Vocab v25

musculocutaneous nerve

anterior upper arm The musculocutaneous nerve originates from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus. The nerve innervates the biceps, brachialis, and coracobrachialis muscles. It then continues past the elbow as a pure sensory nerve, the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve, to supply sensation to the lateral forearm.

occluder

anything that hides from view a portion of an object or an entire object

Lichtenberg figure

are branching electric discharges that sometimes appear on the surface or in the interior of insulating materials. Lichtenberg figures are often associated with the progressive deterioration of high voltage components and equipment. The study of planar Lichtenberg figures along insulating surfaces and 3D electrical trees within insulating materials often provides engineers with valuable insights for improving the long-term reliability of high voltage equipment. Lichtenberg figures are now known to occur on or within solids, liquids, and gases during electrical breakdown.

bronchial tree

branched airways that lead from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs called alveoli The bronchi continue to branch into bronchial a tree. A bronchial tree (or respiratory tree) is the collective term used for these multiple-branched bronchi. The main function of the bronchi, like other conducting zone structures, is to provide a passageway for air to move into and out of each lung.

discreditable

damaging to one's reputation tending to bring discredit or disrepute; blameworthy slanderous

mouse loaf

delicious

Axillary nerve

deltoid and teres minor The axillary nerve or the circumflex nerve is a nerve of the human body, that originates from the brachial plexus (upper trunk, posterior division, posterior cord) at the level of the axilla (armpit) and carries nerve fibers from C5 and C6. The axillary nerve travels through the quadrangular space with the posterior circumflex humeral artery and vein.

risk averse

disinclined or reluctant to take risks. In economics and finance, risk aversion is the behavior of humans, who, when exposed to uncertainty, attempt to lower that uncertainty. It is the hesitation of a person to agree to a situation with an unknown payoff rather than another situation with a more predictable payoff but possibly lower expected payoff.

Amphetamines

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes a synthetic, addictive, mood-altering drug, used illegally as a stimulant and legally as a prescription drug to treat children with ADD and adults with narcolepsy.

male impotence

erectile dysfunction Impotence is a common problem among men and is characterized by the consistent inability to sustain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse or the inability to achieve ejaculation, or both. Erectile dysfunction can vary.

bilateral

having two sides When something is bilateral it has two sides or it affects both sides of something. Discussions between two political parties are called bilateral because both sides get to share their views.

aphasia

impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding). loss of ability to understand or express speech, caused by brain damage.

ectopic

in an abnormal place or position. an ectopic pregnancy. A pregnancy in which the fertilized egg implants outside the uterus.

incommunicable

incapable of being communicated

ophthalmia

inflammation of the eye Ophthalmia (also called ophthalmitis) is inflammation of the eye. It is a medical sign which may be indicative of various conditions, including sympathetic ophthalmia (inflammation of both eyes following trauma to one eye), gonococcal ophthalmia, trachoma or "Egyptian" ophthalmia, ophthalmia neonatorum (a conjunctivitis[1] of the newborn due to either of the two previous pathogens), photophthalmia and actinic conjunctivitis (inflammation resulting from prolonged exposure to ultraviolet rays), and others.

Mimosa Hostilis

is a perennial tree or shrub native to the northeastern region of Brazil The fern-like branches have leaves that are Mimosa like, finely pinnate, growing to 5 cm (2.0 in) long. Each compound leaf contains 15-33 pairs of bright green leaflets 5-6 mm (0.20-0.24 in) long. The tree itself grows up to 8 m (26 ft) tall DMT can be extracted from the bark Mimosa tenuiflora is an entheogen used by the Jurema Cult (O Culto da Jurema) in northeastern Brazil.[23] Dried Mexican Mimosa tenuiflora root bark has been recently shown to have a dimethyltryptamine (DMT) content of about 1-1.7%.[4] The stem bark has about 0.03% DMT

lecherous

lustful having or showing excessive or offensive sexual desire.

disincarnate

make immaterial; remove the real essence of

hymen

mucous membrane partially or completely covering the opening to the vagina The hymen is a thin piece of mucosal tissue that surrounds or partially covers the external vaginal opening. It forms part of the vulva, or external genitalia, and is similar in structure to the vagina.

NICU

neonatal intensive care unit A neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), also known as an intensive care nursery (ICN), is an intensive care unit (ICU) specializing in the care of ill or premature newborn infants. Neonatal refers to the first 28 days of life. It depends on whether you give birth vaginally or have a c-section and whether there are complications from the birth. After an uncomplicated vaginal delivery, you're likely to stay in the hospital for 24 to 48 hours. You'll need to rest and wait for any anesthesia to wear off. hmm

neurasthenia

nervous exhaustion an ill-defined medical condition characterized by lassitude, fatigue, headache, and irritability, associated chiefly with emotional disturbance.

recrudescence

new outbreak after a period of inactivity When something that's bad comes back to haunt you, call it a recrudescence. It's not a word you'll hear often, but it's useful. As a bonus, it lets you say "crud" while sounding really smart.

bastardization

noun: an act that debases or corrupts Synonyms : bastardisation The movie World War Z is a complete bastardization of the book with little more in common than zombies and a title. change (something) in such a way as to lower its quality or value, typically by adding new elements.

error 404

"File Not Found" This is a message you will see if you type in a URL of a page that does not exist - either because it has been deleted or renamed

adrenochrome

(n) a red-colored mixture of quinones derived from epinephrine by oxidation Adrenochrome is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C₉H₉NO₃ produced by the oxidation of adrenaline. The derivative carbazochrome is a hemostatic medication. Despite a similarity in chemical names, it is unrelated to chrome or chromium.

