Soviet Union because of his fierce anti-communist views and the USSR's history of violation of human rights and aggression.

Good Will Tour

Roosevelt sent the Navy on a global sail after bolstering it, it is a show of power but the name of it doesn't give that away

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice

Presidents During the Progressive Era

Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson

Election of 1876: Hayes and Tilden

Rutherford B. Hayes - liberal Republican, Civil War general, he received only 165 electoral votes. Samuel J. Tilden - Democrat, received 264,000 more popular votes that Hayes, and 184 of the 185 electoral votes needed to win. Republicans did not concede votes won by Tilden in Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Oregon. These States submitted two sets of popular votes. To break the electoral deadlock, Congress sets up a 15-member Electoral Commission. Balance favored Republicans 8-7 and commission decided that Hayes was the winner; fraud was suspected.

Port Huron Statement (1962)

SDS leader Tom Hayden manifesto that rejected what they claimed was a system of power rooted in possession, privilege, racism, or circumstance.

Student National Coordinating Committee

SNCC, Ella Baker organized club to facilitate student sit ins in her vision of a participatory democracy.

Persian Gulf War (1991)

Saddam Hussein's Iraq invaded Kuwait over oil dispute on the border against US wishes (Saddam had formerly been US ally). US invaded Iraq to liberate Kuwait; Iraq set Kuwait's oil fields on fire so the Americans couldn't gain the oil; this conflict caused the US to set military bases in Saudi Arabia; also called Operation: Desert Storm. -the ease with which we win this drives his approval ratings up to 90%

"with all deliberate speed"

Schools were required to integrate with all deliberate speed. The Supreme Court realized that the change would be slow particularly in the South and did not want to set a concrete timeline.

Pentagon Papers, 1971

Secret document papers, leaded by Daniel Ellsberg, published by the New York Times in 1971, showed the blunders and deceptions that led the United States that led to the Vietnam war. Revealed the government misleading the people of its involvement in Vietnam, both about the intentions and the outcomes of the conflict.

Molly Maguires (1860s-1870s)

Secret organization of Irish miners that campaigned, at times violently, against poor working conditions in the Pennsylvania mines.

Olney Manifesto

Secretary of State Richard Olney used the Monroe Doctrine to justify US involvement in mediating the Venezuelan Crisis of 1895. States that Americans have the right to solve any crisis in the Western Hemisphere

Horace Mann (1796-1859)

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation.

SEC

Securities and Exchange Commission

Rhode Island Colony

Self-governing colony founded by Roger Williams in 1636; granted freedom for all religions and non-believers; religious toleration; disestablishment, universal suffrage for white males w/property qualifications; most democratic

Shaer

Selibate, grew by recruiting members, made furniture, lasts into 1900s

Ancient Order of Hibernians

Semisecret Irish organization that became a benevolent society aiding Irish immigrants in America

Segregation

Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences

GI Bill of Rights (1944)

Servicemen's Readjustment Act, also called the G.I. Bill of Rights. Granted $13 billion in aid for former servicemen, ranging from educational grants to housing and other services to assist with the readjustment to society after demobilization.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)

Settled the boundary dispute between Maine and Canada. Ended the slave trade on the high seas.

Trust Busting US Steel and Standard Oil Co.

Sherman Antitrust act is actually put into use. 1911 the Supreme Court rules that Standard Oil Co. needs to break up and so does US Steel

War "Liberty" Bonds

Short-term loans that individual citizens paid to the government that financed two-thirds of the war's cost. People were encouraged to buy these as a way they could support US troops and defeat their German enemy.

Kennedy Assassination (November 22, 1963)

Shortly after noon on November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated as he rode in a motorcade through Dealey Plaza in downtown Dallas, Texas. By the fall of 1963, President John F. Kennedy and his political advisers were preparing for the next presidential campaign.

Domestic Policies of Eisenhower

Shrink government inefficiency, but keep the New Deal

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Signed Christmas Eve in Belgium, with the "status quo ante bellum" everyone stops fighting and reverts back to previous conditions without the merchant harassment

Free Soil Party (1848-52)

Single issue party of anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats. In favor of, Wilmot Proviso, Popular Sovereignty. Opposed extension of slavery into new states. Now the Republican political party. Believed that slavery undermined the dignity of labor, was 'undemocratic', obsolete, and by containing it, it would eventually disappear. Biggest in NY, people of this party were elected to congress, and they ran Martin Van Buren as a presidential candidate. Neutralized by the compromise of 1850

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

Site of the first modern women's rights convention, and the start of the organized fight for women's rights in US history. At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Stanton read a Declaration of Sentiments modeled on the Declaration of Independence listing the many injustices against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which called for women's suffrage.

Constitutional Convention Slavery Compromise

Slave holding states wanted to count slaves as their population. 3/5 compromise said those states could count them as 3/5 of a person

Southern white reinforcement of slavery

Slaves are treated like children, and are less than and therefore need to be protected from themselves

Jamestown (1619) Slavery Presence

Slaves were here, but not the primary labor force (indentured servants), slavery was legal everywhere even up north and was prominent along economic lines, only 20% of southerners owned slaves 15% owned fewer than 10.

Slave Auctions

Slaves were inspected before being bought. Male slaves inspected for their physicality, female slaves inspected for their reproduction rate. A prime male would sell for about $1,800. They were given American names that typically came from Greek or Roman history. Slaves speak Gulah, a hybrid language of English and African)

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

Small farmers of the back country distilled (and consumed) whiskey, which was easier to transport and sell than the grain that was its source. They took up arms and Washington sent 100,000 militia troops to put out the rebellion because Hamilton created an excise tax

Japanese Objectives

Source of petroleum, oil, lubricants Isolate Australia Finish off the US Navy

Warsaw Pact (1955)

Soviet Allies that agreed to protect each other in the even of an attack, basically a Soviet NATO

Berlin Airlift (1948-49)

Soviets tried stopping the west from supporting west Berlin by blockading the roads surrounding it. the West respond by sending in care packages full of supplies to west Berlin for 11 months there's a plane either landing or taking off every 20 minutes.

