U.S. History to 1865 Final Exam

Charles Sumner

"The crime Against Kansas" (March,1856). Charles Sumner. Orator and Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner (1811-1874) was known for his deep commitment to the cause of civil rights and emerged as an antislavery leader in the late 1840s. The Harvard-educated lawyer had previously engaged in disarmament efforts and prison and school reforms. Representative Preston Brooks brutally beat Senator Charles Sumner after Sumner gave a fiery speech attacking slavery and its practitioners. Charles Sumner was a U.S. Representative best known an anti-slavery advocate who authored the nation's first civil rights legislation.

Fugitive Slave Act

1850 law that gave the federal government authority in cases involving runaway slaves; aroused considerable opposition in the North. A law passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, which provided southern slaveholders with legal weapons to capture slaves who had escaped to the free states. As Northern states abolished slavery, most relaxed enforcement of the 1793 law, and many passed laws ensuring fugitive slaves a jury trial. Several Northern states even enacted measures prohibiting state officials from aiding in the capture of runaway slaves or from jailing the fugitives. The "Annals of Congress" state that the law was approved on February 12, 1793. The Act was strengthened at the insistence of the slave states of the South by the Compromise of 1850, which required even the governments and the residents of free states to enforce the capture and return of fugitive slaves. Following increased pressure from Southern politicians, Congress passed a revised Fugitive Slave Act in 1850. Part of Henry Clay's famed Compromise of 1850—a group of bills that helped quiet early calls for Southern secession—this new law forcibly compelled citizens to assist in the capture of runaway slaves.

The Election of 1860

1860 presidential candidates clockwise, from top left. Abraham Lincoln (Republican). Free soil/ Free-Labor. Anti-Slavery Expansion. Stephen Douglas (Northern Democrat). Engineer of 1850 compromise & Kansas- Nebraska Act. Advocate of popular sovereignty. John C. Breckenridge (Southern Democrat). Slave code for territories. Slave Expansion. John Bell (constitutional union party). Fusion party 2. "Law and Order" The Election of 1860. The most important and divisive presidential election in American history took place in 1860. Abraham Lincoln, the party's nominee in 1860, was seen as a moderate on slavery, but Southerners feared that his election would lead to its demise, and vowed to leave the Union if he was elected. Slavery was a prominent issue in the 1850's, dividing the United States, with the northern abolitionists against slavery and the Southerners for it. Lincoln, from Illinois, ran in the Republican Party, whose platform stated that slavery would not spread any farther than it already had. The 1860 Constitutional Union Convention nominated a ticket led by former Senator John Bell of Tennessee. Despite minimal support in the South, Lincoln won a plurality of the popular vote and a majority of the electoral vote. The election was the first of six consecutive victories for the Republican Party.

14th Amendment

1868 constitutional amendment that guaranteed rights of citizenship to former slaves, in words similar to those of the civil rights acts of 1866. The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1868, granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States—including former slaves—and guaranteed all citizens "equal protection of the laws." The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was one of the three Reconstruction Amendments which, along with the 13th and 15th, was primarily intended to establish equal civil rights for former slaves. It was passed by Congress on June 13, 1866, and ratified by the states as of July 9, 1868. The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1868, granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States—including former slaves—and guaranteed all citizens "equal protection of the laws." was ratified to protect the rights of native-born Black Americans, whose rights as recently-freed slaves were being denied. The Amendment was written to prevent state governments from denying citizenship to Blacks born in the United States.

Erie Canal

40ft deep, 40ft wide. The steamboat would be used to travel up rivers like the Mis. River. Move up and down the Mis. River. Most important & profitable of the canals of the 1820s & 1830s; stretched from Buffalo to Albany, New York, connecting the Great Lakes to the east coast & making NYC the nation's largest port. The completion in 1825 of the Erie Canal connecting Lake Erie with the Hudson River, was an event of major importance in Michigan history because it greatly facilitated the transportation of passengers and freight between the eastern seaboard and Michigan ports. The Erie Canal, 363 miles long with 82 locks from Albany on the Hudson to Buffalo on Lake Erie, was built by the state of New York from 1817 to 1825. The Erie Canal, opened in 1825, tied New York City and its port to Buffalo and the westward-expanding country. Built between 1817 and 1825, the original Erie Canal traversed 363 miles from Albany to Buffalo. It was the longest artificial waterway and the greatest public works project in North America. It transformed New York City into the nation's principal seaport and opened the interior of North America to settlement.

Nat Turner

60 white people were killed. A 30-year-old slave and preacher that formed the Nat Turner's Rebellion. Who helped Nat Turner during the rebellion?Free blacks and slaves. August 21, 1831. What did the people use to go against the whites? Farm supplies, knives. hatchets, and axes. What did the American Colonist Society want to do? Send slaves to Liberia and set them free.

Missouri Compromise

A compromise solution to the problem of what to do about slavery in newly established states. When Missouri appealed for statehood, the states were balanced 2 free, 2 slave. Missouri would be admitted as a slave state in 1821 and Maine would be admitted as a free state in 1820. Deal proposed by Kentucky senator Henry Clay in 1820 to resolve the slave/free imbalance in congress that would result for Missouri's admission as a slave state; Maine's admission as a free state offset Missouri, and slavery was prohibited in the remainder of the Louisiana territory north of the southern border of Missouri. The Missouri Compromise was an effort by Congress to defuse the sectional and political rivalries triggered by the request of Missouri late in 1819 for admission as a state in which slavery would be permitted. At the time, the United States contained twenty-two states, evenly divided between slave and free. The purpose of the Missouri Compromise was to keep a balance between the number of slave states and the number of free states in the Union. It allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state at the same time Maine entered as a free state, thus maintaining a balance in numbers of free and slave states. Finally, a compromise was reached. On March 3, 1820, Congress passed a bill granting Missouri statehood as a slave state under the condition that slavery was to be forever prohibited in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36th parallel, which runs approximately along the southern border of Missouri.

First Bull Run

A summer spectator's affair. Union losses. 460 killed, over 11,000 wounded. The First Battle of Bull Run (also known as the First Manassas) was fought on July 21, 1861. It was the first major battle of the Civil War and resulted in a Confederate victory. his was the first major land battle of the armies in Virginia. On July 16, 1861, the untried Union army under Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell marched from Washington against the Confederate army, which was drawn up behind Bull Run beyond Centreville. July 21, 1861- First major battle of the Civil War, in which untrained Northern troops and civilian picnickers fled back to Washington. This battle helped boost Southern morale and made the North realize that this would be a long war. 1861 Battle of Manassas; first major battle of the Civil War, resulting in a Confederate victory.

Frederick Douglass

Abolitionist leader Frederick Douglass was born into slavery sometime around 1818 in Talbot County, Maryland. He became one of the most famous intellectuals of his time, advising presidents and lecturing to thousands on a range of causes, including women's rights and Irish home rule. Frederick Douglass is important in our history for at least two reasons. Frederick Douglass is mainly famous as an abolitionist. After he escaped from slavery, he became one of the leading abolitionist speakers and writers in the United States. He was definitely the most important African American male abolitionist. Frederick Douglass's purpose in writing his autobiography was not only to show the way in which slavery degraded slaves but also to show the way the institution of slavery degraded slave masters. His book was a highly political document, intended to foster opposition to slavery among educated Northerners.