proxy

(n.) an agent, substitute; a written permission allowing one person to act in another's place A proxy server is a computer system or router that functions as a relay between client and server. It helps prevent an attacker from invading a private network and is one of several tools used to build a firewall. The word proxy means "to act on behalf of another," and a proxy server acts on behalf of the user.

rye bread

(phr) bread that is made either entirely or partly from rye flour, often with caraway seeds Rye bread is a type of bread made with various proportions of flour from rye grain. It can be light or dark in color, depending on the type of flour used and the addition of coloring agents, and is typically denser than bread made from wheat flour.

dovetail

(v.) to fit together exactly; to connect so as to form a whole; (n.) a carpentry figure resembling a dove's tail a joint formed by one or more tapered projections (tenons) on one piece which interlock with corresponding notches or recesses (mortises) in another.

As testosterone surges in male moose, around September, the velvet will shed (see video) and the antler bone hardens. As males age, their antlers grow in bigger each year.

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The big issue with quantum mechanics is what happens when the wave function collapses.

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You can either know something about everything or everything about something.

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444 significance

444 Is A Sign Someone Is Trying To Communicate With You

mutually exclusive

Events that cannot occur at the same time. In logic and probability theory, two events are mutually exclusive or disjoint if they cannot both occur at the same time. A clear example is the set of outcomes of a single coin toss, which can result in either heads or tails, but not both.

Exculpatory evidence

Evidence indicating that a defendant did not commit the crime. Does the blood on the kitchen knife not match that on the accused's clothes? That's exculpatory evidence: anything that clears someone or something of guilt or blame is exculpatory. clearing of guilt or blame

artemis

Goddess of the hunt Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto, and the twin sister of Apollo. She was the patron and protector of young girls, and was believed to bring disease upon women and relieve them of it. Artemis was worshipped as one of the primary goddesses of childbirth and midwifery along with Eileithyia.

hibiscus

Hibiscus is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae. The genus is quite large, comprising several hundred species that are native to warm temperate, subtropical and tropical regions throughout the world

Carpal tunnel

In the human body, the carpal tunnel or carpal canal is the passageway on the palmar side of the wrist that connects the forearm to the hand. The tunnel is bounded by the bones of the wrist and flexor retinaculum from connective tissue. Normally several tendons from the flexor group of forearm muscles and the median nerve pass through it. There are described cases of variable median artery occurrence. The canal is narrow, and when any of the nine long flexor tendons passing through it swell or degenerate, the narrowing of the canal may result in the median nerve becoming entrapped or compressed, a common medical condition known as carpal tunnel syndrome.

pinhole principle

Pinhole cameras rely on the fact that light travels in straight lines - a principle called the rectilinear theory of light. ... If a camera has a lens, it is NOT a pinhole camera. When the shutter is opened, light shines through to imprint an image on photographic paper or film placed at the back of the camera.

PaaS

Platform as a Service. Provides cloud customers with an easy-to-configure operating system and on-demand computing capabilities. Compare to IaaS and SaaS.

photokeratitis

Photokeratitis or ultraviolet keratitis is a painful eye condition caused by exposure of insufficiently protected eyes to the ultraviolet (UV) rays from either natural (e.g. intense sunlight) or artificial (e.g. the electric arc during welding) sources. Snow blindness, also called arc eye or photokeratitis, is a painful eye condition caused by overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. When too much UV light hits the transparent outer layer of your eyes, called the cornea, it essentially gives your cornea a sunburn. Snow blindness symptoms can be disorienting.

appeals court

a court that reviews decisions made in lower district courts In law, an appeal is the process in which cases are reviewed, where parties request a formal change to an official decision. Appeals function both as a process for error correction as well as a process of clarifying and interpreting law.

Birefringence

a difference in the two indices of refraction exhibited by most crystalline materials Birefringence is the optical property of a material having a refractive index that depends on the polarization and propagation direction of light. These optically anisotropic materials are said to be birefringent (or birefractive).

daemon

a divinity or supernatural being of a nature between gods and humans In multitasking computer operating systems, a daemon is a computer program that runs as a background process, rather than being under the direct control of an interactive user

strumpet

a female prostitute or a promiscuous woman A strumpet is a woman who commits adultery or sleeps around a lot. It's an insult, although an old-fashioned one.

sclerosis

abnormal condition of hardening Sclerosis is the stiffening of a structure, usually caused by a replacement of the normal organ-specific tissue with connective tissue. The structure may be said to have undergone sclerotic changes or display sclerotic lesions, which refers to the process of sclerosis.

arteriosclerosis

abnormal hardening of the walls of an artery or arteries the thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries, occurring typically in old age. Arteriosclerosis occurs when the blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients from your heart to the rest of your body (arteries) become thick and stiff — sometimes restricting blood flow to your organs and tissues.

evocation

an imaginative re-creation of something; a calling forth Does the taste of a particular candy bar suddenly whisk you back to an earlier time in your life? That's an evocation, the summoning, usually unconscious, of a memory or emotional state caused by a particular stimulus.

tracheotomy

an incision in the windpipe made to relieve an obstruction to breathing.

typhoid

an infectious bacterial fever with an eruption of red spots on the chest and abdomen and severe intestinal irritation.

cortical columns

- One of the vertical columns that constitute the basic organization of the cerebral cortex - Extend through the entire thickness of the cortex, from white matter to the surface - Within each column, most of the synaptic interconnections of neurons are vertical, although some are horizontal as well A cortical column, also called hypercolumn, macrocolumn, functional column or sometimes cortical module, is a group of neurons in the cortex of the brain that can be successively penetrated by a probe inserted perpendicularly to the cortical surface, and which have nearly identical receptive fields.