Spanish-American War Background

Spain was a major colonial power, but by the 1800s it was losing control over its domain as its former colonies revolted and became independent. Few colonies (Cuba, Puerto Rico, Phillipines), the liasons were given permission to repress them in any way, rebels are put in camps akin to concentration camps and America didn't like that when they did that so closer to their borders

Enlightenment Influence

Started in France and the American Revolution flowered it. Locke believed everyone was born with natural rights to life, liberty, and property. Montesquieu believed you can't concentrate government to a single person it must be a diffusion of power. Rosseau believed that when a society forms you give up certain rights to the government, but people have the right to say no to certain leaders and abolish them. Voltaire believed that you have a right to speak your mind, kings are men not gods, government and religion should be separated.

Fulton Folly

Steamboat invented by Robert Fulton. More efficient than regular boat, opened up the south and west for faster trade. Increased sales, decreased price

Transportation Binds the Union

Steamboats, railroads, and highways connected the states, goods moved eastward, products moved westward, each region specialized in something, Mississippi River was the key connection from North to South, people worried if the south seceded that our economy would be crippled

Lincoln's Election of 1860

Stephen Douglas and Breckinridge (democrats) vs. Lincoln (republican). Lincoln's name wasn't even on the southerners ballots. He was elected and South Carolina secedes first in December 1860 and 8 states follow before he gets sworn in in March. The seceded states name themselves the Confederate States of America.

November 23, 1954

Stock market reaches 381 points again, 25 years later

September 3, 1929

Stock market reaches a height of 381 points

Loos Constructionism vs. Strict

Strict views constitution narrow mindedly and loose is an open-minded view

Charles Sumner Beating (1856)

Sumner is a Massachusetts senator who gave a speech that personally attack many pro-slavery people. Singled out a South Carolina congressman, Andrew Butler. Butler's nephew took it personally and showed up in the Senate with his friends and Preston Brooks, the nephew, proceeded to beat him to near death. It took Sumner nearly two years to recover and for the rest of his life suffered from intermittent migraines. Preston Brooks has a parade thrown for him in his hometown as a hero.

Lusitania (1915)

Sunk in 1915 by a German submarine. 139 American killed. Forced Germany to stop submarine warfare. Sank of the coast of Ireland, and Americans gave a stern warning to the Germans for it.

Brown vs. Board of Education (1954)

Supreme Court decision that overturned the Plessy vs. Ferguson decision (1896); led by Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Court ruled that "separate but equal" schools for blacks were inherently unequal and thus unconstitutional. The decision energized the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s.

US vs. Nixon (1974)

Supreme Court ruling on power of the president, holding that no absolute constitutional executive privilege allows a president to refuse to comply with a court order to produce information needed in a criminal trial

Secretary of Labor (1913)

Taft creates this position so people can look out for the laboring class

Tammany Hall/Boss Tweed

Tammany Hall was the most powerful urban political machine, located in New York. Boss Tweed controlled the New York State Democratic Party and Tammany Hall but he was not an elected official. William Tweed (Dem.) gets arrested and dies in prison. Basically if you want to be president you do the bidding of political machines.

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

Tariff with such high rates that it set off tension between northerners and southerners over tariff issues (called the Nullification Crisis). New England states used this to enrich themselves at the expense of the South. South Carolina refuses to collect the tariff.

Violent Colonist Resistance

Tarring and feathering of British agents, etc.

Scopes Trial (1925)

Tennessee legal case involving the teaching of evolution in public schools. Scopes, a biology teacher, was tried for teaching Darwinism in public school. Clarence Darrow was one of Scopes' attorneys, while William Jennings Bryan, a leading Christian fundamentalist, aided the state prosecutor. Darrow put Bryan on the stand and sharply questioned Bryan on the latter's literal interpretation as appropriate for science class. Bryan was humiliated and died a few days after the trial. Scopes was convicted.

Bill Tilden

Tennis Champion in the '20s

Excuses to impeach Andrew Johnson

Tenure of Office Act (1867), Act says the president needs permission to fire his cabinet. Wound up firing Edward Stanton (secretary of war). House says he's abusing his power

Annexation of Texas (1845)

Texas was annexed to the U.S, in 1845, it was this action that caused the Mexican War. It was the 28th state and came in as slave state, which reopened Missouri compromise negotiation.

Era of Detente

Thawing of the cold war

Bay of Pigs (1961)

The Bay of Pigs was a failed invasion of Cuba, planned under Eisenhower, implemented under JFK. Cuban exiles living in the US were trained by the CIA and landed in Cuba at the Bay of Pigs. They believed it would start an uprising of the Cuban people against Castro. That didn't happen, and the event was a huge embarrassment for the US and pushed Castro to seek more help from the USSR, leading directly to the Cuban Missile Crisis

Boston Associates

The Boston Associates were a group of Boston businessmen who built the first power loom. In 1814 in Waltham, Massachusetts, they opened a factory run by Lowell. Their factory made cloth so cheaply that women began to buy it rather than make it themselves.

Second Reconstruction

The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 60s was called the Second Reconstruction because the first Reconstruction in the 1860s and 70s had not brought equality for blacks.

FHA

The Federal Housing Administration gave both the construction industry and homeowners a boost by insuring bank loans for building new houses and repairing old ones

Rough Riders

The First United States Volunteer Calvary, a mixure of Ivy League athletes and western frontiermen, volunteered to fight in the Spanish-American War. Enlisted by Theodore Roosevelt, they won many battles in Florida and enlisted in the invasion army of Cuba.

Pearl Harbor (1941)

The Japanese wanted to continue their expansion within Asia in the late 1930s and early 40s but the US had placed an extremely restrictive embargo on Japan in the hopes of curbing Japan's aggression. The Japanese decided to launch a surprise attack against the United States at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on Dec. 7, 1941 (a "day that will live in infamy" according to the famous words of FDR). The United States abandoned its policy of isolationism and entered WWII by declaring war on Japan the following day. 23,000 soldiers die, 11,000 of them went down with the USS Arizona

Amistad Incident (1839)

The La Amistad was a Spanish ship illegally transporting slaves to Cuba. The slaves mutinied and killed the captain and crew, but left the navigators alive. The made them sail back to Africa, but the navigators tricked them and sailed to New York. The lower courts in America deemed the slaves free because Spain was illegally transporting them and said they should be taken back to Africa. Van Buren took it to the Supreme Court and they ruled the same but said that they wouldn't spend money transporting them back, so the Abolitionists raised money to take them back.

