Vaccines

antibody levels

best described by the acronym PIE: Protection, Infection, Exposure

cortalus toxoid

non-core canine vaccine for rattlesnake (specifically diamondback) venom

canine melanoma & lymphoma

non-core canine vaccines made from the dog's own tumor that can help reduce tumor mass or prevent new tumors from forming

AAHA

organization that sets guidelines & protocols for canine vaccinations (updates q6-8yr)

AAFP

organization that sets guidelines & protocols for feline vaccinations

killed vaccine

pathogen is killed ex: rabies, leptospirosis

type 3 recombinant vaccine

-genetic material of pathogen is reproduced using a vector pathogen -replicated genetic material is extracted & used as the basis of the vaccine -ex: feline rabies, FeLV

vaccine choices are based on. . .

-# of antigens -lifestyle (hunting dog vs pampered lap dog) -area (does pathogen even exist where patient lives?) -how often to administer (1 year vs 3 year intervals) -guidelines & protocols -core vs non-core vaccines (p. 184, box 11.1) most bacterial vaccines are administered on a yearly basis, while some viral vaccines such as rabies only need to be administered q3yr b/c they provide such a strong immune response

advantages of recombinant vaccines

-better efficacy than a MLV -safety of a killed vaccine (no reversion to virulence) -may bypass maternal antibodies -no adjuvants required so less risk of reaction -stimulates both cell-mediated & humoral responses

canine non-core vaccines

-bordetella -canine parainfluenza -leptospirosis -lyme (Borellia burgdorferi) -canine influenza -crotalus toxoid -canine melanoma & lymphoma

canine core vaccines

-canine distemper virus -canine parvovirus -canine adenovirus type 2 -rabies

vaccine "failure"

-failure of the patient's immune response, not the actual vaccine -most common cause in puppies & kittens is interference from maternal antibodies vaccines given prior to 6 weeks of age are often "neutralized" by maternal antibodies. multiple doses must be given to overcome this (most vaccines are recommended to be given q3-4wks until 16 wks, 20 wks for some vaccines). using recombinant vaccines may reduce this risk

feline core vaccines for some reason rabies is not listed as core by AAFP

-feline herpesvirus (rhinotracheitis virus) -feline celicivirus -panleukopenia -feline leukemia virus for kittens

feline non-core vaccines

-feline leukemia (indoor cats) -bordetella -chlamydia -FIV (indoor cats) -rabies

modified live vaccine (MLV)

-majority of vaccines out there are this type -aka attenuated vaccines -pathogen has been rendered less virulent, but still able to stimulate immunity -usually done by passing bacteria or virus through culture

disadvantages of killed vaccines

-more doses required for protective immunity (immunity develops approx 3 weeks after 2nd dose) -shorter duration of immunity compared to other vaccines -most contain adjuvants which may lead to a greater risk of reaction the rabies vaccine is an exception b/c it provides such a huge immune response

advantages of killed vaccines

-no reversion to virulence -won't cause disease -stable in storage (can be kept out of storage & still be effective)

disadvantages of modified live vaccines

-requires replication in host -can cause vaccine-induced illness -can be inactivated by alcohol or disinfectants -risk of reverting to virulence (closer to reverting to true disease stage) b/c pathogen is not dead -no preservatives for storage often causes fever & lethargy for a few days post vaccination. DO NOT USE IN SICK, IMMUNOCOMPROMISED, OR PREGNANT ANIMALS

adjuvant vs. non-adjuvant

-risk of fibrosarcoma formation associated w/ use of adjuvanated vaccines *in cats shown to be genetically predisposed to tumor formation* (p. 118) -recommended to use non-adjuvanated vaccines in cats whenever possible -for cats: administer vaccines as distally on the limbs as possible & avoid administering around the interscapular region. this is done to make amputation easier in the event a fibrosarcoma develops

disadvantages of recombinant vaccines

-risk of transient patient response to vaccine (i.e. immunity failure) -not all pathogens can be made w/ recombinant technology (ex: canine parvovirus)

advantages of modified live vaccines

-stimulates cell-mediated immunity -provides longer & more rapid protection compared to killed vaccines

adjuvants

-substances in killed vaccines that help stimulate an immune response -causes inflammation to occur which in turn attracts more WBCs to the injection site (chemotaxis) -vaccines w/ adjuvants appear cloudy

type 1 recombinant vaccine

-uses pathogen-specific outer surface protein -specific protein of a pathogen is extracted, replicated through cell culture, & used as the basis of the vaccine

vaccination issues

-vaccine "failure" -adjuvant vs non-adjuvant

non-core vaccines

-vaccines considered core only under defined circumstances, which include: -risk of exposure -age -is disease endemic? -patient's lifestyle

core vaccines

-vaccines that every dog or cat should receive no matter what (unless sick, immunocompromised, etc.) -decision should be based on prevalence, potential to be life-threatening, & zoonotic potential -vet staff should determine what is core for their practice

-protection -Panleukopenia

AAFP stance on vaccine titers -positive titers do not correlate w/ _____ for rhinotracheitis (herpesvirus), leukemia, calicivirus, or FIV -positive titers for _____ correlate w/ protection

-consistently -reliable -accurate

AAHA stance on vaccine titers -canine distemper, parvovirus, & adenovirus titers have _____ shown correlation btwn antibody levels & protection. titers need to be done annually -antibody levels for Lyme, bordetella, & leptospirosis are not _____ & yearly vaccination is recommended -rabies antibody titers are _____, but vaccination is governed by state law due to public health significance. RABIES TITER LEVELS ARE NOT ACCEPTED IN LIEU OF VACCINATION

-status -clinically -species -serological -adequately -ability -decisions

AVMA stance on vaccine titers "when serological titers are used to help determine the vaccination/protection _____ of an animal, veterinarians should make sure these data have been _____ correlated to host-animal protection studies for the specific diseases and _____ being tested. for most common vaccine antigens, the correlation between _____ response to vaccination, long-term serostatus, and protection in the host animal has not been _____ established. the lack of these data often precludes practitioner's _____ to make well-informed vaccination _____ based on serostatus alone." basically a long way of saying "don't believe vaccine titers"

-feline leukemia -FIV

feline vaccines that are considered non-core for indoor cats & core for outdoor cats

recombinant (Type 1 & 3) vaccine

genetically modified. 3 types, only types 1 & 3 are used in vet med ex: leukemia, Lyme, feline rabies

exposure

high antibody levels correlate w/ exposure to disease, but not an active infection ex: Ehrlichia (Dr. Richard Ford, emeritus professor of internal medicine, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine)

infection

high antibody levels correlate w/ infection from disease ex: Lyme, leptospirosis

protection

high antibody levels correlate w/ protective immunity ex: canine distemper, parvovirus

types of vaccines

killed, modified live (MLV), & recombinant (Type 1 & 3)

dried, 30

most MLVs are in a _____ form ("vaccine cake") which must be reconstituted. can be ineffective w/in _____ minutes of mixing vaccine if not administered

canary pox virus

most common vector pathogen used to replicate genetic material of pathogens for type 3 recombinant vaccines

-controversy -accurate -levels -annually

vaccine titers -vaccine antibody titers are becoming more common in private practice; although there is some _____ associated w/ them, such as: -how _____ they are in regards to protective immunity -what exactly do _____ mean? -should they be done _____ in lieu of vaccines? -bacteria-based vaccines offer the shortest duration of immunity, so titers are not reliable