Megalodon

52 feet long, 60 tons Megalodon, meaning "big tooth", is an extinct species of shark that lived approximately 23 to 3.6 million years ago, during the Early Miocene to the Pliocene. It was formerly thought to be a member of the family Lamnidae, and a close relative of the great white shark. While regarded as one of the largest and most powerful predators to have ever lived, megalodon is known from fragmentary remains and its appearance and maximum size are uncertain. Scientists differ on whether it would have more closely resembled a stockier version of the great white shark, the basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) or the sand tiger shark (Carcharias taurus). Most estimates of megalodon's size extrapolate from teeth; with maximum length estimates up to 18 meters (59 ft) and average length estimates of 10.5 meters (34 ft). Estimates suggest their large jaws could exert a bite force of up to 110,000 to 180,000 newtons (25,000 to 40,000 lbf).[7] Their teeth were thick and robust, built for grabbing prey and breaking bone.

Multiple sclerosis

A chronic disease of the central nervous system marked by damage to the myelin sheath. Plaques occur in the brain and spinal cord causing tremor, weakness, incoordination, paresthesia, and disturbances in vision and speech MORE

CMYK color model

A color model based on cyan, magenta, yellow, and black pigments used to create full color on printed materials. CMYK is a scheme for combining primary pigments. The C stands for cyan (aqua), M stands for magenta (pink), Y for yellow, and K for Key. The key color in today's printing world is black but it has not always been.

gear differential

A differential is a gear train with three shafts that has the property that the rotational speed of one shaft is the average of the speeds of the others, or a fixed multiple of that average. In automobiles and other wheeled vehicles, the differential allows the outer drive wheel to rotate faster than the inner drive wheel during a turn. This is necessary when the vehicle turns, making the wheel that is traveling around the outside of the turning curve roll farther and faster than the other. The average of the rotational speed of the two driving wheels equals the input rotational speed of the drive shaft. An increase in the speed of one wheel is balanced by a decrease in the speed of the other. When used in this way, a differential couples the longitudinal input propeller shaft to the pinion, which in turn drives the transverse ring gear of the differential. This also usually works as reduction gearing. On rear wheel drive vehicles the differential may connect to half-shafts inside an axle housing, or drive shafts that connect to the rear driving wheels. Front wheel drive vehicles tend to have the engine crankshaft and the gearbox shafts transverse, and with the pinion on the end of the main-shaft of the gearbox and the differential enclosed in the same housing as the gearbox. There are individual drive-shafts to each wheel. A differential consists of one input, the drive shaft, and two outputs which are the two drive wheels, however the rotation of the drive wheels are coupled to each other by their connection to the roadway. Under normal conditions, with small tyre slip, the ratio of the speeds of the two driving wheels is defined by the ratio of the radii of the paths around which the two wheels are rolling, which in turn is determined by the track-width of the vehicle (the distance between the driving wheels) and the radius of the turn.

Grout

A high-slump concrete, consisting of Portland cement, sand, hydrated lime, water, and sometimes pea gravel. thin mortar used for filling spaces water and cement

Abell 2218

Abell 2218 is a cluster of galaxies about 2 billion light-years away in the constellation Draco. Acting as a powerful lens, it magnifies and distorts all galaxies lying behind the cluster core into long arcs. The lensed galaxies are all stretched along the cluster's center and some of them are multiply imaged. Number of galaxies: ~10,000

judicial review

A judicial review is an appeal that is conducted by a court to overturn a decision on and item under appeal. If a decision is appealed to a judicial review, it is within the court's jurisdiction to overturn it. ... When a decision is reached for the judicial review, it is recorded on the system by an organization user.

gastropod

A mollusk with a single shell or no shell and a muscular foot. Includes snails a class of mollusks typically having a one-piece coiled shell and flattened muscular foot with a head bearing stalked eyes

necropolis

A necropolis is a large, designed cemetery with elaborate tomb monuments. The name stems from the Ancient Greek νεκρόπολις nekropolis, literally meaning "city of the dead". a cemetery, especially a large one belonging to an ancient city.

non-governmental organization (NGO)

A non-governmental organization (NGO) is any non-profit, voluntary citizens' group which is organized on a local, national or international level. a nonprofit organization that operates independently of any government, typically one whose purpose is to address a social or political issue.