Spanish-American War (1898)

The Maine mysteriously blew up in the Havana harbor from internal explosion. Yellow journalists like Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst sensationalistically influence public opinion in newspapers ("Remember the Maine, to Hell with Spain"). Americans declare war on Spain. The War was also caused by Americans' desire to expand as well as the harsh treatment that the Spanish had over the Cubans; the U.S. also wanted to help Cubans gain independence from Spain. The war resulted in the U.S. gaining Guam and Puerto Rico as well as control over the Philippines. From April to August

The Manhattan Prjoect

The Project where many physicists worked on creating the atomic bomb and harnessing the atom. Einstein, along with many other refugee scientists worked on it

2nd Great Migration

The Second Great Migration was the migration of more than 5 million African Americans from the South to the other three regions of the United States. It took place from 1941, through World War II, and lasted until 1970. Begins a permanent demographic shift and segregation/racism becomes a national epidemic

Archibald Cox

The Special Prosecutor that was hired to investigate the Watergate Scandal

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

The U.S. paid Spain $5 million for Florida, Spain recognized America's claims to the Oregon Country, and the U.S. surrendered its claim to northern Mexico.

Sherman's March to the Sea (1864)

The Union army's devastating march through Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah, led by General William T. Sherman, intended to demoralize civilians and destroy the resources the Confederate army needed to fight. Rip up railroads and tie them to tree, "Sherman's Bow Ties". Tells slaves that the Emancipation Proclamation is in effect, salves start following him around, so he initiates the Special Field Order #15

US Embargo on Cuba

The United States, in response to Fidel Castro's land distribution program and his alliance with the USSR, did this to Cuban trade and cut off diplomatic relations with Castro's government in 1961. It is still in effect today, and will remain in effect until Cuba takes steps to democratize its government. It has been in place for over 50 years, so it obviously has not been successful.

Wilmot Proviso (1846)

The Wilmot Proviso was a rider to a bill proposed by Pennsylvania Congressman David Wilmot in 1846 that sought to ban slavery in any territories or new states acquired from Mexico. Essentially the argument was over whether there would be slavery in Texas, New Mexico, California, and other new western states. The debate is considered a crucial part of the lead-up to the Civil War. Not an Abolitionist belief he thought small farmers should get a chance to cultivate land for profit.

Rugged Individualism

The belief that all individuals, or nearly all individuals, can succeed on their own and that government help for people should be minimal. Popularly said by Hertbert Hoover.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. What people like Rockefeller used to justify their success over others.

The New Frontier

The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.

Versailles Treaty (1919)

The compromise after WW1, settled land and freedom disputes. Germany had to take full blame for the war in order for the treaty to pass, among other things. The US Senate rejected it. They conducted the treaty at the Versailles mansion, on November 11, 1918 it was signed at 11am. Germany is forced into an unconditional surrender, that left Germans confused because no opposing side came within 10 miles of their borders. The hours of fighting before the treaty were some of the bloodiest the war has seen. Germans were forced to become a deomcracy

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

The court ruled that those subjected to in-custody interrogation be advised of their constitutional right to an attorney and their right to remain silent.

December 8th, 1941

The day the president declared war on Japan

Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885)

The epitome of political corruption, people were scared because of how corrupt he was, but he was the exact opposite in his presidency, signed an act to thwart the political spoil system

Koramatsu v US

The exclusion order applying to Americans of Japanese descent was lawful. The Court sided with the government and held that the need to protect against espionage outweighed defendant's rights. Happens in 1944

LBJ's Criticisms

The expense of his projects do not match the gains

Gilded Age Farming

The factory system has turned farming into a corporate system and small farms can't compete w/ them. Their prices drop and a cycle of debt and despair begins

Reaganomics

The federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth. -ballooned the deficit, which was bigger in his presidency than all his 39 predecessors combined -this favored the wealthy

Hiroshima (August 6, 1945)

The first Japanese city on which an atomic bomb was dropped, killed 70,000 people died instantly.

National Road

The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.

Invention of the Radio

The first human voice broadcast in 1906 and first musical broadcast was in 1910, Woodrow Wilson was the first President to Broadcast. It helped break down regionalism and provided news and entertainment.

Japanese Internment Camps

The forcible relocation of approximately 110,000 Japanese Americans to housing facilities called "War Relocation Camps", in the wake of Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. The Japanese-Americans were considered a threat to America and there were to many Germans and Italians to intern so they were perfect, and obvious when paired with racial animosity. They spent 4 years in those camps

The "Credibility Gap"

The gap between the Johnson Administration and the American public support

Otto Kerner

The head of the National Advisory Board on Civil Disorders that reported in 1968.

Republican Motherhood

The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children

Greece and Turkey

The locations where the US first tried to stop the spread of communism by giving $400 million in economic and military aid to stabilize the countries and keep the appeal of communism down

Southern Colonies (Maryland-Georgia)

The most like England (upper class), where the fortune hunters reside and found the "green gold" and indigo which is economically powerful in England. They try to enslave the Native Americans, the only big town formed is Charlestown, the most income inequality

Slavery and Foreign Policy

The only hope for the south to win the Civil war is to have a foreign ally who rely heavily upon the cotton trade (England or France).

Andrew Jackson (1829-1837) Biography

The people's president, the landholding requirement to run for pres. was removed

Suburbia

The residential districts or suburbs outside the boundaries of a city or town. Dramatically increased in size after WW2.

Nagasaki (August 9, 1945)

The second Japanese city on which an atomic bomb was dropped. 45,000 instantly die

Bolshevik Revolution (1917)

The second stage of the Russian Revolution in November 1917 when Vladimir Lenin and his Bolshevik party seized power and established a communist state. The first stage had occurred the previous February when more moderate revolutionaries overthrew the Russian Czar.

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

The sedition act made is so you couldn't publicly criticize presidents or you could be prosecuted. People won't enforce Alien and Sedition Acts in Virginia and Kentucky

"Common Sense" (Thomas Paine)

The seminal document of the revolution

Slavery and the Economics of the South

The south never diversified their economy so they are dependent on cotton. They're also dependent on Northerners because they are the bankers and business men so if they want to buy land further west they have to do it through the North which also results in the debate about pro or no slave states. They don't trust banks so their capital is in slaves.

McCarthyism

The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

Log Cabin and Hard Cider Campaign

The term for the 1840 presidential campaign. Popular war hero, William Henry Harrison was the Whig candidate. He used log cabins and hard cider to portray his down-home heritage. He attacked Martin Van Buren as an aristocrat. Harrison and John Tyler won the election.

