victomology test 3

Child Pornography

n Florida, possessing, producing, or distributing an image depicting a minor engaged in sexual conduct is considered child pornography. Depending on the circumstances of the case, a child pornography offense can be prosecuted as a Florida or federal crime.

Sexual abuse

nonconsensual sexual contact of any kind with an elderly person

victim blaming

or victim facilitation, and victim precipitation- occurs when the victim of a crime or any wrongful act is held entirely or partially responsible for the harm that befell them

Routine Activity Theory

states there must be three factors present for a crime to occur. These factors reflect the regular activities incorporated in a typical American's lifestyle, and they increase an individual's risk of victimization when they converge.•The availability of suitable targets •The absence of capable guardians.•The presence of motivated offenders who have criminal intent and the ability to act on their plan

Financial or material exploitation

the illegal or improper use of an elder's funds, property, or assets.

Emotional or psychological abuse

the infliction of anguish, pain, or distress through verbal or nonverbal acts.

Computer and Internet related Sex Crimes

the unlawful embedding of digital images depicting sexual conduct with the intent to deceive a person into viewing that conduct, the viewing of child pornography and enticing a child to engage in unlawful sexual activity over the internet, for example.

Physical abuse

the use of force that may result in bodily injury, physical pain, or impairment.

Neglect

typically means the refusal or failure to provide an elderly person with such life necessities as food, water, clothing, shelter, personal hygiene, medicine, comfort, personal safety, and other essentials included in the responsibility or agreement to an elder

molestation of a child

Florida laws define certain acts to be forms of "lewd" or "lascivious" molestation. It is considered an act of molestation for any person to intentionally touch.

statutory rape

Unlawful sexual activity with certain minors if someone age 24 or older engages in sexual activity with someone age 16 or 17.

crititcal theory

based on conflict theories such as Marxism and Feminism. From a critical point of view, the powerless are most likely to be victimized and yet the least likely to have this acknowledged by the state -focuses on two elements: the role of structural factors in explaining patterns of victimization and the power of the state to deny certain victims victim status. -Structural factors are important in explaining why some people are more likely to be victims of crime than others.

lewd conduct

a sexual act that is offensive to community standards of decency. It often involves a child. Physical penetration is not necessary.

impact of victimization on children

• Children who witness intimate partner growing up are three times as likely as their peers to engage in violent behavior. • Children raised in abusive homes learn that violence is an appropriate way to solve conflict. These children are more likely than their peers to be in abusive intimate partner relationships in the future, either as victims or perpetrators. • Children who witness incidents of domestic violence (a form of childhood trauma) are at greater risk of serious adult health problems including obesity, cancer, heart disease, depression, substance abuse, tobacco use and unintended pregnancies than peers who did not witness domestic violence

most common sexual victimizations that are prosecuted in Florida:

• Sexual Battery/ Sexual Assault/ Rape (Florida Statue 794.11) • Statutory Rape (Florida Statue 794.05) • Molestation of a Child (Florida Statue 800.04(4)) • Internet Sex Crimes (for example Pornography on computer: Florida Statue 847.0135) • Child Pornography (Florida Statues 47.0135, 847.0138 and 827.071) • Lewd Conduct (Florida Statue 800.04(6)) • Indecent Exposure (Florida Statue 800.03) • Solicitation (in context of Prostitution) (Florida Statue 796.07) • Prostitution (Florida Statue 796.07)

In 2013 the definition of forcible rape was changed.

From "carnal knowledge of a female victim forcibly and against her will. "To "sexual penetration, no matter how slight, with a body part or object without the consent of the victim."

Legal definitions consent

If the alleged victim was physically or unable to consent during the act, it's still considered sexual battery even if you weren't aware of the victims physical or mental state. They are mentally not capable of giving consent, which under Florida law means a mental disease that has rendered them temporarily or permanently unable to understand the full extent of the sexual act. For example, people with untreated severe paranoid schizophrenia would not be considered able to give consent according to Florida law. The victim is considered to be mentally incapacitated. A person is considered mentally incapacitated under Florida law if they are unable to appraise or control their own conduct due to a narcotic, anesthetic or intoxicating substance that was administered to them without their consent or due to any other committed upon the victim that would cause them to be unable to give consent. During the act, the victim was physically helpless by being either asleep, unconscious or is unable to communicate their consent for any other reason. If the victim was physically incapacitated, then they cannot give consent. A person is considered to be physically incapacitated if they are bodily impaired or handicapped to the point it has substantially limited their ability to resist or flee.

