UWRF FDSC 110 FiNAL Exam
oligosaccharides
2-10 simple sugars
Identify the output(s) in the following diagram
A and C (outer shell and inner skin; cashew kernel)
What is the name of a schematic drawing of the flow of the process to manufacture a given food item?
process flow diagram
What makes up the largest part of an enzyme?
protein
what is the largest part of an enzyme?
protein
macronutrients
protein, fat, carbs, water
monosaccharides pentoses
ribose- DNA and RNA, adenosine triphosphate, riboflavin arabinose- in starches and gums
Amylose
type of plant starch, forms colloidal dispersion in hot water, more likely to gel w/increased amount, straight line alpha 1,4 linkages CORN
amylopectin
type of plant starch, insoluble in water, branches every 15-30 glucose units, alpa 1,6 linkages POTATO, TAPIOCA
What flavor is typically used in chocolate manufacturing?
vanilla
What is the major function of vitamin A
vision
What typically makes up a coenzyme?
vitamin
Name the compounds used to fortify milk
vitamins A and D
Name the compounds used to fortify milk.
vitamins A and D
What is included in the input : BRINE
water, salt, and sugar
What is food utilization?
when food has a positive impact on nutrition and health
Bacterium
xanthan gum
Provide an example of a provitamin and the associated vitamin.
β carotene (carotenoid) to Vitamin A
Lipids and carbohydrates contain C, H and O. How do we tell the difference between the two compounds?
By to H to O ratio, lipids have a much higher H to O ratio.
Identify the hydrogen bonds in the pictured water molecule.
C
Identify the water soluble vitamins
C and B complex
Identify the water soluble vitamins.
C and B complex
In addition to sometimes containing zinc, copper, iron or phosphorus and most of time containing sulfur, what atoms do proteins always contain?
C, H, O, N
In addition to sometimes containing zinc, copper, iron, or phosphorous, and most of time containing sulfur, what atoms do proteins always contain?
C, H, O, N
Fats (lipids)
C,H,O, provide energy, components of living things, cooking medium and ingredient, does not mix with water, 9Kcal/gram
Carbohydrates
CHO, speciality of plants, sugars, starch, dextrin, pectin, fiber, mix freely with water, flavor bulk and texture, 4kcal/gram
If the hypothesis is determined false or partially true, what step do you return to in order to continue your research?
Construct hypothesis
T or F: It is above my pay grade to report a suspected bioterror attack so I can wait for someone else to do it.
False
T or F: Microwaves heat from the inside out.
False
T or F: The last information posted was February 12, 2015 from an outbreak that was initially announced on December 19, 2014. There is a large probably that recalled product may still be in people's homes.
False
T or F: the entire population dies during the death phase
False
True or False: People with diabetes should eliminate sugar from their diet.
False
the utilization of the River Falls Community Food Pantry has stayed consistent for the past 10 years.
False
T or F: Food safety guidelines apply only to food processors and food service organizations?
False (they apply to everyone!)
How many cases of a similar illness caused by eating the same food occur before the situation is considered an outbreak?
Greater than or equal to 2
What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
In determining categories for agents, the CDC uses four criteria. Which one determines the rate of incidence of a disease?
Morbidity
why does ice float?
It is less dense than water
What happens to the enzyme once the products are released?
It is unchanged and repeats the reaction
Destroying the Port of Galveston would fall under which category of possible Food Supply bioterrism acts?
Physical disruption of the flow of food/water as a result of destruction of vital infrastructure
What does the allergen statement (M&Ms) tell us about milk and soy?
They are in the product
Minerals are inorganic. what does this mean in regards to differences with the other food components that are organic?
They are not changed or destroyed by digestion, heat, light, or pH.
What are the two most controllable factors in safe handling of food?
Time and Temperature
What is the main purpose of hydrogenation?
To make a liquid oil into a solid fat
T or F: The use of biological weapons has a solid past and continues to be a possible threat?
True
T or F: Time is a critical consideration with relationship to temperature
True
T or F: antioxidants interfere with damaging effects of free radicals
True
What is the WFP's newest campaign?