US Neutrality in WWI

The war began in Europe in 1914 when (Central Powers) Germany and Austria-Hungary went to war with (Allied Powers) Britain, France, and Russia. For three years, America remained neutral, and there was strong sentiment not to get involved in a European war, they traded with both sides, and were harrassed for it, Germans were the worst. America had a large ethnicity group that made up both sides

Baseball and Boxing in the Gilded Age

These were the biggest sporting events in this time period.

Marvels in Manufacturing

They built factories slowly until 1807, people would say buy american wear american, british lowered their prices and americans couldn't keep up

Women in WWI

They have increased factory work and can take management and supervisory positions since the men are gone, although the pay is significantly less and it's not long term

"Radical Republican" Opposition

They oppose Johnson at every turn, want equality with blacks now, more punishments for those complicit in the civil war (Soldiers). Thaddeus Stevens was leaders of this in the House of Reps (dated a black girl and buried in black cemetery), Charles Sumner leader of this in Senate

Puritans (Massachusetts Bay 1620)

They want to purify all religions

Females, Children, Immigrants

They were all employed within the factory, and with women there was no chaparoning to and from the workplace like before

California Gold Rush (1848-1850)

They were called 49ers, wanted statehood and got it, but there was no slave state to counter balance it. Zachary Taylor signs off on it becoming a stated, the first time he voted was for himself as president

Lewis and Clark (1804-06)

They were sent to discover the new landscape, it was the first time Americans explored the interior US

John Brown

Thinks he's been chosen by God to kill others that are pro-slavery. He goes with his merry band of misfits house to house hacking pro-slavery people to death. He disappears for awhile.

Munn vs. Illinois (1877)

This 1877 Supreme Court case dealt with corporate rates and agriculture. This decision allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation. The decision upheld legislation proposed by the National Grange to regulate grain elevator rates, declaring that business interests (private property) used for public good be regulated by government.

Charles Beard: "An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution" (1913)

This book said the Revolution and Constitution was only so the 13 richest white men wanted to inflate their wealth.

USSR captures Berlin

This happens in April of 1945

Cease-fire (January 27, 1973)

This is the official end of the shooting in Vietnam, later north vietnam overruns the southern

US/Canadian/Russian troops close in on Germany (1944-45)

This is when the horrors of the holocaust are truly revealed. Russians reach Germany first because they are closest, Americans and Canadians have to battle from Normandy through France onwards

Gettysburg (July 1-3 1863)

This marked both the farthest northward advancement by the Confederacy and the turning point that led to its defeat. Lee, along with Longstreet, A.P. Hill, and Richard Ewell, led the southern Pennsylvania attack; J.E.B. Stuart was supposed to monitor Union movement with his cavalry but strayed so far east of Gettysburg that his force did not return (exhausted) until the second day. George Meade replaced Hooker as leader of the Union side; Southern forces drove Northerners through the town but could not secure key positions at Cemetery Ridge and Little and Big Round Tops. Low on supplies, on the final day Lee ordered an attack on the center; George Pickett led his famous "charge" through open fields, where the Union mowed down one-third of his 15,000 men. The Confederates lost 20,000 and Lee retreated to Virginia.

Pinckney's Treaty (1795)

This treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi River and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans

The Gospel of Wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

This was the spark that started World War I. Archduke Ferdinand, the Austrian crown prince, was murdered on June 28, 1914, by a Serbian nationalist while visiting Sarajevo, Bosnia. Germany urged Austria-Hungary to fight and they went to war against Serbia; all of this due to Serbia wanting to expand

Agonizing over slavery

Thomas Jefferson, on of the largest slave owners, was aware of his hypocrisy and attempted to abolish slavery in the constitution and free his slaves in his will.

Spoils System

Those who support the president get cabinet positions

NAACP Legal Defense Fund

Thurgood Marshall became the head of this group - group focused on fighting segregation through the court systems, main weapon was the 14th amendment

Northern purpose in civil war

To preserve the union and eventually free slaves

Constitutional Convention Goals

To tweak and fix the Articles of Confederation, but soon realized the whole thing needed to be redrafted.

Washington Presidency Precedents (1789-97)

Took oath at NYC, didn't want to elevate himself over everyone

Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)

Transferred public acreage to the state governments which could sell land and use proceeds for the establishment of agricultural colleges (for example, Texas A&M). Called "Land-Grant" colleges, it help spread public education in America.

Peace Treaty (1848)

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Procedure of Andrew Johnson's impeachment

Trial happens in the Senate (act as jurors), House brings the charges, Senate hears the case

MacArthur vs. Truman

Truman fires MacArthur for pushing all the way through to China during the Korean war and suggesting going nuclear in this war. Because of what MacArthur did pushing towards China the war went on for two unnecessary years. Truman's approval rating dropped to 28%

1948 Election

Truman pulled out an unlikely victory due to intense stumping, despite what you may have read in the Chicago Tribune

Saratoga (1777)

Turning point of the Revolution in Saratoga, New York in October. Brits got caught in a trap and its an American win. This battle gains the attention of France and Marquillou de Franc. The French decide to aid America.

Saco and Vanzetti

Two Italian men accused of murdering a paymaster and his guard at a shoe factory in South Braintree Mass. They were found guilty and executed. No one knows if they really did it or not. They were anarchists and many said it was their beliefs that were on trial. Other countries got involved, especially the Vatican, to try to avoid capital punishment because the immigrants didn't understand their rights very good.

Horizontal Integration

Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller undercut his competition until they were barely in business then bought them out

Origination Regions of Immigrants

Typically Southern and Eastern European (Italy, Ukraine, Poland, etc.)

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

War Declared (April 1917)

U.S. declared war on Germany due to the Zimmerman telegram and the attack on the Lusitania. America doesn't arrive until December that year, and there were no war time measures taken place in US.

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

U.S. forces - led by William Henry Harrison - defeated Tecumseh's confederacy then burned its headquarters at Prophetstown.

Transcendentalist Movement

U.S. literary movement that stressed the relationship between human beings and nature, spiritual things over material things, and the importance of the individual conscience. *Leaders:* *Ralph Waldo Emerson* - "Self-Reliance" *Henry David Thoreau* - "Walden," "Civil Disobedience" *Historical Significance:* Influenced the antebellum reform movements.

Bracero Program (1942-1964)

U.S. program initiated to allow male Mexican workers to work in the U.S. when labor was short in WWII.