William Lloyd Garrison

Abolitionist, newspaper. Boston based abolitionist publisher & writer. Published the Liberator, which ran uninterrupted from 1831 until the 13th amendment was passed. Opposed re-settlement of Africans in Africa; opposed gradual emancipation; the most radical & polarizing figure in abolition. Drove the abolition movement in the North & helped introduce Fredrick Douglas. Advocated for Immediate abolitionism. Seeked Equality between white and black. Where did he observe the brutality of slavery and was confronted to slaveholders?In Baltimore where he was also imprisoned on charges of insulting one of the slaveholders.

Louisiana Purchase

After requiring the land from Spain, France did nothing to actually reposes it. No colonial representation. Agrarian Ideal & Dependency on Mis. River- Interest in the territory. President Thomas Jefferson's 1803 purchase from France of the important port of New Orleans & 828,000 square miles west of the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains; it more than doubled the territory of the US at a cost of only $15 million. The Louisiana Purchase is important because it gave the U.S. control of the Mississippi River and the port city of New Orleans, both of which were used by farmers to ship their crops and get paid. In exchange, the United States acquired the vast domain of Louisiana Territory, some 828,000 square miles of land. The treaty was dated April 30 and signed on May 2. In October, the U.S. Senate ratified the purchase, and in December 1803 France transferred authority over the region to the United States. he Louisiana Purchase of 1803 doubled the size of the United States, gave the country complete control of the port of New Orleans, and provided territory for westward expansion. This right allowed the merchants to store their goods in New Orleans without paying duty before they were exported.

The Hudson River School

America the Beautiful. The Second Great Awakening. Revivalism: Preacher of the Great Awakening. Itinerant: A schedule for traveling. Preachers traveled all over the country. The Hudson River School was a mid-19th century American art movement founded by Thomas Cole in 1825. Using the river as inspiration, these painters were celebrated for their realistic depictions of the regions stunning and distinctive landscape. Their radiant, majestic style was influenced by European romanticism. The early leaders of the Hudson River school were Thomas Doughty, Asher Durand, and Thomas Cole, all of whom worked in the open and painted reverential, carefully observed pictures of untouched wilderness in the Hudson River valley and nearby locations in New England. Englishman Henry Hudson was looking for a quick passage to China as he sailed along America's north Atlantic coast in 1609. Hudson thought he found what he was looking for when he entered New York bay and what is now the river named for him.

The "American Renaissance"

American Renaissance, also called New England Renaissance, period from the 1830s roughly until the end of the American Civil War in which American literature, in the wake of the Romantic movement, came of age as an expression of a national spirit. Scholar originated the phrase "American Renaissance: Art and expression in the age of Emerson and Whitman. A new focus on humanism as a way to move from calvinism (Puritanism). "Literature for our democracy" and challenged the nation to repossess them.

King Cotton

An attempt during the Civil War by the south to encourage British intervention by banning cotton imports. The most important economic development in the South of the mid-nineteenth century was the cotton gin. Cotton became king because the production of cotton moved rapidly. For the development of the region this meant that the amount of slaves also raised. The most commonly used phrase describing the growth of the American economy in the 1830s and 1840s was "Cotton Is King." We think of this slogan today as describing the plantation economy of the slavery states in the Deep South, which led to the creation of "the second Middle Passage." King Cotton. King Cotton, phrase frequently used by Southern politicians and authors prior to the American Civil War, indicating the economic and political importance of cotton production.

Shay's Rebellion

Attempt by Massachusetts farmer David Shays and 1,200 compatriots, seeking debt relief through issuance of paper currency and lower taxes, to prevent courts from seizing property from indebted farmers. A group of protestors, led by Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shays, began a 6 month rebellion by taking over the Court of Common Pleas in Northampton; the goal was to prevent the trial and imprisonment of debt-ridden citizens. The Shays Rebellion, led by Daniel Shays, erupted between 1786 -1787 in Massachusetts. The causes of the revolt, which became known as Shays Rebellion was money or the lack of money. The American Revolutionary War had resulted in massive War Debts. Shay's Rebellion essentially stopped the courts from functioning, as well as freeing men imprisoned for debts. Instead, a privately-funded militia was raised by merchants, which defeated the Regulators and the rebellion was ended. Shays's Rebellion was a rebellion among farmers in Massachusetts that began in 1786. The rebellion is important because it is seen as one of the major factors that led to the writing of the new Constitution. When the United States first became independent, its constitution was called the Articles of Confederation.

Sarah Grimke

Believed women should be able to have the exact rights of men. The liberator. Abolitionist and author Sarah Moore Grimké was born in Charleston, South Carolina, on November 26, 1792. Growing up on a southern plantation, both she and her younger sister, Angelina, developed anti-slavery sentiments based on the injustices they observed. Two early and prominent activists for abolition and women's rights, Sarah Grimke (1792-1873) and Angelina Grimke Weld (1805-1879) were raised in the cradle of slavery on a plantation in South Carolina. The Grimke sisters, as they were known, grew to despise slavery after witnessing its cruel effects at a young age. Angelina Grimké in Women's Movements. Angelina Grimké (1805-1879) was an abolitionist and feminist activist famous for her path-breaking speaking tour of 1837 to 1838. Born in South Carolina into a prominent slave-owning family, Grimké moved to Philadelphia in 1839, shortly after becoming a Quaker.

Anaconda Plan

Blockade the South coasts. The Anaconda Plan was a strategy created by Union General Winfield Scott in 1861, early on in the Civil War. It called for strangling the Southern Confederacy, much like an Anaconda. It was never officially adopted by the Union government. The Anaconda Plan was a strategy created by Union General Winfield Scott in 1861, early on in the Civil War. It called for strangling the Southern Confederacy, much like an Anaconda. It was never officially adopted by the Union government. The Anaconda Plan was a strategy created by Union General Winfield Scott in 1861, early on in the Civil War. It called for strangling the Southern Confederacy, much like an Anaconda. It was never officially adopted by the Union government. The Anaconda Plan was the Union's strategic plan to defeat the Confederacy at the start of the American Civil War. The goal was to defeat the rebellion by blockading southern ports and controlling the Mississippi river. This would cut off and isolate the south from the outside world. The Anaconda Plan was the Union's strategic plan to defeat the Confederacy at the start of the American Civil War.

Irish Potato Famine

By early 1800's, Irish population had become hugely dependent on the potato "lumber"- a result of English colonization in NA. Sig: Devastating on Ireland, Exposed the social and economic problem facing Ireland at the time, led to permanent reorganization of Ireland's Agriculture and land use. During the entire crisis, Britain never provided massive food aid to Ireland because they feared that the constant changes in food prices would unfairly harm English land owners. killed more than 1 million ppl, made more than 1 million ppl refugees, but records weren't kept well so no one knows the true numbers. The fact that only four types of potato were brought from the Americas was a fundamental cause of the famine, as the lack of genetic diversity made it possible for a single fungus-relative to have much more devastating consequences than it might otherwise have had.

Slave Society

By the 1850s, Virginia had become a slave society, rather than a society with slaves. Slavery influenced the state's social and political institutions, commerce, and industry. Slavery refers to a condition in which individuals are owned by others, who control where they live and at what they work. Slavery had previously existed throughout history, in many times and most places. The ancient Greeks, the Romans, Incas and Aztecs all had slaves. By the 1850s, Virginia had become a slave society, rather than a society with slaves. Slavery influenced the state's social and political institutions, commerce, and industry. Virginia, like the rest of the nation, was divided on the expansion of slavery in the territories and state's rights.