Working for a World with zero hunger
Which class of bacteria grow only in the presence of oxygen?
aerobes
Seaweeds
agar, alginates, carrageenan
what is not a source of minerals?
air
Which of the following statement is part of the overview of the Bioterrorism Act of 2002?
all of the above
What type of plant grows the vanilla pods?
an orchid
glycogen
animal storage: liver and muscle, highly branched arrangement of glucose, quickly hydrolyzed, maintain blood glucose levels, convert to lactic acid at slaughter
starch and fiber
give body, texture, mouthfeel, stability, fillers, and bind water
macro vs micro
categorized by the amount required by the body
Which CDC disease agent category contains the agents that are easily transmitted from person to person and have a high mortality rate? These include anthrax and botulism.
category A
Phospholipids
glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and phosphate group, component of cell membrane, assist fat soluble vitamins and hormones
sugar alcohols
glycerol, mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol
Emulsifiers
compound contains both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties, disperse in either water or oil
What is the part of the experiment that remains the same through out to prevent affecting the outcome?
constant
Plants
gum arabic
Mannitol
extracted from seaweed, used as sweetener in sugar free products, used in gum and candy, may worsen kidney disease
what is the #1 cause involved in outbreaks?
improper cooling
Inulin
in fiber, fructose repeating w/ end molecule glucose, chicory root, used in high fiber, low calorie food products, from Chicory Root
Polysaccharide fiber
indigestible, mainly structure, B 1,4 linkages
which of the following is not an interesting fact about vanilla?
it is used as a common flavor in dog food
Sterols
large, intricate molecules of interconnected rings of Cw/variety of side chains
Which of the following is a common phospholipid?
lethicin
Seeds
locust bean, guar
What is required for this non-enzymatic reaction to occur?
Carboxyl from carbohydrate and amine from protein
Second Harvest Heartland refers to hunger as the Hunger Robber?
False
T or F: All food contains harmful bacteria?
False
T or F: Casualties are the main object of bioterrorism
False
T or F: Harvest and process of vanilla pods and cocoa beans is highly automated
False
Where were vanilla and chocolate first discovered?
Mexico
Identify the building block of carbohydrates
(CHO)
Identify the diagram that represents the current USDA guidelines for proper nutrition which were first introduced in the 1990's.
(My plate)
What is an output of visual inspection?
Non-conforming kernels
How many, if any, outbreaks occurred in Iowa?
0
Monosaccharide
1 simple sugar (building blocks for polysaccharides)
Put the steps of the scientific process in order
1. Problem/Question 2. Observation/Research 3. Formulate a Hypothesis 4. Experiment 5. Collect and Analyze Results and Draw Conclusions 6. Communicate the Results
Liquid
104. 5 degree angle
How many Multistate Foodborne Illness outbreaks were there in 2014?
13
Leftovers should be put into the refrigerator after the meal is over. Time and temperature guidelines are given for cooling food. Which portion of the temperature range should be passed through in <2 hours?
135-70F
Diglyceride
2 fatty acids on glycerol backbone
In the initial announcement, how many people were included in this outbreak?
28
How many, if any, outbreaks occurred in Wisconsin?
3
When was cocoa first cultivated?
3,000 years ago
Ice
4 hydrogen bonds, 109.4 degree angle
What temperature range suppports the most rapid microbial growth?
60F-120F
Triglycerides
95% of lipids, fats and oils, glycerol backbone + 3 fatty acids, formation gives of 3H₂O
What are the set points of the freezer, refrigerator and chaffing dishes (buffet), respectively?
<0F, <40F, >135F
For serving, hot foods should be held hot and cold foods cold. What are the correct temperatures?
<41F, >135F
What event occurred in the 1950's that diminished vanilla production in Mexico?
A devastating freeze
What is the scientific method?
A logical series of steps to answer questions
Identify the fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
In pickled pigs feet, the addition of vinegar alters what growth factor?
Acidity/pH
Referring to the powdered cultured buttermilk, the addition of lactic acid starter cultures alters what growth factor?
Acidity/pH
What factor is controlled by using live and active cultures in yogurt?
Acidity/pH
Proteins are ______ machinery of life.
Active
Curing agents, such as nitrites and nitrates, are an example of which growth factor?
Additive
Currently, where in the World is the most cocoa grown?
Africa
Which of the following is part fo the farm-to-food continuum?
All of the above
How do Cp, LF and LV compare between water and other compounds?
All three are fairly high
Which form of vitamin E is most bioavailable?
Alpha-tocapherol
As food scientists, how do we interrupt microbial growth
Alter >1 growth factor
what differentiates a micronutrient from a macronutrient?
Amount required by the body
Which of the following is not true when discussing food allergens and food intolerances?
An intolerance is more severe
What evolutionary process is shown in the diagram? (Teosinate)--> (Intermediates)--> (Modern Corn)
Artificial selection
Raw meat/fish
Aw of 0.99
Pure water
Aw of 1
Who were the first to cultivate cocoa?