Renal corpuscle

A renal corpuscle is the blood-filtering component of the nephron of the kidney. It consists of a glomerulus - a tuft of capillaries composed of endothelial cells, and a glomerular capsule known as Bowman's capsule. The renal corpuscle is composed of two structures, the glomerulus and the Bowman's capsule.[2] The glomerulus is a small tuft of capillaries containing two cell types. Endothelial cells, which have large fenestrae, are not covered by diaphragms. Mesangial cells are modified smooth muscle cells that lie between the capillaries. They regulate blood flow by their contractile activity and secrete extracellular matrix, prostaglandins, and cytokines. Mesangial cells also have phagocytic activity, removing proteins and other molecules trapped in the glomerular basement membrane or filtration barrier. The Bowman's capsule has an outer parietal layer composed of simple squamous epithelium. The visceral layer, composed of modified simple squamous epithelium, is lined by podocytes. Podocytes have foot processes, pedicels, that wrap around glomerular capillaries. These pedicels interdigitate with pedicels of adjacent podocytes forming filtration slits. There are two poles in the renal corpuscle, a vascular pole and a urinary pole. The vascular pole is a location of the glomerulus. At the vascular pole, the afferent arterioles and efferent arterioles enter and leave the glomerulus in the Bowman's capsule. The urinary pole is at the other end opposite to the vascular pole. At the urinary pole, the proximal convoluted tubule arises.

emphysema

A serious disease that destroys lung tissue and causes breathing difficulties. Emphysema is a type of COPD involving damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. As a result, your body does not get the oxygen it needs. Emphysema makes it hard to catch your breath. You may also have a chronic cough and have trouble breathing during exercise. The most common cause is cigarette smoking

Functional group

A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions. In organic chemistry, functional groups are specific substituents or moieties within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. The same functional group will undergo the same or similar chemical reaction regardless of the size of the molecule it is a part of.

Microstate

A state that encompasses a very small land area. In statistical mechanics, a microstate is a specific microscopic configuration of a thermodynamic system that the system may occupy with a certain probability in the course of its thermal fluctuations.

what does UVA, UVB, and UVC light do to your skin?

Acute (short-term) effects include redness or ulceration of the skin. At high levels of exposure, these burns can be serious. For chronic (long-term) exposures, there is also a cumulative risk, which depends on the amount of exposure during your lifetime. UVB radiation causes sunburns and delayed tanning. It plays a major role in the development of all types of skin cancers causing DNA damage to skin cells and the immune system. UVB is also important in the synthesis of Vitamin D3. Remember, UVB = Bad Burns! UVA rays cause tanning, and the shorter wavelengths of UVA also cause sunburn. ... The skin tries to prevent further damage by darkening, resulting in a tan. Over time, UVA also leads to premature aging and skin cancer. UVA radiation is the main type of light used in most tanning beds. Effects of UV-B radiation on photosynthesis and growth of terrestrial plants. ... Furthermore, UV-B radiation may decrease the penetration of PAR, reduce photosynthetic and accessory pigments, impair stomatal function and alter canopy morphology, and thus indirectly retard photosynthetic carbon assimilation.

Concrete vs. Cement

Although the terms cement and concrete often are used interchangeably, cement is actually an ingredient of concrete. Concrete is basically a mixture of aggregates and paste. The aggregates are sand and gravel or crushed stone; the paste is water and portland cement.

Eight-million-year-old bug is alive and growing

An 8-million-year-old bacterium that was extracted from the oldest known ice on Earth is now growing in a laboratory, claim researchers. If confirmed, this means ancient bacteria and viruses will come back to life as ice melts due to global warming. This is nothing to worry about, say experts, because the process has been going on for billions of years and the bugs are unlikely to cause human disease. Whereas the young ice contained a variety of microorganisms, the researchers found only one type of bacterium in the 8-million-year-old sample. It also grew in the laboratory but much more slowly, doubling only every 70 days. By examining the average length of DNA fragments found in all the ice samples, the researchers determined that frozen DNA is progressively degraded as time passes. Its half life is 1.1 million years - that is, after 1.1 million years half the original DNA has been degraded. Read more: https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12433-eight-million-year-old-bug-is-alive-and-growing/#ixzz67BlqrhRH

What are EEG used for?

An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a test used to find problems related to electrical activity of the brain. An EEG tracks and records brain wave patterns. Small metal discs with thin wires (electrodes) are placed on the scalp, and then send signals to a computer to record the results.

tuberculosis

An infectious disease that may affect almost all tissues of the body, especially the lungs Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but they can also damage other parts of the body. TB spreads through the air when a person with TB of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes, or talks.

free martin

An infertile masculinized female cattle born co-twin with a male. This is due to joining of the placental membranes and mixing of the fluids between the two fetuses (the male is usually not affected) a hermaphrodite or imperfect sterile female calf which is the twin of a male calf whose hormones affected its development.

Brisket

Area at the base of the neck between the front legs that covers the cranial end of the sternum Brisket is a cut of meat from the breast or lower chest of beef or veal. The beef brisket is one of the nine beef primal cuts, though the precise definition of the cut differs internationally. The brisket muscles include the superficial and deep pectorals.

arsenic

Arsenic is a chemical element with the symbol As and atomic number 33. Arsenic occurs in many minerals, usually in combination with sulfur and metals, but also as a pure elemental crystal. Arsenic is a metalloid. When water bodies are contaminated with Arsenic and it enters the food chain and causes toxicity in organisms, then the situation is called "arsenic poisoning". It can be fatal or cause many diseases. A common source of Arsenic poisoning for humans is fish. why is it toxic?