The Compromise of 1850

California is to be admitted as a free state. Federal Fugitive Slave Act. Abolish slave trade in DC. The rest of the Mexican cession is opened up for eventual statehood. Complex compromise devised by senator Henry Clay that admitted California as a free state, included a stronger fugitive slave law, & delayed determination of the slave status of the New Mexico & Utah territories. The south gained by the strengthening of the fugitive slave law, the north gained a new free state, California. Texas lost territory but was compensated with 10 million dollars to pay for its debt. Slave trade was prohibited in Washington DC, but slavery was not. The general solution that was adopted by the Compromise of 1850 was to transfer a considerable part of the territory claimed by the state to the federal government; to organize two new territories formally, the Territory of New Mexico and the Territory of Utah, which expressly would be allowed to locally determine. The south gained by the strengthening of the fugitive slave law, the north gained a new free state, California. Texas lost territory but was compensated with 10 million dollars to pay for its debt. Slave trade was prohibited in Washington DC, but slavery was not.

13th Amendment

Constitutional amendment adopted in 1865 that of Ohio & Indiana to the federal government, and which also established the "annuity" system. The 13th Amendment was important because it created a constitutional amendment that banned slavery in ALL of the American states. The 13th Amendment to the US Constitution outlaws slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. Declared that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." In April 1864, the Senate, responding in part to an active abolitionist petition campaign, passed the Thirteenth Amendment to abolish slavery in the United States. Opposition from Democrats in the House of Representatives prevented the amendment from receiving the required two-thirds majority, and the bill failed. The 13th Amendment was very effective. The other two were not very effective at all, at least not for about 90 years after they were ratified. The 13th Amendment abolished slavery.

The Battle of Gettysburg

Deadliest battle of the civil war. Approximately 56,000 battle casualties. Death toll so high, resulted in the US states government creating the first national cemetery. Presented the union with an opportunity to crush & defeat Lee's army. The Battle of Gettysburg, fought from July 1 to July 3, 1863, is considered the most important engagement of the American Civil War. After a great victory over Union forces at Chancellorsville, General Robert E. Lee marched his Army of Northern Virginia into Pennsylvania in late June 1863. Was the largest battle of the American Civil War as well as the largest battle ever fought in North America, involving around 85,000 men in the Union's Army of the Potomac under Major General George Gordon Meade and approximately 75,000 in.

Texas Revolt

Declared Independence, take San Antonio Mexican troops take the Alamo, San Antonio, Texas, 1836. A wounded Sam Houston accepts Santa Anne's surrender, 1836. The 1830s rebellion of residents of the territory of Texas many of them Americans emigrants against Mexican control of the region. Stopped American immigration to Texas placed import taxes on American goods tried to free the slaves in Texas prohibited freedom to worship. Mexico wanted industries to be brought by the immigrants. The battle had begun on February 23, 1836, and by March 5 the Texans were unable to return fire because ammunition was low. Convinced that the mission could now be assaulted, Santa Anna planned his attack. On March 6, 1836, the Mexican troops, after being beaten back twice, succeeded in scaling the Alamo's walls. The Texans, now completely out of ammunition, used their muskets as clubs and fought with their fists until all but six were dead. Santa Anna ordered these men killed also. The battle was over, the Alamo was taken, and Santa Anna had lost more than fifteen hundred men. All 187 Texans defending the Alamo had been killed. These included such famous men as Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie.

Northwest Ordinance

Designed by Thomas Jefferson; passed by confederation congress. Divided NW territory into states then provided population requirements for those areas to gain statehood & enter the Union. 60,000 residents could create a constitution and petition congress for statehood. The law protected residents. Law that created the Northwest Territory area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania, established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a. Bill of Rights, & permanently prohibited slavery. The most important of the three acts, laid the basis for the government of the Northwest Territory and for the admission of its constituent parts as states into the union. The Northwest Ordinance, adopted July 13, 1787, by the Second Continental Congress, chartered a government for the Northwest Territory, provided a method for admitting new states to the Union from the territory, and listed a bill of rights guaranteed in the territory. The Constitution: Evolution of a Government. established a government for the Northwest Territory, outlined the process for admitting a new state to the Union, and guaranteed that newly created states would be equal to the original thirteen states.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Explicitly repeals the Missouri Compromise. Declares popular sovereignty will determine whether or not Kansas & Nebraska enter as a slave or free state. Passes in March, 1854. Destroyed the "sacred pledge". Destroyed the Whig party. Gave birth to republican party. 1854 law sponsored by Illinois senator Stephan A. Douglas to allow settlers in newly organized territories north of Missouri border to decide the slavery issue for themselves; fury over the resulting repel of the Missouri compromise of 1820 led to violence in Kansas & to the formation of the Republican party. The initial purpose of the Kansas-Nebraska Act was to open up thousands of new farms and make feasible a Midwestern Transcontinental Railroad. The popular sovereignty clause of the law led pro- and anti-slavery elements to flood into Kansas with the goal of voting slavery up or down, resulting in Bleeding Kansas. The Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed each territory to decide the issue of slavery on the basis of popular sovereignty. The Kansas-Nebraska act made it possible for the Kansas and Nebraska territories (shown in orange) to open to slavery. The Missouri Compromise had prevented this from happening since 1820.

Articles of Confederation

First constitution of U.S. No executive, no judicial, unicameral legislature. No powers of taxation, no powers to regulate commerce. Above all states ruled. First frame of government for the US; in effect from 1781 to 1788, it provided for a weak central authority and was soon replaced by the Constitution. They established the first national government of the United States. It was the first national constitution of the United States. Articles of Confederation contributed to the economic problems of the United States when they did not require the states to pay taxes or war debts. The states did not have to comply with the requests of the national government. The Articles of Confederation served as the written document that established the functions of the national government of the United States after it declared independence from Great Britain. John Dickinson, the delegate from Delaware, was the principal writer. Dickinson's draft of the Articles of Confederation named the new country "the United States of America." He government could not pay its debts from the Revolutionary War, and America lost standing with other nations. Cause: The legislature created by the Articles of Confederation gave equal power to large and small states. However, ratification of the Articles of Confederation by all thirteen states did not occur until March 1, 1781. The Articles created a loose confederation of sovereign states and a weak central government, leaving most of the power with the state governments.

Confederate War Advantages

First, they had an advantage by fighting a defensive war. Secondly, the Confederates could do enough damage to the North that the Union's troops lose politicians that are on their side and they will have to keep fighting. Some were tactics, some were leaders, but all had some sort of affect on the outcome of the war. Confederate Advantages: Leaders. Many believed that the Confederacy had better leaders, such as Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson, whom were some of the best officers before the war. The Union had many distinct advantages, such as manpower, industry and political structure. But the Confederacy was able to compensate for most of these, and they had some of their own strategic advantages, like military leadership, the Mississippi River and playing on the home field (so to speak).