Wounded Knee massacre, 1890

US army killed 200 in order to suppress the Ghost Dance movement, a religious movement that was the last effort of Indians to resist US invasion. Ended Native American resistance in the Great Plains

Kennedy and Space

US committed to 'landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to earth"

Hydrogen Bomb (1952)

US explodes the first hydrogen bomb at a test site in Marshall Island (pacific); approx. 1 yr. later USSR tests their bomb; fall out shelters built in both countries

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

US foreign policy regarding Latin American countries stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention. If European settlements had already been made they could stay, but if they turned revolutionary America would side with them. Britain is our defacto administers of this because it benefits them. John Quincy Adams wrote it.

U2 Incident (1960)

US spy plane shot down of Soviet territory pilot Gary Powers and spite equipment found by Russians, made Cold War colder.

The Gilded Age (1870-1900)

USA. urbanization, economic growth, innovation, immigrants. irish and italian. irish = intrusion to papacy. non-white. corporatist vertical integration. imperialism expansion. Mark Twain coined the phrase because things looked golden but underneath it wasn't gold

Wilson foreign policy

Unaggressive, don't get involved, neutrality but wanted to trade with everyone and protect US foreign investments

Venezuelan Boundary Dispute (1895)

Under Cleveland; British find gold nugget along the border of Venezuela and British Guiana, countries dispute claim, US mediates under Monroe Doctrine and 1897 treaty solves situation; gives US power to interfere, Venezuela access to Orinoco.

Sojourner Truth (1797-1883)

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women

Charles Lindbergh

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

Joseph Pulitzer

United States newspaper publisher (born in Hungary) who established the Pulitzer prizes (1847-1911)

Jack Dempsey

United States prizefighter who was world heavyweight champion (1895-1983)

Gene Tunney

United States prizefighter who won the world heavyweight championship by defeating Jack Dempsey twice (1898-1978)

Brigham Young

United States religious leader of the Mormon Church after the assassination of Joseph Smith

Mark Twain

United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910). Invented the "Gilded Age" name.

Helen Hunt Jackson

United States writer of romantic novels about the unjust treatment of Native Americans (1830-1885)

Bush v. Gore

Use of 14th Amendment's equal protection clause to stop the Florida recount in the election of 2000.

Gilded Age Culture

Very culturally conservative (women were dressed up to the neck so the only skin showing was their face). The Gilded Age paralleled the Victorian era in England, when Queen Victoria was in power from the 1830s to about the 1901.

1916 Election

WWI started in 1914, and Wilson campaigned under the promise he would keep America out of the war, and won reelection largely because of that

Ruso-Japanese War

War concluded by Roosevelt-mediated treaty, which was hammered out in Portsmouth, New Hampshire that earned TR the Nobel Peace Prize but caused much ill will toward America from the two signatories. Lasted from 1904-05. Japenese technically won

Indian Conflicts

War-hawks think that there's collusion with the Native Americans and the British

Carter Doctrine

Warning that any attempt by outside forces to gain control of the Persian Gulf would be met with military force from the US; created because Soviets were in Afghanistan and too close to Persian Gulf oil

Contradictory Jefferson

Was against slavery but had slaves, his agricultural visions turned into a manufacturing one, used the bank that he didn't want to make the Louisiana Purchase

New Deal Complaints

Wasteful: Throwing money at problems hoping they'd go away Confusing: There was an alphabet soup of corporation and associations being created Corrupt: There's a bunch of mini-mobilier scandals

Slaves

Were largely immune to diseases, first slaves arrived in Jamestown in 1619, Indentured servitude coexisted with slavery.

Era of Good Feelings, 1815-24

When America is just giving itself one big national hug, rarely any sectionalism, everyone agrees on most things

Nixon Resignation (August 8, 1974)

When Nixon resigned, 3 tapes were released with one of them containing orders for the Watergate Break in and he confessed to his Watergate involvement on television. These events ruined Nixon's creditability and he was able to keep his retirement benefits.

Surrender at Appomattox (April 9, 1865)

When Union troops led by General Grant met Confederate troops led by General Lee at Appomattox Court House, Virginia. General Lee surrendered, meaning the end of the Civil War was near. Grant was all about healing and not being petty and holding grudges.

Samuel Slater (1768-1835)

When he emigrated, because he had a bounty on his head, from England to America in the 1790s, he memorized the plans to an English textile factory. With these plans, he helped build the first factory in America. Won the backing of Moses Brown to construct the cotton thread

Birth of the Whigs

Whig party leader is Henry Clay, they'll be interested in implied constitutional power. They form out of a mutual hatred for Andrew Jackson. 4 Whigs will become pres., the group dies in the 1850s and the become Democratic Republicans.

Election of 1840 details

William H. Harrison is the first Whig pres. His campaign was style over connection. 31 days after he's sworn in he dies at 68 yrs. Old. His inaugural speech was 2.5 hours long it was the first time someone died in office

Election of 1840 candidates

William Henry Harrison (Whig) vs. Martin Van Buren (Democrat); result: Whig victory & a truly national two-party system.

Adamson Act of 1916

Wilson pushed passage of this act that mandated an eight hour workday and time and a half for overtime. Although directed at a single industry, railroads, the law was a significant victory for workers and a clear statement of the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce.

"He kept us out of war"

Wilson's campaign slogan in 1916 reminding the public that they weren't entangled in WWI

14 point plan

Wilson's plan for peace that included the league of nations, self-determined colonies, free trade, freedom of the seas, end to secret agreements, and a limit on arms

Pigmy Mind

Wilson's term for Henry Cabot Lodge

Competing Progressive Visions

Wilson, Taft, and Roosevelt did not get along even though their visions for America were all agreed upon by the others

Social Reconstruction

With newly freed blacks, many things were put in place to keep blacks separate and unequal from whites (Ex. Black codes)

Economic Reconstruction

With the loss of slaves working for free, this dramatically hurt the South's ability to produce cotton and crops to make money and caused the Southern economy to collapse.