Internet of Things (IoT)

Automation of everything. Devices that can be constantly connected to the internet and update you as such. e.g a coffee pot that makes coffee when it senses youre tired, an umbrella that beeps when it receives a signal that it will rain that day, etc. Well.... this is just the tip of the iceberg. IoT in short is enabling things around you to send information over the internet There are over 7 billion people. Over 90% of the Earth's surface has connectivity. There are over 1 billion devices on the internet. The amount of books/information if stacked on top of each other could take you to pluto and back 7 times ! IoT is just going to increase this exponentially. To put everything in simpler words "Internet of Things will enable things around you to update their status on the internet" It is a blend of Sensors(input), Processors(brain), Actuators(output) with the sweetness of internet. Electronics has become smaller and faster. Internet has become more simpler to use. And the degree of possessiveness of humans is ever increasing. That is why I feel that internet of things is on the cusp of explosion. Every giant in the industry in all domains want to have IoT as a part of their organization. And the field is so vast that there is scope for all.

bestiality

Bestiality is a word describing sex between a human and an animal. There are few things stranger or more repulsive than bestiality. the act of having sexual contact with an animal

biomimicry

Biomimetics or biomimicry is the imitation of the models, systems, and elements of nature for the purpose of solving complex human problems. the design and production of materials, structures, and systems that are modeled on biological entities and processes.

Ectogenesis

Birth outside the human body. Ectogenesis is the growth of an organism in an artificial environment outside the body in which it would normally be found, such as the growth of an embryo or fetus outside the mother's body, or the growth of bacteria outside the body of a host. The term was coined by British scientist J.B.S. Haldane in 1924.

cervical vertebrae

C1-C7 The cervical vertebrae of the spine consist of seven bony rings that reside in the neck between the base of the skull and the thoracic vertebrae in the trunk. Among the vertebrae of the spinal column, the cervical vertebrae are the thinnest and most delicate bones

broca's area

Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. Broca's area is involved in the expressive aspects of spoken and written language (production of sentences constrained by the rules of grammar and syntax). It corresponds to the opercular and triangular parts of the inferior frontal gyrus

Cultured meat

Cultured meat is meat produced by in vitro cultivation of animal cells, instead of from slaughtered animals. It is a form of cellular agriculture. Cultured meat is produced using many of the same tissue engineering techniques traditionally used in regenerative medicine. lab dish meats

deep blue

Deep Blue was a chess-playing computer developed by IBM. It is known for being the first computer chess-playing system to win both a chess game and a chess match against a reigning world champion under regular time controls.

Worms Frozen for 42,000 Years in Siberian Permafrost Wriggle to Life

Did you ever wake up from a long nap feeling a little disoriented, not quite knowing where you were? Now, imagine getting a wake-up call after being "asleep" for 42,000 years. In Siberia, melting permafrost is releasing nematodes — microscopic worms that live in soil — that have been suspended in a deep freeze since the Pleistocene. Despite being frozen for tens of thousands of years, two species of these worms were successfully revived, scientists recently reported in a new study. Though nematodes are tiny — typically measuring about 1 millimeter in length — they are known to possess impressive abilities. Some are found living 0.8 miles (1.3 kilometers) below Earth's surface, deeper than any other multicellular animal. Certain worms that live on an island in the Indian Ocean can develop one of five different mouths, depending on what type of food is available. Others are adapted to thrive inside slug intestines and travel on slimy highways of slug poop. Live Science is supported by its audience. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Learn more Home News Worms Frozen for 42,000 Years in Siberian Permafrost Wriggle to Life By Mindy Weisberger July 27, 2018 Animals Tiny nematodes like this one were found to be unexpectedly hardy, reviving after thousands of years frozen in Arctic ice. (Image: © Shutterstock) Did you ever wake up from a long nap feeling a little disoriented, not quite knowing where you were? Now, imagine getting a wake-up call after being "asleep" for 42,000 years. In Siberia, melting permafrost is releasing nematodes — microscopic worms that live in soil — that have been suspended in a deep freeze since the Pleistocene. Despite being frozen for tens of thousands of years, two species of these worms were successfully revived, scientists recently reported in a new study. Their findings, published in the May 2018 issue of the journal Doklady Biological Sciences, represent the first evidence of multicellular organisms returning to life after a long-term slumber in Arctic permafrost, the researchers wrote. [Weird Wildlife: The Real Animals of Antarctica] Though nematodes are tiny — typically measuring about 1 millimeter in length — they are known to possess impressive abilities. Some are found living 0.8 miles (1.3 kilometers) below Earth's surface, deeper than any other multicellular animal. Certain worms that live on an island in the Indian Ocean can develop one of five different mouths, depending on what type of food is available. Others are adapted to thrive inside slug intestines and travel on slimy highways of slug poop. RECOMMENDED VIDEOS FOR YOU... CLOSE For the new study, researchers analyzed 300 samples of Arctic permafrost deposits and found two that held several well-preserved nematodes. One sample was collected from a fossil squirrel burrow near the Alazeya River in the northeastern part of Yakutia, Russia, from deposits estimated to be about 32,000 years old. The other permafrost sample came from the Kolyma River in northeastern Siberia, and the age of nearby deposits was around 42,000 years old, the scientists reported. They isolated the worms — all females — from the permafrost samples, finding they represented two known nematode species: Panagrolaimus detritophagus and Plectus parvus. After defrosting the worms, the researchers saw them moving and eating, making this the first evidence of "natural cryopreservation" of multicellular animals, according to the study.

wave function symbol

Electrons may be described using a wave function. The wave function's symbol is the Greek letter psi, Ψ or ψ. The wave function Ψ is a mathematical expression.