Aztecs and Mayans
Identify the covalent bonds in the pictured water molecule
B
On the heating curve for water which letter represents latent heat fusion (Lf)?
B
On the heating curve for water, which letter represents latent heat fusion (Lf)?
B
Gas
BP 212 degree, F bonds are breaking faster than they are forming
Select the microorganisms that are the most important to food
Bacteria and fungi (yeast and mold)
What do we still consumer that was an accidental discovery due to yeast and grain?
Beer and bread
Provide an example of provitamin and the associated vitamin
Beta carotene (carotenoid) to Vitamin A
Which carotenoid is most bioavailable as a precursor to vitamin A?
Beta-carotene
Where does visual inspection occur?
Between bleaching and filling
What company produced the product that was recalled?
Bidart Bros
What Act was enacted to protect the public health through preparedness and response?
Bioterrorism Act of 2002
Hydrolysis
Breaking greater or equal to peptide bond to form smaller polypeptide chains
Which of the following is not a moist heat method of food preparation?
Broiling
Bone minerals
Ca, P, Mg
Vitamin D is essential for the absorption of which compound?
Calcium
Which mineral deficiency is the most wide spread in the U.S. and what condition is associated with it?
Calcium, Osteoporosis
After the initial outbreak and recall, which companies voluntarily recalled their caramel apples?
California Snack Foods Merb's Candies Happy Apples
Which of the following is not an input into the process?
Cans for quality checks
As defined in lecture, evolution involves which of the following:
Change in inherited characteristics over time
How does adding an additive prevent microbial growth?
Changes the oxidation/reduction potential
Which of the following group is not part of the eight foods identified as allergens by law?
Chicken and Beef
Which of the following combinations does not represent a complementary protein combination?
Chicken and dumplings
Inulin is used in high fiber, low calorie food products. Which plant is it extracted from?
Chicory Root
What is the output at the rotating drum?
Chunks greater than kernel size
What term describes the evolution of food relating to the evolution of humans?
Co-evolution
What are the active sites?
Coenzyme: vitamin Cofactor: mineral
What is the major role fo B vitamins?
Coenzymes in metabolic pathways
Which of the following in not a means of achieving bio-security.
Collusion
Which protein quality is described as containing all of the essential AA in approximately the correct proportions?
Complete
In which heat transfer method does the heat pass from one particle to another in a relatively straight line?
Conduction
Referring to beef noodle soup, what is the dominant heat transfer mode for the solid pieces (beef and noodles)?
Conduction
What is the part of the experiment that provides a standard of comparison and is the natural state of the VI?
Control Variable
What is the part of the experiment that provides a standard of comparison and is the natural state of the independent variable?
Control Variable
Noodles and chunks of beef are added to broth, as represented in food product below. The soup is then processed in an agitating retort. What is the dominant heat transfer mode in the liquid portion?
Convection
Soup is processed in an agitating retort, which causes the contents to move. Which mode of heat transfer occurs in this type of retort?
Convection
Which heat transfer method forms a current as the molecules move apart and become less dense?
Convection
Which of the following is not an output of the process?
Corn cobs with kernels
Harmful bacteria transferred from one food to another is called?
Cross Contamination
During which phase of the growth curve is the population size decreasing because more cells are dying than are being produced?
Death phase
What happens when water freezes?
Density decreases and volume increases
What is the part of the experiment that changes because of the independent variable? You observe or measure this part to collect data
Dependent variable
How does an antioxidant work?
Donates an electron the prevents the radical from finding an electron elsewhere thus preventing damage
Which of the following is/are not benefits of heat preservation?
Eliminate the need to refrigerate leftovers
What controls all chemical reactions in living organisms and acts as an organic catalyst?
Enzymes
What bonds/linkages are formed when triglycerides are formed?
Ester linkage
What is the recycle loop in this process?
Fallen kernels are returned to the filler to be put in cans
Dry foods do not contain water.
False
T or F: 1/6 people go to bed hungry?
False: 1/8 people go to bed hungry
Where does a recycle loop occur in the process?
Filling of cans
As a consumer, how can you prevent microbial growth?
Follow handling instructions
What was discovered during the dawn of science era and is still an issue today?
Food adulteration
What is food availability
Food is available in sufficient quantities on a consistent basis
What is defined as a disagreeable change from foods normal state?
Food spoilage
What bond is formed when two monosaccharides form a disaccharide?
Glycosidic
What is the part of the experiment changed or manipulated by the experimenter?