Cult of Domesticity

Women were home-makers, were entrusted with the power of protecting American morals in the next generation

The Roarin' 20s

Women's Rights Amendment Prohibition Jazz Age Installment buying Stock Market Crash

WCTU (Women's Christian Temperance Union)

Women's organization founded by reformer Frances Willard and others to oppose alcohol consumption

WAACS and WAVES

Women's units of the army and navy during World War II

WPA

Work Progress Administration: Massive work relief program funded projects ranging from construction to acting; disbanded by FDR during WWII

Urban Slaves

Worked as carpenters, blacksmiths, etc. They were often hired out, and given traveling passes and there were patrollers for this

Dorthea Dix (1802-1887)

Worked on improving the inhumane treatment of those in prisons, asylums, and almshouses. She lobbyed for corrective action, and as a result 15 states opended new hospitals for the insane and improved the supervision in aylums and prisons.

Steven Crane

Wrote about the aftermath of the Civil War, didn't write heroic stories, mostly wrote about how human misery reaches a point where people run away. Main characters were mostly deserters in the war. He was a precursor to Hemmingway.

Worst Presidents

Zachary Taylor (1849-50), Millard Fillmore (1850-53), Franklin Pierce (1853-57), James Buchanan (1857-61)

Stokely Carmichael

a black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. He did a lot of work with Martin Luther King Jr.but later changed his attitude. Carmichael urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. He was known for saying,"black power will smash everything Western civilization has created."

"American Century"

a characterization of the period since the middle of the 20th century as being largely dominated by the United States in political, economic, and cultural terms

Tea Party Movement

a grassroots, conservative protest movement that opposed recent government actions, including economic stimulus spending and health care reform

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

a group of 28 countries that has agreed to protect each other in case of attack; founded in 1949. It's headquarters was in Brussels and Eisenhower was the first leader

Voting Rights Act of 1965

a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage

F. Scott Fitzgerald

a novelist and chronicler of the jazz age. his wife, zelda and he were the "couple" of the decade but hit bottom during the depression. his noval THE GREAT GATSBY is considered a masterpiece about a gangster's pursuit of an unattainable rich girl.

A Government Stimulus Package (2009)

a number of incentives and tax rebates offered by a government to boost spending in a bid to pull a country out of a recession or to prevent an economic slowdown

Movies in the '20s

a period of cynicism and breaking traditions after WWI, young people began to think that older rules were wrong

Dust Bowl, 1935

a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the US prairies during the 1930s; severe drought and a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion caused the phenomenon.

Monica Lewinsky Scandal

a political sex scandal emerging from a sexual relationship between United States President Bill Clinton and a 22-year-old White House intern, Monica Lewinsky; eventually led to the impeachment of President Clinton in 1998 by the U.S. House of Representatives

Tonkin Gulf Resolution

a resolution adopted by Congress in 1964, giving the president broad powers to wage war in Vietnam

freedom rides

a series of political protests against segregation by Blacks and Whites who rode buses together through the American South in 1961

The ".com" Boom

a speculative bubble from 1995-2000 in which the stock market grew super fast in the area of new information technologies on the world wide web, before crashing in 2000.

Agent Orange

a toxic leaf-killing chemical sprayed by U.S. planes in Vietnam to expose Vietcong hideouts

Herbert Hoover (1929-1933)

a. Black Tuesday/ Great Depression Began (1929) b. Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930) c. Reconstruction Finance Corporation (1932) d. "Bonus Army" in DC (1932)

William McKinley (1897-1901)

a. Spanish-American War (1898) b. Hawaii is annexed (1898) c. American Open Door Note (1899) d. Boxer Rebellion (1900) Wife is an epileptic that he was devoted to. Assassinated in September 6 months after he was reelected. In Buffalo, NY at an innovative convention he's shot and lingers for a week. His vp is Teddy Roosevelt.

anti-establishment

against a public or private institution or an accepted code of rules

dry prohibition

against repealing the 18th amendment

Southern Black Codes

allowed the arrest on vagrancy charges of former slaves who failed to sign yearly labor contracts. State and local governments passed laws to keep blacks in a state on inferiority in the south, to keep them unequal and circumvent the 13th Amendment. These codes are brutally enforced.

John C. Fremont

an American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.

Frederick Remington

an American painter, illustrator, sculptor, and writer who specialized in depictions of the American West. Centered his photographs around the Spanish-American War

yellow dog contract

an agreement some companies forced workers to take that forbade them from joining a union. This was a method used to limit the power of unions, thus hampering their development. Many argued this was unconstitutional, but suing was useless because the government always sided with the businesses

Platt Amendment (1901)

an amendment added to Cuba's constitution by the Cuba government, after pressure from the United States; it provided that Cuba would make no treaties that compromised its independence or granted concessions to other countries without U.S. approval. The amendment was abrogated in 1934. Creates Guantanamo Bay

Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party)

an early 20th century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct injustices in American life

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

Taft-Hartley Act (1947)

anti-union law passed by increasingly conservative Congress over Truman's veto. Prohibited the closed shop (union only), permitted states to ban union-shop agreements (to become anti-union "right to work" states), forbade union contributions to candidates in federal elections, forced union leaders to swear in affidavits that they were not communists, and mandated an 80 day cooling off period before carrying out strikes. This enraged labor, who called it a "slave labor" law. Helped contribute to massive decline in unions.

Mary Lease

became well known during the early 1890's for her actions as a speaker for the populist party. She was a tall, strong woman who made numerous and memorable speeches on behalf of the downtrodden farmer. She denounced the money-grubbing government and encouraged farmers to speak their discontent with the economic situation.

Hart-Cellar Act of 1965

bolished the national origins quota system that was American immigration policy since the 1920s, replacing it with a preference system that focused on immigrants' skills and family relationships with citizens or U.S. residents.

Haymarket Square Riot (1886)

bomb is thrown at a squad of policemen attempting to break up a labor rally. The police responded with gunfire, killing several people in the crowd and injuring dozens more. It set off a national wave of hysteria, as hundreds of foreign-born radicals and labor leaders were rounded up in Chicago and elsewhere. A grand jury indicted 31 suspected labor radicals in connection with the bombing, and eight men were convicted. The Knights of Labor were also blamed for the riot which decrease their popularity. McCormick Reaper Company

Free Blacks

by 1860, there were 262,000 free blacks living in the south / they got their freedom by either buying their freedom or their owners would emancipate them / they would stay in the South mainly because that is where all their family is. Also because they probably wouldn't have enough money to move to the North. They carried manumission papers to prove their freedom.

Flappers

carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom.