Solicitation in context of Prostitution

A person could be charged with solicitation if he or she encourages, bribes, requests or commands a person to engage in sexual acts, according to Florida Statutes Annotated § 796.07. The person who is being bribed does not have to be considered a prostitute for the charge to apply.

victim precipitation

A situation in which a crime victim plays an active role in initiating a crime or escalating it.

Ideal Victim Theory

Argues that certain characteristics of the victim, offender and context of the crime impact how society perceived the victim and the victim's claim to of being a victim.- Christie's (1986) attributes of the 'ideal' victim: •the victim is weak •the victim is carrying out a respectable project •she could not be blamed for where she was •the offender was 'big and bad'•the offender had no personal relationship with her. • powerful enough to make his/her case known without threatening strong countervailing vested interests- Additions by Strobl (2004):•not behave provocatively towards the offender •cooperates perfectly with the police and the courts

Non- Legal definitions consent

Consent is an agreement between participants to engage in sexual activity. Consent should be clearly and freely communicated. A verbal and affirmative expression of consent can help both you and your partner to understand and respect each other's boundaries. Consent cannot be given by individuals who are underage, intoxicated or incapacitated by drugs or alcohol, or asleep or unconscious. If someone agrees to an activity under pressure of intimidation or threat, that isn't considered consent because it was not given freely. Unequal power dynamics, such as engaging in sexual activity with an employee or student, also mean that consent cannot be freely given.

Indecent Exposure

Exposure by the offender of his/her private body parts to the sight of another person in a lewd or indecent manner in a public place.

Types of elderly abuse:

Physical Abuse • Sexual abuse • Emotional or psychological • Neglect • Abandonment • Financial or material exploitation • Self-neglect E s p e c i a l l y V u l n e r a b l e P o p u l a t i o n s 17

Sexual victimization

any situation in which an individual is coerced or forced to comply with or endure another's sexual acts or overtures

Self-neglect

characterized as the behavior of elderly persons that threatens their own health or safety

Crimes against children consequences

crimes perpetrated against children by family members threatens the crucial formative environment of childhood by disrupting and distorting important family relationships can derail normal, healthy child development. It can affect personality formation, have long-term mental health consequences and impact academic performance exposure to crime and violence places children at risk for serious delinquency Because of their dependency, children can suffer irreparably when parents are traumatized by crime victimization and domestic violence

crimes against children

exploitation • Trafficking • Forced labor • Sexual abuse • Serious physical abuse • Kidnapping/Abductions • Interference with custody (parental kidnapping); and • Unattended child deaths

Rape myths

false beliefs people hold about sexual assault that shift blame from the perpetrator to the survivor. -women commonly or routinely lie about rape -victim's fault if they wore revealing clothes -victims bear responsibility for an assault if they were intoxicated -most rapes are committed by strangers -women who are raped often deserve it - particularly if they entered a man's home or got in his car, or that such actions indicate consent to sex. -not rape unless the victim fights/physically resists or physically coerced or injured.

Abandonment

he desertion of an elderly person by an individual who has assumed responsibility for providing care for an elder or by a person with physical custody of an elder.

child abuse

if the act was criminal abuse or not, law enforcement will look at the totality of the circumstances: • the age of the child, • the type of discipline, • the number of strikes, • the outcome or injury if any, • the amount and location of bruising or injury (any injury to above the shoulders should be considered more severe) In all cases, if there is serious injury it should be considered abuse

Control Theories

individuals conform to societal norms contingent upon their relationships to society both on a personal level and at large

Enthusiastic consent

looking for the presence of a "yes" rather than the absence of a "no." Enthusiastic consent can be expressed verbally or through nonverbal cues, such as positive body language like smiling, maintaining eye contact, and nodding. These cues alone do not necessarily represent consent, but they are additional details that may reflect consent. It is necessary, however, to still seek verbal confirmation.

Lifestyle Theory

maintains that criminals target individuals due to their lifestyle choices. Many victims' options expose them to criminal offenders and situations where crime is likely to occur.