Indenpendent variable
Which food borne disease is caused by ingesting linving, pathogenic bacteria?
Infection
Food science encompasses many disciplines and can be described as
Interdisciplinary
Which food borne disease is caused by ingesting preformed toxin (poison)?
Intoxication
Introducing a resistant and super-sucking alfalfa leafhopper would fall under which category of possible Food Supply bioterrism acts?
Introduction of anti-crop or anti-livestock agents
What mineral deficiency is the greatest cause of brain damage and mental complications in children under 5?
Iodine
Which compound is most insufficiently consumed in the world?
Iron
What is unique about the compound that allows an emulsifier to disperse in either water or oil?
It contains hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties
Why should people care about safe handling of food?
It costs lives and money
Why is water activity (Aw) important in food processing?
It is a measure of water that is available for reactions and microbial growth
On the December 22, 2014 Epi Curve, why are there no data given for December 7-22, 2016?
It takes time between when a person becomes ill and when the illness is reported.
Harvest and transportation are set as the first two steps (unit operations) of this process. What is the output of the next unit operation?
Leaves and silks
What bacteria exhibit slow growth at refrigerated temperatures?
Listeria and Yersinia
What organism is implicated in this outbreak?
Listeria monocytogenes
In regards to symptoms of Listeriosis, excluding pregnant women, the symptoms vary with the infected person. Select the set of symptoms that are not associated with Listeriosis.
Loss of memory and unconsciousness
Monounsaturated oils
Lowers LDL without lowering HDL
Minerals are categorized by the amount required by the body. Identify the categories
Major and trace
Which commodity is inplicated in the most food- borne deaths?
Meat and poultry
Related to temperature, which class of bacteria are of most concern in food science because they cause human and animal disease?
Mesophiles
Throughout the ages, several discoveries were made to feed large groups of people in what profession?
Military
In Twinkie manufacturing, adding milk instead of water, will cause a change in the vanilla flavor, moisture content and texture of the Twinkie. What is/are the independent variable(s)?
Milk
What food did Louis Pasteur pasteurize that significantly lowered infant mortality?
Milk
what typically makes up a cofactor?
Mineral
What growth factor is controlled from the process of spray drying?
Moisture
Which growth factor(s) does packaging Powdered Cultured Buttermilk in a impermeable, sealed bag alter?
Moisture and oxygen
Adding a solute such as sugar or salt, is an example of altering what growth factor?
Moisture/Aw
Proteins
N, C, H, O, S, P, composed of amino acids, active machinery of life, muscle and tissue, enzymes, hormones and antibodies, 4 kcal/gram
Electrolyte minerals
Na, K, Cl
What evolutionary process is shown in the following diagram? (So the giraffes with really short necks eventually died out and the ones with long necks survived because they were able to get food and fight better.)
Natural selection
Which state had the most outbreaks?
New Mexico
Which group is not an at risk population for food borne illness?
New mothers
what is food hardship?
Not enough money to buy the food needed
According to the current Epi Curve, what day or days had the highest incidence of isolation?
November 9-10, 2014
The count of the chocolate chip (i.e. 1000 count) refers to what?
Number of chips per pound
In the U.S., what is today's biggest challenge in nutrition?
Obesity
Monoglyceride
One fatty acid on glycerol backbone
Be sealing products in a glass jar, what element is removed?
Oxygen
What growth factor does the packaging method vacuum sealing effect in the package of ready to eat, salted chicken feet?
Oxygen
Which of the following is an example of reversible denaturation?
Pasteurizing milk
what is food access?
People must be able to regularly acquire adequate quantities of food
Where are polyunsaturated oils found?
Plants and fish oils
what enzyme is needed for enzymatic browning?
Polyphenolase
During processing, cocoa liquor is seperated under pressure to yield what components?
Powder and butter
Thermal processing (retort, canning) is a process by which the temperature is increased above the boiling point of water by using what method?
Pressure
Turgor
Pressure of cell contents on cell walls
What is the name for the compound(s) that are released at the end of the process?
Products
Which compounds are considered active?
Protein
What does the body convert to an active form?
Provitamin
What is the order from fastest to slowest of the heat transfer methods?
Radiation, Convection, Conduction
Trisaccharides
Raffinose- legumes, galactose + sucrose, A 1,6 linkages
Identify the input(s) in the following diagram
Raw cashew
Name two vitamin deficiencies associated with early ocean travel
Rickets and Scurvey
Structural mineral
S
Results of the developments and discoveries over time have given us a food supply in the US that is which of the following.