Emulsion

Emulsion is the mixture of two or more than two liquids that are immiscible, i.e., they cannot blend. In emulsion, one liquid in dispersed phase is dissolved in another liquid in continuous phase. In Milk Emulsion, milk is said to be an emulsion of fat globules in the water. ... The density of milk fat is around 0.92g/ml. In an emulsion, one liquid contains a dispersion of the other liquid. Common examples of emulsions include egg yolk, butter, and mayonnaise. The process of mixing liquids to form an emulsion is called emulsification.

degeneracy thermodynamics

Energy levels are said to be degenerate, if the same energy level is obtained by more than one quantum mechanical state. They are then called degenerate energy levels. The number of quantum states at the same energy level is called the degree of degeneracy. In quantum mechanics, an energy level is degenerate if it corresponds to two or more different measurable states of a quantum system. Conversely, two or more different states of a quantum mechanical system are said to be degenerate if they give the same value of energy upon measurement. The number of different states corresponding to a particular energy level is known as the degree of degeneracy of the level. It is represented mathematically by the Hamiltonian for the system having more than one linearly independent eigenstate with the same energy eigenvalue.[1]:p. 48 When this is the case, energy alone is not enough to characterize what state the system is in, and other quantum numbers are needed to characterize the exact state when distinction is desired. In classical mechanics, this can be understood in terms of different possible trajectories corresponding to the same energy. Degeneracy plays a fundamental role in quantum statistical mechanics. For an N-particle system in three dimensions, a single energy level may correspond to several different wave functions or energy states. These degenerate states at the same level are all equally probable of being filled. The number of such states gives the degeneracy of a particular energy level.

All Hail the Blob, the Smart Slime Mold Confounding Science

Enter The Blob—a yellowish chunk of slime mold set to make its debut at the Paris Zoological Park on Saturday. With nearly 720 sexes, and the ability to heal itself in two minutes if cut in half, The Blob (or La Blob, as it's called in France) is surprisingly accomplished for such a simple organism. And despite having no mouth, eyes, or brain, slime mold can remember things and solve simple problems. Impressive, considering that some humans reach political office without mastering most of these tasks. Unsurprisingly, the Parisian slime mold has already captured the hearts and minds of people all over the world. Here's why slime mold deserves your respect. This is a tough one. For a long time, scientists thought that slime molds were a kind of fungus, since they had similar life cycles and seemed to like hanging out in the dark, damp environments favored by fungi. Scientists now think that slime molds are closer to amoeba. And like amoeba, slime molds consist of a single cell and tend to move by reaching out little creeping arm-like limbs called pseudopods. The Blob—or to give it its more formal name, Physarum polycephalum—belongs to a subset of slime molds known as plasmodial slime molds. These are made up of a single gigantic cell that contains thousands of nuclei, formed when lots of individual cells get together. These plasmodial slime molds are particularly useful for helping us understand how slime molds work because they are so large that it's easy for scientists to observe and experiment with them. Slime molds can also heal themselves if split in two. Handy if they're stepped on by a rogue fox while they're exploring a fallen log in the forest. Despite these superhero-like qualities they generally stick to a low profile, preferring to snack on bacteria, yeast, and fungi found on decomposing plant matter.

feynman watches trinity test

Feynman, American physicist Richard Feynman speculates that he may have been the only person who watched the Trinity Test relatively directly, using a windshield to exclude ultraviolet light. Everyone else, he claims, was looking through something akin to welding goggles Trinity was the code name of the first detonation of a nuclear device. It was conducted by the United States Army at 5:29 a.m. on July 16, 1945, as part of the Manhattan Project The nuclear device detonated at Trinity, nicknamed "Gadget," was shaped like a large steel globe. Like the Fat Man bomb dropped on Nagasaki, it was a plutonium implosion device. Plutonium implosion devices are more efficient and powerful than gun-type uranium bombs like the Little Boy bomb detonated over Hiroshima

The brain police: judging murder with an MRI

For a while, the statements elicited no detectable EEG response. Then she heard: "I had an affair with Udit." A section of her brain previously dormant registered a brightly coloured response on the EEG. More statements followed and the voice on the tape each time elicited similar EEG responses: "I got arsenic from the shop." "I called Udit." "I gave him the sweets mixed with arsenic." "The sweets killed Udit." Throughout the test, she did not say a word. She didn't have to. As each statement was read, the EEG machine measured the frequencies of the electrical signals from the surface of her scalp and fed them through a set of rainbow-coloured wires into the room next door. Here a computer, almost five feet tall, performed a set of calculations and spat out its conclusion in red letters on to its screen: "Experiential knowledge". This meant knowledge of planning the murder, of getting the sweets, of buying the arsenic and of calling Bharati and arranging the fatal meeting. Guilty. yikes.

why do dogs have a better sense of smell than humans?

For one thing, they possess up to 300 million olfactory receptors in their noses, compared to about six million in us. And the part of a dog's brain that is devoted to analyzing smells is, proportionally speaking, 40 times greater than ours. ... So the air we smell just goes in and out with the air we breathe. Dogs have over 300 million scent/olfactory sites in their nose. A human being only has about 6 million. Most dogs see the world through their nose and retain different sense that they experience. Some of these scents, stay permanently in their brain and are recognized for the life of the dog.

geranium

Geranium is a genus of 422 species of flowering annual, biennial, and perennial plants that are commonly known as the cranesbills. They are found throughout the temperate regions of the world and the mountains of the tropics, but mostly in the eastern part of the Mediterranean region

How is milk made, from the cow to the grocery store?