Charles Grandison Finney

Former lawyer who had a religious experience in 1821 & decided that it was spiritual rebirth. Even though the second great awakening had been going on a frontier areas since the 1790's. Were very successful. Women were a major role seen throughout the second great awakening. Charles Grandison Finney is known as the 'Father of Modern Revivalism'. He was a leader in the 'Second Great Awakening' in the United States, serving as a Presbyterian, then Congregationalist, minister and religious writer. Finney's significance was in innovative preaching and service procedure. Was an American Presbyterian minister and leader in the Second Great Awakening in the United States. He has been called The Father of Modern Revivalism.

Fort Sumter

Fort Sumter was the last remaining federal arsenal in confederate territory leader control by the union. By Lincoln's inauguration, confederate forces had surrounded the fort & were preparing to take it by force. April 6, 1861, Lincoln sent a federal ship on "a mission". First battle of the civil war, in which the federal fort in Charleston SC harbor was captured by the confederates on April 14, 1861, after two days of shelling. Fort Sumter is an island fortification located in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. Originally constructed in 1829 as a coastal garrison, Fort Sumter is most famous for being the site of the first shots of the Civil War (1861-65). After a 33-hour bombardment by Confederate cannons, Union forces surrender Fort Sumter in South Carolina's Charleston Harbor. The first engagement of the war ended in Rebel victory. The surrender concluded a standoff that began with South Carolina's secession from the Union on December 20, 1860. After South Carolina's secession, plans were made to have Major Robert Anderson remain at Fort Moultrie. However, security issues forced Anderson to leave with his men and. Fort Sumter is historically significant because it is the place where the first battle of the American Civil War was fought. On April 10, 1861, Brig. Gen. Beauregard, in command of the provisional Confederate forces at Charleston, South Carolina, demanded the surrender of the Union garrison of Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor. Garrison commander Anderson refused.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Four measures passed in 1798 during the undeclared war with France that limited the freedoms of speech and press and restricted the liberty of non-citizens. The Federalists believed that Democratic-Republican criticism of Federalist policies was disloyal and feared that aliens living in the United States would sympathize with the French during a war. As a result, a Federalist-controlled Congress passed four laws, known collectively as the Alien and Sedition Acts. The Republican minority in Congress argued that sedition laws violated the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which protects freedom of speech and the press. The Federalists countered by defining these freedoms in the narrow English manner. A series of laws known collectively as the Alien and Sedition Acts were passed by the Federalist Congress in 1798 and signed into law by President Adams. These laws included new powers to deport foreigners as well as making it harder for new immigrants to vote. This act gave the president the authority to deport aliens during peacetime. The Alien Enemies Act, which Adams signed on July 6, gave him the power to deport any alien living in the U.S. with ties to U.S. wartime enemies.

The Ku Klux Klan

Group organized in Pulaski, Tenn, in 1866 to terrorize former slaves who voted and held political offices during Reconstruction; a revised organization in the 1910s & 1920s that stressed white, Anglo-Saxon, fundamentalist protestant supremacy; revised a third time flight the civil rights movement of the 1950s & 1960s in the south. White Supremacist who attacked blacks. Also known as "circle of friends". Secret domestic militant organizations in the United States, originating in the southern states and eventually having national scope, that are best known for advocating white supremacy and acting as terrorists while hidden behind conical hats, masks and white robes. The KKK has a record of terrorism, violence, and lynching to intimidate, murder, and oppress African Americans, Jews and other minorities and to intimidate and oppose Roman Catholics and labor unions. "Invisible Empire of the South" 1866; Notorious anti-black/white supremacist group formed in Tennessee. It was against any power or rights a black had. The group attempted to scare blacks into not voting and not seeking jobs by resorting to violence to terrorize the blacks. Congress passed the Force Acts of 1870 and 1871 to restrain the KKK.

15th Amendment

Guaranteed that the right of citizens of the US to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the US or by any state on account of race, color. Constitutional amendment ratified in 1870, which prohibited states from discriminating in voting privileges on the basis of race. The Voting Rights Act of 1965, signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on August 6, 1965, aimed to overcome all legal barriers at the state and local levels that denied African Americans their right to vote under the 15th Amendment. which was ratified in 1870, contained two sections. Section One stated that ''The right of citizens to vote shall not be denied or abridged on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.'' Section Two granted the U.S. Congress the power to enforcement through legislation. Passed by Congress February 26, 1869, and ratified February 3, 1870, the 15th amendment granted African American men the right to vote. .Set free by the 13th amendment, with citizenship guaranteed by the 14th amendment, black males were given the vote by the 15th amendment.

Dred Scott Decision

He had lived in Missouri, was a slave. Moved and lived in Minnesota for 4 years. His minister dies in Minnesota and he tries to sue from freedom. The Dred Scott Decision (March 6, 1857). 6-3 Ruling. 3 part decision. Scott had no right to sue in a Federal Court. Dred Scott Decision summary: Dred Scott was a slave who sought his freedom through the American legal system. The 1857 decision by the United States Supreme Court in the Dred Scott case denied his plea, determining that no Negro, the term then used to describe anyone with African blood, was or could ever be a citizen. The Dred Scott decision of March 6, 1857, brought to a head the tension surrounding the issue of slavery in the United States.In the case, the Supreme Court ruled that Scott was still a slave, and therefore, and no right to file suit in a United States court as he was not a citizen and did not have the rights of such. Was a slave who, in the 1840s, chose to sue his master's widow for his freedom. He argued that his master, John Emerson, escorted him onto free soil in Illinois and the Wisconsin Territory, so he'd legally even if inadvertently granted him freedom.

The American System

Henry Clay believed war of 1812 proved that Jefferson's agrarian ideal was not going to work. Believed the country needed a greater commitment to industry & internal manufacturing, and needed to grow its domestic market. Proposed 3 things for the country: Create a second national bank, enact protective tariffs-American goods, imported, finance internal improvements (roads, canals). Program of internal improvements & protective tariffs promoted by Speaker of the House Henry Clay in his presidential campaign of 1824; his proposals formed the core of Whig ideology in the 1830s and 1840s. The centerpiece of Clay's statecraft was an integrated economic program called 'the American System.' This envisioned a protective tariff, a national bank jointly owned by private stockholders and the federal government, and federal subsidies for transportation projects ('internal improvements'). Support for a high tariff to protect American industries and generate revenue for the federal government. Development of a system of internal improvements (such as roads and canals) which would knit the nation together and be financed by the tariff and land sales revenues. The American System was a three-pronged economic plan, based on the financial ideas of Alexander Hamilton, that was supported by Henry Clay. The adoption of the American System was an important economic plan during his presidency and contributed to the Era of Good Feelings.

Secession Commissioners

In late 1860, Mississippi, Alabama, South Carolina, Georgia, and Louisiana appointed commissioners. This slender volume examines the work of secession commissioners sent from the deep South to other slave states in the winter of 1860-1861. The men were charged with defending secession and urging fellow southerners to follow them out of the Union.

Election of 1864

In the United States Presidential election of 1864, Abraham Lincoln was re-elected as president. Lincoln ran under the National Union banner against his former top Civil War general, the Democratic candidate, George B. McClellan. United States presidential election of 1864, American presidential election held on Nov. 8, 1864, in which Republican Pres. Abraham Lincoln defeated Democrat George B. McClellan. As the election occurred during the American Civil War, it was contested only by the states that had not seceded from the Union. McClellan went on to become the unsuccessful Democratic Party nominee in the 1864 presidential election against Lincoln's reelection. The effectiveness of his campaign was damaged when he repudiated his party's platform, which promised an end to the war and negotiations with the southern Confederacy. In the United States Presidential election of 1864, Abraham Lincoln was re-elected as president. Lincoln ran under the National Union banner against his former top Civil War general, the Democratic candidate, George B. McClellan.