Safe and nutritious Varied and economical A and B
What is the natural occurring mineral used for preservation and flavor, first harvested in the era of Accidental Discovery
Salt
What is the main difference between food science and food technology?
Science is the study of food where as technology is the application
What is the final output of this process?
Sealed, sterilized, and labeled cans of corn
Which organization is involved in daily food security in the US?
Second Harvest Heartland
Food provides ENERGY necessary for all but which of the following:
Sense of humor
Marasmus
Severe calorie deficiency Muscle and fat is used up
Kwashiorkor
Severe protein-calorie deficiency Edema in stomach
Identify the unit operation(s) in the following diagram.Identify the unit operation(s) in the following diagram.
Shelling machine and roaster
What is the result of hydrolysis of proteins?
Smaller polypeptide chains
Which of the following is a not a reason why we produce diagrams of a process flow?
So we don't have to interact with other operators
When testing with an experiement, why do we want to develop and follow a procedure?
So we have a set process.
Why do products contain standardized nutrition statements?
So we have the information to make informed choices
What mineral is consumed in excess in the U.S. and has implications of aggravating hypertension.
Sodium
If we heat water, why can we dissolve so much more sugar than we can when we add salt to the same water?
Solubility of molecular solutions increases with increasing temperature.
What is a disagreeable change from a food's normal state?
Spoilage
How is moisture altered in the powdered cultured buttermilk product?
Spray drying
During which phase of the growth curve is the population stable and the number of cells produced equals the number of cells dying?
Stationary Phase
What is the name for the compound that the enzyme works on?
Substrate
What does glucose and fructose form?
Sucrose
Vitamin D is considered the sunshine vitamin. What issue do we have with vitamin D synthesis living in River Falls?
Sunshine is too weak in the winter
Which of the following is not a function of starch and fiber?
Sweetness
Why is vanilla hand pollinated?
The little bee that can get inside the flower does not live in large enough volumes in the same areas that vanilla is grown
What factor is controlled by the handling statement of the Plain greek yogurt?
Temperature
Identify the action that could result in cross contamination
Thawing meat drips on salad
What do we call the range of temperature where bacteria grow rapidly?
The Danger Zone
Which of the following would be least probable for a terrorist attack?
The Straight 8 Bar in Range, WI
What does the allergen statement (M&Ms) tell us about peanuts?
The products may or may not contain them
What happens to the reaction in the diagram
The reaction stops
Where did vanilla originate?
The same place as cocoa
Select the item that is not a reason why bioterrorism presents a discovery challenge.
There is a large event such as an explosion
In what way has temperature been altered in the pig's feet product?
Thermo processed
How do we quickly identify a protein molecular structure?
They contain N.
What happens to a bacterial population under optimum conditions?
They thrive
Why do we need to be aware of constants?
To reduce variation in our experiment
In determining categories for agents, the CDC uses four criteria. Which one determines the degree a substance can damage an organism?
Toxicity
Fungi are most likely to cause food spoilage and not cause gastrointestinal distress or short term illness.
True
T or F: A title is an essential component to our diagram
True
T or F: Animal derived minerals are the most reliable sources
True
T or F: Free radicals are highly unstable, reactive compounds.
True
T or F: Heat always transfers from hot to cold.
True
T or F: Stability< carbs, fat, water
True
T or F: The FDA advises consmers to place caramel apples in a closed plastic bag in a sealed trash can to prevent other people or animals from eating them.
True
T or F: The outbreaks appears to be over
True
T or F: The reason that pregnant women are listed separately in the symptoms section is because infection during pregnancy can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, premature delivery or life-threatening infection of the newborn.
True
Which types of fats are found in nature more often
Unsaturated
Pumping a toxic chemical into a water resevoir would fall under which category of possible Food Supply bioterrism acts?
Use of food or water as a delivery mechanism
Cobs are an output at the unit operation, kernel remover. What happens to the cobs?
Used as animal feed
In Twinkie manufacturing, adding milk instead of water, will cause a change in the vanilla flavor, moisture content and texture of the Twinkie. What is/are the dependent variable(s)
Vanilla flavor, moisture content, texture
Slime formation on the surface of ham would indicate what time of spoilage?
Visible
which compound(s) can stimulate or promote free radicals?
Vitamin C and Iron
Which compound does the body synthesize with the assistance of bacteria?
Vitamin K
which compound(s) is/are necessary for blood clotting?
Vitamin K and Calcium
Which compounds are associated with optimal immune health?