I find this to be simpler than beef cattle (which can be represented by Fig. 2) because of the larger tonnage involved in beef cattle transport. And if butchered meat is transported by rail, refrigerated rail may need to be employed. (I wonder how the refrigeration capacity compares with that of milk product) In comparison to beef cattle, beef cattle uses its energy to build muscle and store fat. In the past when cattle droving was massive, beef cattle can eat many different types of feed. Nowadays, they are more confined to feedlots (fed with corn, etc) or allowed to roam in ranch to graze the pasture. Dairy cows are less bulky because they are bred for milk production (especially the female one). Dairy cows eat nearly 100 pounds of feed a day which is a combination of hay, grain and silage (fermented corn or grass). They drink a lot of water too - up to 50 gallons a day. Average dairy cow produces 120 glasses of milk a day. It takes about 2 days for milk to go from the cow to the grocery store. The operation can be small (several cattles) to thousands of cattles. I don;t know much about the statistics. Though, Alta Dena (in 1980s) milked over 8,000 cows daily and owned 18,000 animals. With 800 employees, Alta Dena was the largest producer-distributor in the nation, selling over 20,000 gallons of certified raw milk daily. The farm operation of course is not restricted to the cows. Farms will require water, feed (corn, hay, water, etc), fertilizer, etc. And it will produce wastewater. Biogas production can be implemented in the wastewater treatment. The operation may look like figure below. The nutrition that is fed to the cow is important and influence the milk quality. If you want to know the biochemistry of milk production in mammary gland, I explained some here: When a woman is lactating, how does her body and/or mammary glands make milk? Milk itself is comprised of (generally) of milk fat, milk protein (casein, etc), and milk sugar (lactose). The comparison with other animal is displayed in Table 1. For example, goat milk have higher proportion of medium-chain fatty acids such as caproic, caprylic and capric acid in goat's milk contributes to the characteristic tart flavor of goat's milk cheese. (These fatty acids take their name from the Latin for goat, capra.) [1] "The presence of relatively high levels of medium chain fatty acids (C6:0 to C10:0) in goat milk fat could be responsible for its inferior flavour." And different breed produce different composition. Jersey cattle is popular for its high butterfat content. Brown Swiss milk contains on average 4% butterfat and 3.5% protein, making their milk excellent for production of cheese. Channel Island herds (Jerseys, Guernseys) have average 305-day lactations of ~4000 litres with substantial constituents of ~4.5% fat and ~4% protein; in comparison, Friesians have typical 305-day lactations of ~7000 litres at ~4% fat and 3.5% protein; whereas, Holstein cows can achieve ~10,000 litres (~3.5% fat and 3% protein). Hence, the total lactation yields of fat are 180kg, 280kg and 350kg for Channel Island, Friesian and Holstein cows, respectively. However nowadays, most milk is divided into its constituents during the initial manufacturing process (even drinking milk), and then reconstituted with varying percentages of fat (and protein to a lesser extent) depending on the final product, milk, cream, butter or cheese. I will only talk a little bit on cattle feed. For more details, read Chapter 18 and 19 of ref A cow consuming 15 kg of dry matter a day from a pasture yielding 1000 kg of dry matter per hectare must harvest an area of 150 m2 per day. At its best, pasture herbage is a food of high nutritive value for ruminants. For example, young, leafy herbage from a perennial ryegrass pasture may contain 12 MJ of metabolisable energy and 200 g crude protein per kilogram of DM, and be eaten in quantities sufficient for the needs of a dairy cow for maintenance and the production of 25 kg of milk per day. Dietary consumption of different composition of plant oil in forage affects the fat composition of the milk. And if you want to produce swiss cheese, you need to feed it with silage that help harbour propionibacterium. In simple term, processing of milk is about; 1) separating the cream from the milk and 2) to remove the microbial contaminant. And since there are a lot of other products (butter, yogurt, ice cream, etc) that can be made from milk (see later section), it can be more economical to produce them in same facility. Cream have to be separated because fat is insoluble in water. If you do not remove it, it will eventually separate. Small amount of fat can be stabilized in milk via homogenization. Meanwhile, microbial contamination can degrade milk. The processed employed is Pasteurization and/or Ultra-high-temperature processing In the past, gravity separation is done to remove the cream (not sure if any is still done today). The cream is skimmed off the surface. Later on, centrifuge was invented to do the job better. Gustav de Laval used centrifugal separator to separate the cream from milk. (I think there is also manual hand-cranked centrifuge) The separation of cream from milk follow Stokes Law. (density and radius of fat globules affects the separation rate). Gravity separation is slow and inefficient. Centrifugal separation is quicker and more efficient, leaving less than 0.1% fat in the separated milk, compared with 0.5-0.6% after gravity separation [8] Centrifugal separation is 5000-10000 times stronger than gravity. An example of process flow diagram is displayed below. The separator with the conical cover is the centrifugal separator. OTHER PRODUCT There are a variety of derivative milk products that can make use of component of milk. The cream can be used as Cream or Whipped cream Due to the lactose content, milk can be fermented to form Yogurt. Or alternatively, you can produce Powdered milk which is useful as infant formula or for milk chocolate. If you instead want to make butter, you have to mix butter and milk together until and are agitated at temperature where the milk is partly solid and partly liquid. (Read [7] for more details.) If you want cheese, it will involve concentrating the solids comprising of fat, casein, insoluble salt, and the water soluble constituent. The water soluble constituent includes lactose, albumin and soluble salt. In order to maintain this concentrate, you must coagulate it using lactic acid (produced by bacteria). (Read [7] for more details.) You can even combine milk and cheese to make Kunik cheese Another product you can separate is whey protein for bodybuilding.