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin in 1793. A machine that combined the seeds from the fiber with metal pins fitted into rolls. By 1840, cotton production accounted for 52% of US exports. By 1850, 58%. Ex: wheat cultivation required. The American inventor and manufacturer Eli Whitney (1765-1825) perfected the cotton gin. He was a pioneer in the development of the American system of manufactures. Eli Whitney was born in Westboro, Mass., on Dec. 8, 1765. He took an early interest in mechanical work. He invented the cotton gin (1793), which revolutionized cotton picking in the South and turned cotton into a profitable export. After 1798, he manufactured muskets at a factory in New Haven, Connecticut, which was one of the first to use mass-production methods.

Indian Removal Act

Jackson's signature legislation, it created American Indians out of the southeast & opened up land for white expansion. Most of the 75-100,000 Indians in the area had been part. 1830 law signed by President Andrew Jackson that permitted the negotiation of treaties to obtain the Indians lands in exchange for their relocation to what would become Oklahoma. To achieve his purpose, Jackson encouraged Congress to adopt the Removal Act of 1830. The Act established a process whereby the President could grant land west of the Mississippi River to Indian tribes that agreed to give up their homelands. The Indian Removal Act was a law that was signed by Pres. Andrew Jackson in 1830. It is significant because it led to the eviction of Native Americans from their lands in the Southeast. It also led to them being forced to go to what is now Oklahoma in a movement known as the "Trail of Tears." The Indian Removal Act was passed by Congress on May 28, 1830, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. The law enabled the president to forcibly remove the natives from their ancestral lands. The law authorized the president to negotiate with southern Native American tribes for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their lands.

James Madison

James Madison wrote the first drafts of the U.S. Constitution, co-wrote the Federalist Papers and sponsored the Bill of Rights. He established the Democrat-Republican Party with President Thomas Jefferson, and became president himself in 1808. Madison's important contribution to the overall creation of the Constitution earned him the nickname "Father of the Constitution" later in life. On June 21, 1788, New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify the new Constitution, and that was enough to make the Constitution the law of the land. Was an American statesman and Founding Father who served as the fourth President of the United States from 1809 to 1817. He is hailed as the "Father of the Constitution" for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights.

Presidential Reconstruction

Johnson adopted Lincoln's 10 percent plan, then made it more lenient. In 1865 President Andrew Johnson implemented a plan of Reconstruction that gave the white South a free hand in regulating the transition from slavery to freedom and offered no role to blacks in the politics of the South. The end of the Civil War found the nation without a settled Reconstruction policy. The act or result of reconstructing. Reconstruction The period (1865-1877) during which the states that had seceded to the Confederacy were controlled by the federal government before being readmitted to the Union.

Federalists

Led by John Adams, George Washington, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton. Supported a new constitution. Wanted a strong central government to be more powerful than states. Saw no need for Bill of Rights. Wanted a large Republic. Most were wealthy, merchants and skilled craftsman, urban. The accomplishments of the Federalists were great: the party organized the enduring administrative machinery of national government; fixed the practice of a liberal interpretation of the Constitution. The main purpose of The Federalist Papers was to explain the newly proposed constitution we had a first constitution called The Articles of Confederation to the people of New York in the hopes of encouraging them to ratify the new constitution in the upcoming ratifying convention. The primary goal of the publication of the Federalist Papers was to serve as a portable advocate for the ratification of the Constitution. With the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in 1814 and the end of the War of 1812, many Americans viewed the Federalists as traitors. The Federalist Party collapsed, leaving the Democratic-Republican Party as the only political party in the United States until the mid-1820s.

Anti-Federalists

Led by Thomas Jefferson. Against a new Constitution. Believed that executive would have too much power (a la the king). Wanted states to have more power than central government. Thought that Bill of Rights was necessary to protect liberties. Wanted a small republic. Mostly small farmers & debtors workers. Opponents of the Constitution who saw it as a limitation on individual and states rights; their demands led to the addition of a Bill of Rights to the document. Led by Patrick Henry of Virginia, Anti-Federalists worried, among other things, that the position of president, then a novelty, might evolve into a monarchy. Many Anti-Federalists preferred a weak central government because they equated a strong government with British tyranny. Others wanted to encourage democracy and feared a strong government that would be dominated by the wealthy. They felt that the states were giving up too much power to the new federal government. Anti-Federalist Papers is the collective name given to works written by the Founding Fathers who were opposed to or concerned with the merits of the United States Constitution of 1787. The Anti-Federalists opposed ratification of the Constitution and were typified by: A desire to establish a weak central government (as had been created by the Articles of Confederation) A corresponding desire for strong state governments. The support of many small farmers and small landowners.

Constitutional Convention

Meeting in Philadelphia, May 25- Sep 17, 1787, of representatives from twelve colonies excepting Rhode Island to revise the existing Articles of Confederation; the convention soon resolved to produce an entirely new constitution. The United States Constitution was ratified in 1789, but not without considerable debate. During the Constitutional Convention, delegates debated major issues such as the makeup of the legislature and the effect of slavery on representation. The first issue involved how much power should be assigned to the national government. The draft Constitution that emerged provided some clear corrections to perceived defects in the Articles of Confederation. With George Washington presiding, the Constitutional Convention formally convenes on this day in 1787. The convention faced a daunting task: the peaceful overthrow of the new American government as it had been defined by the Article of Confederation. The process began with the proposal of James Madison's Virginia Plan. The point of the event was decide how America was going to be governed.Although the Convention had been officially called to revise the existing Articles of Confederation, many delegates had much bigger plans.

The Emancipation Proclamation

Momentum builds for Emancipation due to several congressional actions. Slave rebellions become more commonly. Major step to showing up to the Europeans. Makes the army an emancipation. Slavery is abolished. Ex: Women's rights. The Emancipation Proclamation granted freedom to the slaves in the Confederate States if the States did not return to the Union by January 1, 1863. In addition, under this proclamation, freedom would only come to the slaves if the Union won the war. By the President of the United States of America: A Proclamation. On Jan. 1, 1863, U.S. President Abraham Lincoln declared free all slaves residing in territory in rebellion against the federal government. This Emancipation Proclamation actually freed few people. Naturally, the states in rebellion did not act on Lincoln's order. President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the nation approached its third year of bloody civil war. The proclamation declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free." The Emancipation Proclamation led the way to total abolition of slavery in the United States. With the Emancipation Proclamation, the aim of the war changed to include the freeing of slaves in addition to preserving the Union.

Sherman's March to the Sea

Ohioan William Tecumseh Sherman, a general in the Union army during the American Civil War, is best known for his March to the Sea. On September 1, 1864, Sherman and his army captured Atlanta, Georgia, an important transportation center in the Confederacy. Was a military campaign of the American Civil War conducted through Georgia from November 15 until December 21, 1864, by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army. Sherman's "March to the Sea" followed his successful Atlanta Campaign of May to September 1864. He and the Union Army's commander, Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, believed that the Civil War would come to an end only if the Confederacy's strategic, economic, and psychological capacity for warfare were decisively broken. General William T. Sherman led some 60,000 soldiers on a 285-mile march from Atlanta to Savannah, Georgia. The purpose of Sherman's March to the Sea was to frighten Georgia's civilian population into abandoning the Confederate cause.