Vitamins A, C, zinc, and iron
Name the compound(s) that enhance iron absorption?
Vitamins C and E
Name the vitamins and/ minerals that are susceptible to substantial reduction by things such as: heat, processing, oxygen, and light, which require special attention by food scientist.
Vitamins C, K, and E
In Twinkie manufacturing, adding milk instead of water, will cause a change in the vanilla flavor, moisture content and texture of the Twinkie. What is/are the control variable(s)
Water
At the kernel remover, kernels fall to the middle of the system and enter the rotating drum. What input(s) enter the process at this time?
Water and fluid from the corn kernals
When is a person considered food secure?
When they have access to food at all times
Polymer
a chemical compound that is made of small molecules that are arranged in a simple repeating structure to form a larger molecule ie. LONG CHAIN
How did Montexuma and the Aztecs respond to the arrival of Cortez and the Conquistadors?
as honored guest with a drink made from vanilla and chocolate and served in golden goblets
simple sugars
can't be broken down w/out changing the structure, building blocks of carbs
Osteoblasts
build bone
Fiber
cellulose- plant cell wall, one of the most abundant compounds on earth, long chains of glucose, humans cannot digest, herbivores can
What makes up the smallest part of an enzyme and is the active site?
coenzyme and/or cofactor
which major sensory characteristics does not relate to the influence of water on food?
color
Bile
digestive juice made by liver from cholesterol and stored in gall bladder
ionic bond
dissolves easily in water, crystals at high temp, conduct electricity in solution, EX. NaCL
How does an antioxidant work?
donates an electron that prevents the radical from finding an electron elsewhere thus preventing damage.
covalent bond
electrons shared between two non-metal atoms, make as many bonds as possible,
which of the following is not a reason we need to consume vitamins
energy
Cp
energy required to raise the T of 1g of ice 1 degree C
Nutrients
food components that nourish the body to provide growth, maintenance and repair
sorbitol
found in fruits, used as anti caking agent, humectant, texturized, diabetic sugar substitute, excess has laxative effect
xylitol
found in fruits, used as sugar substitute, humectant, and texturizer, excessive use has laxative effect
Glycerol
found in wine, beer, and byproducts of soup manufacture, used in beverages, baked gods, chewing um, gelatin, commercial hot fudge, 2 cal/gram
monosaccharides hexoses
fructose- fruits and honey, glucose- most abundant of sugars galactose- basic sugar in milk
Fiber-vegetable gums
galactose more common than glucose
dextrins
heat enzymes, acids breakdown starches to smaller sweeter segments
Unsaturated oils
help lower LDL, but also lowers beneficial HDL
What makes white chocolate different from other chocolate such as semi sweet, bitter or milk?
it contains only cocoa butter
Functions of lipids in the body
major source of energy 9 cal/g, insulation of delicate organs, solvent for fat soluble vitamins, maintain the human body
Carbohydrates
major source of energy for humans, 55-80% caloric needs, provides 4 kcal/gam
Hydrogenation
make liquid oil into solid fat, addition of H to unsaturated lipids to increase saturation levels
Hunger has killed more than (), (), and () combined
malaria, aids, TB
Omega 3 fatty acid
may help to reduce joint pain, help lower blood triglyceride levels
micronutrients
minerals and vitamins
Hemicelluolose
mix of monosaccharides w/side chains, present with cellulose in cell walls
Dispersion
molecule's charged surfaces provide repulsion necessary to keep particles suspended
Monounsaturated, liquid at room temperature
monounsaturated
Fiber-pectin
natural cementing agent w/ in cell wall, extracted citrus fruits for gelling agent
Aw
needed for turgor, microorganisms
What is food insecurity?
not enough access to food
Photosynthesis
plants produce glucose through the conversion of solar energy, they then turn the glucose into starch (digestible) or fiber (undigestible)
Hydrogen bond
strong affinities for electrons, when covalently bonded to hydrogen, polar molecules, electrostatic attraction
What is the process where ice moves to the vapor state without stopping at liquid?
sublimation
What is the name for the compound that the enzyme works on?
substrate
disaccharides
sucrose- glucose + fructose lactose- glucose + galactose Maltose- glucose + glucose
functions of sugar in food preparation
sweetens (mono's and di's) glu, and suc -preserves, tenderizes, caramelizing agent, fermenting agent
Diabetes mellitus
the body's inability to move glucose from the blood stream into the cells
Why are fibers undigestible?
they contain B- 1,4 linkages
Function of lipids in food
transfer heat, tenderize, lubricate, enhance flavor, aerate