Workers and Wage Slaves

children vulnerable to exploitation, many states gave working men the right to vote, many workers were loyal to Jacksonian Democratic party, demanded 10-hour days, higher wages, tolerable conditions, education for children, and end to debt imprisonment, strikes erupted in the 1830s and 40s, labor unions were regarded as criminal conspiracy

Mercantilism

colonies exist for the benefit of the mother country

"Wellfare State"

concept of government in which the state plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of its citizens, Became the direction of new liberalism of the late 19th century as opposed to classical liberalism. Was introduced in FDR's second term

"King Cotton"

cotton and cotton-growing considered, in the pre-Civil War South, as a vital commodity, the major factor not only in the economy but also in politics.

Civil War (1861-1865)

deadliest war in American history; conflict between north (union) and south (confederacy); 11 southern slave states wanted to secede from Union

The Baby Boom (1946-64)

demographic explosion from births to returning soldiers and others who had put off starting families during the war, which forced the expansion of institutional like schools and universities

peacetime draft 1940

draft that occurred before US entered WW2 stirred feelings b/c inferred US would go to war 1st draft that occured before an entrance into war

KKK in the 1920s

dramatic expansion due to nativism and The Birth of a Nation; favored White supremacy and restrictions on immigration; hostile towards immigrants, Catholics, Jews, and African Americans

Market Revolution

economic changes where people buy and sell goods rather than make them themselves

Navigation Acts (1764)

expensive crops will only be sold to England, if caught smuggling you'd be tried in England

Ultranationalism

extreme nationalism that promotes the interest of one state or people above all others.

Bobby Jones

famous golfer in the '20s

Claudette Colvin

first black to refuse to move from their seat on a bus

Tuskegee Institute in Alabama

founded by Booker T. Washington to train teachers and to provide practical education to African Americans

Shah

hater of communism, no lover of democracy. America's puppet leader for Iran who uses a secret police called the svah to root out people who have communist ideals

LBJ Legacy

he reaches the summit of liberalism

Endangered Species Act

identifies threatened and endangered species in the U.S., and puts their protection ahead of economic considerations

AIDS Crisis

in the Reagan years, first appeared in the US in 1981. the source of the virus was from Africa. acquired immune deficiency syndrome. no known cure. most vulnerable groups: drug addicts & homosexuals. by 1993: 102, 780 deaths in US. new social and cultural developments from early 80s.

Black Power Movement

influence of Malcolm X ---> Stokely Carmichael & more militant SNCC ---. Black Panthers: Huey Newton, Bobby Seale, Eldridge Cleaver

Fireside Chats

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

Elias Howe

invented the sewing machine

Samuel Morse

invented the telegraph

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

law that changed the national quota system to limits of 170,000 immigrants per year from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 per year from the Western Hemisphere

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. The ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group. Extreme example of nativism of period

Dawes Servalty Act

made indian reservations into individual allotments and opened surplus to settlment

March of Millions

mid-1800s population was doubling every 25yrs. 1.5 million of Irish and German pop. immigrated to U.S. The overpopulation caused a lot of pollution, invention of steam ships took people 12 days to get from England to America instead of 2 weeks.

Southern section advantage in the civil war

more agricultural, more slaves, more hierarchical social structure (people fight so they aren't on the bottom of the social ladder), more dependence on other places for necessary goods and services, (don't have the infrastructure, economy, and diversity to wage a long-term war)

Jacksonian Era Legacy

more participation in government and democracy among the people, return of the two-party system, executive branch is strengthened, decentralized economic policy, brings in the "Market Revolution"

Northern section advantage in the civil war

more populated, diversity (european), industrial, infastructure, diversity in economy, power in the House of Reps, better educated, different religious denominations

Women's Movement

movement beginning in the mid-1800s in the United States that sought greater rights and opportunities for women

Saturday Night Massacre (1973)

name given to an incident in which Nixon ordered Attorney General Elliot Richardson to fire Archibald Cox, the special prosecutor who was relentlessly investigating Watergate; Richardson refused and resigned along with his deputy, who also refused to carry out Nixon's order. A subordinate then fired Cox. The incident created a firestorm of protest in the country.

How northerners named battles

named battles for bodies of water or other natural features

How southerners named battles

nearby towns (Battle of Manassas is Battle of Bull Run to Northerners)

End of the Frontier

no new land available to settle, government bought land back from the Native Americans, most of the Plains settled- lash rush in Oklahoma

Women and the Economy

opportunities were rare and women mainly worked in nursing, domestic service, teaching child-centered families emerged with less children and discipline the home changed from a place of labor, to a place of refuge and rest from labor at the mill women were in charge of family: small, affectionate, child-centered families. This was a small arena for talented women

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, Johnson tried to veto but got 2/3 vote in retaliation so it was passed. "Without distinction of race or color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude."

War Guilt Clause (Article 231)

part of the Treaty of Versailles in which Germany had to take full responsibility for WWI, which meant they pay for the reconstruction of other countries. This destroys their economy

IMF (International Monetary Fund)

part of the UN makes loans to countries to finance development

Populist Party (1891)

party whose major issue was currency policy. Wanted government ownership of the telegraph and railroads, championed the 40 hour work week, graduated income tax, and the direct election.

Buying on the Margin

paying a small percentage of a stock's price as a down payment and borrowing the rest

Sharecroppers

people who rent a plot of land from another person, and farm it in exchange for a share of the crop

"Plumbers"

people whose job it was to stop leaks of what Nixon was trying to achieve from being let out of the White House

"Staglation"

persistent high inflation combined with high unemployment and stagnant demand in a country's economy.

Cash and Carry

policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.

Southern purpose in the civil war

preservation of the rights' and power being in the states, preservation of slavery and their way of life

Waren G. Harding

president in 1920. remembered for picking some very good cabinet and some very bad one. His heart attack in office saved him from an impeachment trial and indictment for criminal activity. Has an illegitimate child

Northern key players in the civil war

president: Abe Lincoln Cabinet: Seward (vp), Stanton (SecDef), Welles (SecNav) Generals: McClellan (crappy), Sherman (slah-and-burn), Grant (the butcher)

Civil Liberties Limits during WWI

pro-German things are shut down

wet prohibition

pro-repealing the 18th amendment

Headstart

program designed for low-income preschool children to help them develop skills needed to be successful in kindergarten and beyond

Prohibition (1920-33)

prohibited the production/sale of alcohol; organized crime begins to rise

Keating-Owen Act (1916)

prohibited the transportation across state lines of goods produced with child labor

Sit ins

protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South. Their success prompted the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.