Bill of Rights

Only major victory for the Anti-Federalists. Demanded a guarantee of personal liberties which were guaranteed in many state constitutions. First ten amendments to the US Constitution, adopted in 1791 to guarantee individual rights against infrin gement by the federal government. he bill of rights serves to protect citizens from excess government power. It achieves this by ensuring there is separation of powers between different government branches, the judicial, executive, and the legislative. The First Amendment is perhaps the most important part of the Bill of Rights. It protects five of the most basic liberties. They are freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, and freedom to petition the government to right wrongs. It contains rights designed to guarantee individual freedom, several of which apply to criminal procedure. Many, but not all, of the criminal-law rights apply to the federal government and all state governments.

Workingman's Parties

Political groups formed by workers with identifiable working class consciousness & political motivation. First party formed in 1827 in Philadelphia, but within a few years over 35 separate formed. Sig: Exercising political power. Platform included- tax-supported public education-reformed military services. Simplified legal system, reduction in court fees and abolition of imprisonment for debt. Workingmen's Party, first labour-oriented political organization in the United States. The New York party, under the leadership of radical Thomas Skidmore, demanded the 10-hour working day, abolition of imprisonment for debt, and an effective mechanics' lien law for labourers on buildings.

Monroe Doctrine

President James Monore's declaration to congress on December 2, 1823, that the American continents would be thenceforth closed to European colonization, and that the US would not interfere in European affairs. The Monroe Doctrine was a foreign policy statement originally set forth in 1823 which created separate spheres of European and American influence. The United States promised to stay out of European business and told the Europeans to stay out of the Western Hemisphere's business. At the same time, the doctrine noted that the U.S. would recognize and not interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries. President James Monroe first stated the doctrine during his seventh annual State of the Union Address to Congress. The Monroe Doctrine, was an attempt by president James Monroe in 1823 to prevent other European powers (outside of those already present) from establishing colonies or any new presence in the Western Hemisphere. It essentially stated that the United States would consider such attempts as an act of aggression. The Monroe Doctrine was propounded by President James Monroe in 1823. Monroe proposed that the US would oppose further colonization of North and South America by European powers but would not interfere in the affairs of existing colonies.

The Conservative Defense of Slavery

Pro-slavery apologists fought against the abolitionists with their own promotion which invariably stressed that slaves were both well treated and happy and which included illustrations designed to prove their points. The white abolitionist movement in the North was led by social reformers, especially William Lloyd Garrison, founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society, and writers such as John Greenleaf Whittier and Harriet Beecher Stowe. An Act for the Abolition of Slavery throughout the British Colonies; for promoting the Industry of the manumitted Slaves; and for compensating the Persons hitherto entitled to the Services of such Slaves. The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 abolished slavery throughout the British Empire.

Wilmot Proviso

Proposed by Free soldier, David Wilmot. Supported by House, doesn't pass senate. Prohibited slavery in new territories. Proposal to prohibit slavery in any land acquired in the Mexican War, defeated by southern senators, led by John C. Calhoun of SC, in 1846 & 1847. The Proviso also prohibited the expansion of slavery into any territory acquired by the United States from Mexico as a result of a settlement in the Mexican-American War. The proposed amendment narrowly passed through the House of Representatives and was then defeated in the Senate. The purpose of the Wilmot Proviso was to ban slavery in the territories that the United States gained from Mexico as a result of the Mexican-American War. The Wilmot Proviso was a proposal to prohibit slavery in the territory acquired by the United States at the conclusion of the Mexican War. He attached the proviso to an appropriations bill to pay Mexico for land that the United States had seized as a result of the Mexican War.

Freedman's Bureau

Reconstruction agency established in 1865 to protect the legal rights of former slaves and to assist with their education, jobs, health care, landowning. The Freedmen's Bureau, formally known as the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, was established in 1865 by Congress to help millions of former black slaves and poor whites in the South in the aftermath of the Civil War. During the Reconstruction period after the American Civil War, popular name for the U.S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, established by Congress to provide practical aid to 4,000,000 newly freed African Americans in their transition from slavery to freedom. The Freedmen's Bureau was established by Congress as the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands on March 3, 1865, to aid and protect former slaves after the end of the war. Its original charter was for one year. The Freedmen's Bureau was a first step in the goal of equality. It was put together by the federal government to help freed slaves and refugees transition to freedom and the new society the South faced after the Civil War. It was a bureau dedicated to helping 'freed men,' so it was called the 'Freedmen's Bureau.'

Hamilton's Economic Policy

Redemption: Offer holders of government debt full compensation this would strengthen government credit & appease wealthy supporters. Assumption: The federal government should assume states' war debts this would again strengthen federal government and compel additional support for central authority. Taxation: The federal government now had the right to tax according to the constitution. Hamilton's plan called Assumption was opposed because his friends stood to make fortunes off the new government by speculation. The plan was for the federal government to assume the $25 million debts of the states from the Revolution, and to pay them off at face value. Hamilton's financial plan consisted of three things. The first was the central government's assumption of the state's war debts to increase national unity and the legitimacy of the government. The second was the creation of Bank of the United States to ensure a more stable, common currency for the new nation. In 1790 and 1791, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton presented four major reports that dealt with the financial, social, and constitutional future of the United States. Hamilton designed a financial system that made the United States the best credit risk in the western world. The paramount problem facing Hamilton was a huge national debt. He proposed that the government assume the entire debt of the federal government and the states.

Civilization Policy

Relied on the idea that Americans could "Americanize" Indians- assimilation was the only way to insure that they would not be destroyed. They did this by instilling American gender roles. By pushing for the abandonment of communal landholding & the adoption of private property. The government also knew that this would mean more land would be available. The Civilization Fund Act was an Act passed by the United States Congress on March 3, 1819. The Act encouraged activities of benevolent societies in providing education for Native Americans and authorized an annuity to stimulate the "civilization process". The U.S. government imposes a "civilization" plan. The forced adaptation to a way of life similar to the white settlers resulted in major shifts in culture and livelihood. After the American Revolution, the new United States government created a "civilization" policy that it promoted among Indian groups.

Appomattox

Richmond fell on April 3rd, 1865. Lee escaped & tried to reach the Blue Ridge. Mountains before being cut off. Herman Melville's "The Martyr". Wartime, presidential, congressional and radical. General Robert E. Lee, the top general of the Confederate troops, surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant, of the Union, at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. The surrender occurred after a series of battles, in which Lee's troops were forced to retreat. On April 9, 1865, near the town of Appomattox Court House, Virginia, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia to Union General Ulysses S. Grant. But the resulting Battle of Appomattox Court House, which lasted only a few hours, effectively brought the four-year Civil War to an end.

The Battle of Antietam

September 17, 1862. Total casualties. Huge union victory. One of the bloodiest battles of the civil war, fought to a standoff on September 17, 1862, in western Maryland. Beginning early on the morning of this day in 1862, Confederate and Union troops in the Civil War clash near Maryland's Antietam Creek in the bloodiest single day in American military history. The Battle of Antietam marked the culmination of Confederate General Robert E. Lee's first invasion of the Northern states. The end result of the invasion was the Battle of Antietam, one of the most important days of the Civil War. Antietam was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, and the Union victory there led to the Emancipation Proclamation. Over 23,000 men fell as casualties in the one-day Battle of Antietam, making it the bloodiest day in American history. The Union victory at Antietam resulted in President Abraham Lincoln issuing his Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862. After pursuing the Confederate general Robert E. Lee into Maryland, Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan of the Union Army launched attacks against Lee's army, in defensive positions behind Antietam Creek.

Three-Fifths Compromise

Slaves would equal three-fifths of a person. Serious point of convention among the slaves. Sig: One of several compromises made during the convention; there would be constitution without such efforts. Established foundational attitudes towards slavery (race-based defense vs. abolition) that persisted through the 19th century. The Three-Fifths Compromise outlined the process for states to count slaves as part of the population in order to determine representation and taxation for the federal government. Determined that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation. The compromise granted disproportionate political power to Southern slave states. he Three-Fifths Compromise was proposed by James Wilson and Roger Sherman, who were both delegates for the Constitutional Convention of 1787. The Three Fifths Compromise resolved the issue of counting slaves towards population in regards to representation in the House of Representatives. t is a perverse legacy of slavery and the three-fifths clause in our Constitution. The clause also provided that if taxes were ever levied on the states according to population, slaves would be counted on a three-fifths basis for determining how much taxes the states would pay.

War of 1812

Tecumseh's strategy, British fillies, Tecumseh's death, burning of Washington D.C. (1814) treaty of Ghent (Dec, 1814). War fought with Britain, 1812-1814, over issues that included impressment of American sailors, interference with shipping, & collusion with Northwest Territory Indians; settled by the Treaty of Ghent in 1814. The immediate causes of the War of 1812 were a series of economic sanctions taken by the British and French against the US as part of the Napoleonic Wars and American outrage at the British practice of impressment, especially after the Chesapeake incident of 1807. The United States declared war on Britain in 1812. It did so because Britain refused to stop seizing American ships that traded with France—Britain's enemy in Europe. Sometimes there were also seizures of American sailors. These seizures were known as impressment. Many Federalists believed that the War of 1812 was fought to help Napoleon in his struggle against Britain, and they opposed the war by refusing to pay taxes, boycotting war loans, and refusing to furnish troops. In June 1812, the United States declared war against Great Britain in reaction to three issues: the British economic blockade of France, the induction of thousands of neutral American seamen into the British Royal Navy against their will, and the British support of hostile Indian tribes along the Great Lakes frontier. Many Federalists believed that the War of 1812 was fought to help Napoleon in his struggle against Britain, and they opposed the war by refusing to pay taxes, boycotting war loans, and refusing to furnish troops.

California Gold Rush

The California Gold Rush, 1849. In January 1848, James Wilson Marshall discovered gold while constructing a saw mill along the American River northeast of present-day Sacramento. The discovery was reported in the San Francisco newspapers in March but caused little stir as most did not believe the account. this was the discovery of gold by James Marshall in Coloma in 1848 that started the whole thing. It wasn't long before word of the discovery had traveled to lands across the whole world. The Gold Rush, and the increase in population density, directly led to California's admittance into the nation as a free state. It all started on January 24, 1848, when James W. Marshall found gold on his piece of land at Sutter's Mill in Coloma. The news of gold quickly spread around. The gold also helped to speed up the admission of California into the US as a State.

Democratic Party

The Democratic Party was formed in 1792, when supporters of Thomas Jefferson began using the name Republicans, or Jeffersonian Republicans, to emphasize its anti-aristocratic policies. It adopted its present name during the Presidency of Andrew Jackson in the 1830s. One of the strongest beliefs of the Democratic Party is that of equality on all fronts. Democrats believe in equal opportunity despite race, religion, gender, or sexual orientation. They also believe in equal educational opportunity for all. Democrats support more government spending on social services while spending less on the military. They oppose the cutting of social services, such as Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid and various other welfare programs, believing it to be harmful to efficiency and social justice.

John Brown

The Harper's Ferry Conspiracy. John Brown was a radical abolitionist whose fervent hatred of slavery led him to seize the United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry in October 1859. Hanged for treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia, Brown quickly became a martyr among those seeking to end slavery in America. Was an American abolitionist who believed in and advocated armed insurrection as the only way to overthrow the institution of slavery in the United States. He first gained attention when he led small groups of volunteers during the Bleeding Kansas crisis of 1856. John Brown was a radical abolitionist who believed in the violent overthrow of the slavery system. In 1859, Brown and 21 of his followers attacked and occupied the federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry. Their goal was to capture supplies and use them to arm a slave rebellion.

Union War Advantages

The Norths population in 1860's. 22.5 million people. The North had many manufacturing. Southern Advantages: Geography, river system, military objective, rifled musket. The Union had many distinct advantages, such as manpower, industry and political structure. But the Confederacy was able to compensate for most of these, and they had some of their own strategic advantages, like military leadership, the Mississippi River and playing on the home field (so to speak). Union Membership Gives Strength in Numbers. All workers benefit from unions, because unions set pay standards and workplace protections. Union members workers like you benefit most from the union's collective bargaining power to negotiate with employers on their behalf. Unions are important because they help set the standards for education, skill levels, wages, working conditions, and quality of life for workers. Union-negotiated wages and benefits are generally superior to what non-union workers receive. Most union contracts provide far more protections than state and federal laws.

Wartime Reconstruction

The Proclamation of amnesty & reconstruction. Dec 3, 1863. Lincoln's 10 percent plan. Called for the pardoning of all ex-confederates, with a few expectations. Lincoln & Congress debated how to bring the South back into the Union long before the North won. Much of the Southern United States was destroyed during the Civil war. ... The rebuilding of the South after the Civil War is called the Reconstruction. The Reconstruction lasted from 1865 to 1877. The purpose of the Reconstruction was to help the South become a part of the Union again. The Successes of Reconstruction. President Lincoln's original goal in the Civil War was to hold the nation together. And in this, the war and Reconstruction were a success. The Confederacy was destroyed for good, and every state that had seceded was readmitted to the Union.

The Redeemer Governments

The Redeemers were a political coalition in the South during the Reconstruction era, who sought to overthrow the Radical Republican coalition of Freedmen, carpetbaggers and Scalawags. They were the southern wing of the Bourbon Democrats, the conservative, pro-business wing of the Democratic Party.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the U.S.-Mexican War. Signed on 2 February 1848, it is the oldest treaty still in force between the United States and Mexico. Because of its military victory the United States virtually dictated the terms of settlement. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed by Nicholas Trist (on behalf of the U.S.) and Luis G. Cuevas, Bernardo Couto and Miguel Atristain as plenipotentiary representatives of Mexico on 2 February 1848, at the main altar of the old Basilica of Guadalupe at Villa Hidalgo (within the present city limits) as U.S. President Polk signed "An act providing for the prosecution of the existing war between the United States and the Republic of Mexico". February 2, 1848 - The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed by the United States and Mexico. The treaty added an additional 525,000 square miles to United States territory, including the land that makes up all or parts of present-day Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming.