Constitutional Convention Big State, Small State Compromise

representatives wanted a legislature that was based on population. New Jersey's plan was to send an equal # of representatives. Connecticut Compromise: two branch legislature. Senate is equal # of reps. House of Reps. is based on population. Any bill that involves taxation HAVE to start in the House of Reps.

Iran-Contra Affair (1986-87)

scandal that erupted after the Reagan administration sold weapons to Iran in hopes of freeing American hostages in Lebanon; money from the arms sales was used to aid the Contras (anti-Communist insurgents) in Nicaragua, even though Congress had prohibited this assistance. Talk of Reagan's impeachment ended when presidential aides took the blame for the illegal activity. Violated a law that Reagan passed that forbid selling anything to Iran Congress tries to blame him but nothing could stick so instead some of his cabinet members take the fall

Constitutional Convention Presidential Compromise

serve a 4 year term and can be re-elected (anti-federalists wanted a 6 year term and you can't run again.

Negro Act of 1740

slave codes instituted after the Stono Rebellion to restrict/limit the freedoms of the slaves no traveling without a pass, no meeting together without a white present, no learning to read or write, no raising food or earning money

Dixiecrats

southern Democrats who opposed Truman's position on civil rights. They caused a split in the Democratic party.

Atlanta "Compromise" Speech (1895)

speech made by Booker T. Washington at the international cotton exposition which called for blacks to become proficient in agriculture, mechanics, and commerce, and for whites to trust black and provide opportunities for them to be successful economically. Says the black community is aiming to high (political jobs) and they need to start small and build up.

Truman Doctrine (1947)

stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to resist internal left-wing (and therefore it was assumed "communist") movements and prevent them from falling into the Soviet sphere. Early example of application of "containment" doctrine - that the US would take action to stop spread of communism. Some see this as beginning of Cold War.

Jackson's Specie Circular

statement that required payment for public lands to be in hard currency only, coins not paper money.

The Divorce Bill or Independent Treasury Bill

states that the treasury should be divorced from the banking industry. Van Buren champions this but it doesn't gain traction for awhile

Macon's Bill #2 (1810)

strengthens the non-intercourse because France formally agrees to stop harassing American ships

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism

Judical Review (Marbury vs. Madison)

supreme court decides if laws passed by Congress or President are constitutional

Hamilton's Debt Plan

take all state debts and put them under a national debt, to establish credit with other countries. To manage debt her wants to create a national bank

The Greatest Generation

term for those who grew up in the US during the Great Depression and then went on to fight in WWII

"Border Ruffians"

term used to describe proslavery Missourians who streamed into Kansas in 1854, determined to vote as many times as necessary to install a proslavery government there

Lowell Factory System

textile mill in Lowell, MA would recruit young farm women and house them in company dormitories; worked long hours in dangerous conditions; often subject to abuse by the male factory overseers

Nuclear Arms Race

the Cold War competition between superpowers to develop more powerful and greater numbers of nuclear weapons

Federal Reserve

the central bank of the United States, split up into 12 regional banks

National Endowment for the Arts (NEA)

the federal agency that disburses tax dollars as grants to fund cultural programs (Elmo, Mr. Rogers)

"The war to end all wars"

the idea that WWI would, with all its destruction & devastation, end warfare

NOW (1966)

the largest feminist organization in the United States. It was founded in 1966 and has a membership of 500,000 contributing members.

"Establishment"

the ruling class of a society; the authorities in power

Woodward and Bernstein

the two reporters who dug deeper into the Watergate break-in and uncovered the real scandal

Homestead Act of 1862

this allowed a settler to acquire 160 acres by living on it for five years, improving it and paying about $30

Tippecanoe and Tyler too

this was Tyler's slogan during his election, using his vicotry during the Battle of Tippecanoe as a "pro" for voting for him

"Free-riders"

those who enjoy the benefits of collective goods but did not participate in acquiring them. Such as people who work for union based companies but are not a part of the union

Charles G. Finney

urged people to abandon sin and lead good lives in dramatic sermons at religious revivals. Anti-slavery, pro-equality

"It's the economy, stupid!"

used during Bill Clinton's successful 1992 presidential campaign against George H. W. Bush. For a time, Bush was considered unbeatable because of foreign policy developments such as the end of the Cold War and the Persian Gulf War. The phrase, a slight variation on a phrase created by Bill Clinton's campaign strategist James Carville, refers to the notion that Clinton was a better choice because Bush had not adequately addressed the economy, which had recently undergone a recession.

Henry Clay's American System

wants to interconnect American states (roads, railroads, canals). Monroe vetoes it because he doesn't think it's the federal government's responsibility.

Wabash Case (1886)

was a United States Supreme Court case that severely limited the rights of states to control interstate commerce. It led to the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission. Limited States' rights

Albany Movement

was a desegregation coalition formed in Albany, Georgia, quickly became a broad-front nonviolent attack on every aspect of segregation within the city. Bus stations, libraries, and lunch counters reserved for White Americans were occupied by African Americans, boycotts were launched, and hundreds of protesters marched on City Hall.

The Korean War (1950-53)

was a military conflict between South Korea, supported by the United Nations, and North Korea, supported by the People's Republic of China (PRC), with military material aid from the Soviet Union. The war was a result of the physical division of Korea by an agreement of the victorious Allies at the conclusion of the Pacific War at the end of World War II.

The Kent State protest of 1970

was met with violent force by the Ohio National Guard, killing and injuring students.

"2 Separate Americas"

wealthy whites and poor minorities whites self-segregate

The Grimke sisters, Sarah and Angelina

were 19th-century American Quakers, educators and writers who were early advocates of abolitionism and women's rights. Grew up in the south

Blacks in WWI

were still segregated although they were fighting the same war as the white units. The blacks on the homefront went to the North and found racism there as well

Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)

wins the presidency with Jackson's endorsement as a democrat

Overreach in FDR administration

with single party dominance the government was beginning to extend it's reach dramatically and the court and a lot of congress didn't aprove

James Monroe Biography

wounded in battle of Trenton, 1/3 of the group who went to France for the Louisiana Purchase, Democratic Republican. He's the last president we have portraits of. Transition between the Revolutionary Era and the new era.

"The Feminine Mystique"

written by Betty Friedan, journalist and mother of three children; described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men; said that women were kept from reaching their full human capacities