Harriet Tubman

The Underground Railroad was a lifeline for slaves escaping to freedom, and Harriet Tubman was undoubtedly one of its most famous "conductors." Over one hundred years since her passing (March 10, 1913), we invite you to revisit the life and legacy of Harriet Tubman. America's Library - Library of Congress. After Harriet Tubman escaped from slavery, she returned to slave-holding states many times to help other slaves escape. She led them safely to the northern free states and to Canada. It was very dangerous to be a runaway slave. Harriet Tubman is well known for risking her life as a "conductor" in the Underground Railroad, which led escaped slaves to freedom in the North. Tubman decided to help the Union Army because she wanted freedom for all of the people who were forced into slavery, not just the few she could help by herself. Some of the goals Harriet Tubman was able to achieve are; helped slaves escape to the North. In 1850 she helped her first slave escape to the north. Later on in the same year she became a "conductor" (a person who helped slaves escape to freedom) of the underground railroad.

The Market Revolution

The growth of a market economy. Major transportations, trains, roads. More people to work these jobs. Major civilizations. Putting out system- Artisans would be in control of building beds. The Market Revolution which occurred in the United States, in the 19th century, is a historical model which argues that there was a drastic change of the economy, which disoriented and deordinated all aspects of the market economy in line with both nations and the world. Happening roughly between 1800 and the 1840s, the market revolution was a series of gradual transformations that began the process where the majority of Americans no longer lived in the countryside and worked as small yeoman farmers or skilled artisan workers, but instead lived in cities and worked in factories. The power of the federal government grew under Henry Clay 's American System, which led to many improvements in the form of expanded roadways and canal systems. The rapid development and westward expansion during the Market Revolution resulted in land speculation which caused economic boom and bust. Countless people attempted to improve steamboats so that they could carry passengers and cargo. By the 1830s, steamboats were the convention. They were used as methods of transportation in canals and other navigable waterways. They were used to promote trade.

Overland Trail

The overland trail had 49ers who were trying to mine for, and find gold. The Overland Trail was the route taken by nineteenth-century travelers who left the Mississippi Valley to settle on the Pacific Coast, going either to California or the Willamette Valley in Oregon. The wagon trip took at least six months. Problems from animals wagon conditions and difficult trails. By cooperating and setting out closely with one another, wagon trains. What time period did most of them immigrate in?1840-1848. Settlers used overland wagons: it carry everything a family would need for the journey and once they got to their new home. Oregon Trail stretched 2,000 miles from Independence, Missouri, to western Oregon. It took around 6 months Men were responsible for driving the oxen, repairing the wagon, hunting, and protecting their families. Women take care of the children, cooked, set up camp, and managed supplies. Children helped around camp and gathered "buffalo chips," dung left by bison used as fuel for fires.

Radical Reconstruction

The south to be divided into 5 military districts. Each district to be governed by a General & an adequate military force. All males, regardless of color, race. The 1866 Congressional elections turned on the issue of Reconstruction, producing a sweeping Republican victory in the North, and providing the Radical Republicans with sufficient control of Congress to override Johnson's vetoes and commence their own "Radical Reconstruction" in 1867. With the compromise, the Republicans had quietly given up their fight for racial equality and blacks' rights in the south. In 1877, Hayes withdrew the last federal troops from the south, and the bayonet-backed Republican governments collapsed, thereby ending Reconstruction. The Radical Republicans believed blacks were entitled to the same political rights and opportunities as whites. They also believed that the Confederate leaders should be punished for their roles in the Civil War.

The "Necessary Evil" Thesis

Thomas Fuller, in his 1642 work, The Holy State and the Profane State, made another of the earliest recorded uses of the phrase when he described the court jester as something that "some count a necessary evil in a Court". In Common Sense, Thomas Paine described government as at best a "necessary evil". A necessary evil is an evil that must be allowed for a greater good to result. Necessary Evil may refer to: The lesser in the Lesser of two evils principle.

Agrarian Ideal "Jeffersonianism"

Thomas Jefferson's vision for America. A nation of small, independent, yeoman farmers who owed their own land & provided raw material to the rest of the world. Rejected the Federalists vision of Industrialization. Agrarians would balance personal interests and the common good. They wanted lots of more land & lots of more people.

The "Positive Good" Thesis

Unlike most previous southern politicians, Calhoun thought white southerners needed to stop apologizing for slavery. Instead, he led the way in arguing that slavery was "indispensable to the peace and happiness of both" whites and blacks. He claims that instead of an evil, slavery is "a good- a positive good." As a South Carolina senator, Calhoun used the argument of states' rights to protect slavery in what is known as the Nullification Crisis of 1832-1833. At the end of his senatorial career, Calhoun opposed the Compromise of 1850 because of its proposed limits on slavery during the westward expansion of the nation. Instead, he led the way in arguing that slavery was "indispensable to the peace and happiness of both" whites and blacks. He claims that instead of an evil, slavery is "a good- a positive good." This argument, and his strong states' rights ideology, characterized the entire debate over slavery until the Civil War.

Alexander Stephen's "Cornerstone Address"

Vice President of the Confederacy. Stephens continued to argue against secession during the lead-up to the Civil War. In what became known as the "Cornerstone Speech," Stephens argued that the new Confederate government was based upon "the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man."

Whiskey Rebellion

Violent protest by western Pennsylvania farmers against the federal excise tax on whiskey, 1794. Whiskey Rebellion (1794) Revolt against the US government in w Pennsylvania. It was provoked by a tax on whisky, and was the first serious challenge to federal authority. Collection of the tax met violent resistance, but when President Washington called out the militia, the rebellion collapsed. As president, George Washington believed that the federal government needed to remain strong enough to prevent state or regional interests from gaining too much power. He demonstrated this belief in his reaction to the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794. President Washington's use of soldiers to make the farmers stop rebelling had two effects: the government was able to demonstrate its power and the Federalist Party lost the support of the people. The wealthy people's perspective of President Washington's Whiskey Rebellion action was that it was a good move. in American history, uprising that afforded the new U.S. government its first opportunity to establish federal authority by military means within state boundaries, as officials moved into western Pennsylvania to quell an uprising of settlers rebelling against the liquor tax. Caused by Alexander Hamilton's excise tax of 1791. The settlers, mainly Scotch-Irish, for whom whiskey was an important economic commodity, resented the tax as discriminatory and detrimental to their liberty and economic welfare.

Ulysses S. Grant

Working in Galena, IL, when the war breaks out. Led attacks on Fort Henry & Fort Donelson. Both successful. lysses S. Grant was born on April 27, 1822, in Point Pleasant, Ohio. He was entrusted with command of all U.S. armies in 1864, and relentlessly pursued the enemy during the Civil War. Commanded the victorious Union army during the American Civil War (1861-1865) and served as the 18th U.S. president from 1869 to 1877. An Ohio native, Grant graduated from West Point and fought in the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). Ulysses S. Grant was the most acclaimed Union general during the American Civil War and was twice elected President. Grant began his military career as a cadet at the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1839. After graduation he went on to serve with distinction as a lieutenant in the Mexican-American War. Grant became famous around the nation after capturing Fort Donelson in February 1862 and was promoted to Major General by President Abraham Lincoln. ... Throughout the Civil War Grant's armies incurred approximately 154,000 casualties, while having inflicted 191,000 casualties on his opposing Confederate armies.