Riemann surface

In mathematics, particularly in complex analysis, a Riemann surface is a one-dimensional complex manifold. These surfaces were first studied by and are named after Bernhard Riemann. A Riemann surface is a surface-like configuration that covers the complex plane with several, and in general infinitely many, "sheets." These sheets can have very complicated structures and interconnections

eclecticism

In psychotherapy, drawing ideas from two or more systems of therapy instead of committing to just one system. making decisions on the basis of what seems best instead of following some single doctrine or style Eclecticism is a conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions, but instead draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject, or applies different theories in particular cases.

chatoyancy

In reflected light, some minerals display a silky appearance; also called cat's-eye effect cats eye effect(thin parallel inclusions), silky sheen resulting from closely packed parallel fibers or parallel needle like inclusions, makes cat eye effect In gemology, chatoyancy, or chatoyance or cat's eye effect,[1] is an optical reflectance effect seen in certain gemstones. Coined from the French "œil de chat", meaning "cat's eye", chatoyancy arises either from the fibrous structure of a material, as in tiger's eye quartz, or from fibrous inclusions or cavities within the stone, as in cat's eye chrysoberyl. The precipitates that cause chatoyance in chrysoberyl are the mineral rutile, composed mostly of titanium dioxide. Examined samples have yielded no evidence of tubes or fibres.[citation needed] The rutile precipitates all align perpendicularly with respect to cat's eye effect. It is reasoned that the lattice parameter of the rutile matches only one of the three orthorhombic crystal axes of the chrysoberyl, resulting in preferred alignment along that direction. The effect can be likened to the sheen off a spool of silk: The luminous streak of reflected light is always perpendicular to the direction of the fibres. For a gemstone to show this effect best it must be cut en cabochon (rounded with a flat base rather than faceted), with the fibers or fibrous structures parallel to the base of the finished gem. The best finished specimens show a single sharply defined band of light that moves across the stone when it is rotated. Chatoyant stones of lesser quality display a banded effect as is typical with cat's-eye varieties of quartz. Faceted stones do not show the effect well. Gem species known for this phenomenon include the aforementioned quartz, chrysoberyl, beryl (especially var. aquamarine), charoite, tourmaline, labradorite, selenite, feldspar, apatite, moonstone, thomsonite and scapolite amongst others. Glass optical cable can also display chatoyancy if properly cut, and has become a popular decorative material in a variety of vivid colors. The term "cat's eye", when used by itself as the name of a gemstone, refers to a cat's eye chrysoberyl. It is also used as an adjective which indicates the chatoyance phenomenon in another stone, e.g., cat's eye aquamarine.

difference sum generation

In such nonlinear crystal materials, sum frequency generation ( SFG ) or difference frequency generation ( DFG ) can occur, where two pump beams generate another beam with the sum or difference of the optical frequencies of the pump beams.

venture capitalist

Individuals or companies that invest in new businesses in exchange for partial ownership of those businesses. One difference between venture capitalists and angel investors is what money they use to invest. ... Typically, VCs do not use their own money to invest in companies. An angel investor is an accredited investor who uses their own money to invest in small businesses.

How do birth control pills work?

It tricks the body into thinking it's pregnant so no more follicles are produced and more inhibitory hormones (estrogen) so no oocytes development. *Inhibits the hypothalamus from producing GnRH* They suppress FSH and LH from being secreted by having the woman take estrogen and progesterone. They are then withdrawn for one week, and menstruation happens because estrogen and progesterone decrease. Normally, they fool the body into thinking it's pregnant by providing hormones or analogues to hormones that the body produces when it's pregnant. These prevent ovulation (the production of eggs from follicles). They need to be taken frequently because the half-life of these hormones isn't very high, and there's also a limit to how long stuff stays in the gut and is subject to timed release (no more than 24 hours for most people and some, such as Bavarians like me, can only count on 4). There are longer-term options, such as the injectable Depo-Provera (which has quite a long half-life) or insertable rings with absorbable hormones that have nothing really to do with the vagina, but it's a handy place to keep rings. Oral contraceptives also interfere with the implantation of the rare zygote that gets to the uterus, but that's also fooling the body into doing something natural. It's obviously pretty bad news if a zygote got to a uterus already full of fœtus and amniotic sac.

different components of milk

Its major components are water, fat, lac- tose, casein, whey proteins, and minerals (or ash) in amounts vary- ing with the milk of various species of animals. However, for any given species, the range of values for the constituents of milk is fair- ly constant.

What is MSG?

MSG is Monosodium glutamate, the sodium salt of glutamic acid. Glutamates are amino-acids found in a wide variety of fruits and plants. The chemical was identified in the early 20th C. in Japan, although it was being used long before that as a component of those fruits and vegetables (and particularly seaweeds) that provided flavor enhancement. Monosodium glutamate (MSG), also known as sodium glutamate, is the sodium salt of glutamic acid, one of the most abundant naturally occurring non-essential amino acids. Glutamic acid is found naturally in tomatoes, grapes, cheese, mushrooms and other foods.[3][4] MSG is used in the food industry as a flavor enhancer with an umami taste that intensifies the meaty, savory flavor of food, as naturally occurring glutamate does in foods such as stews and meat soups. MSG was first prepared in 1908 by Japanese biochemist Kikunae Ikeda, who was trying to isolate and duplicate the savory taste of kombu, an edible seaweed used as a base for many Japanese soups. MSG balances, blends, and rounds the perception of other tastes. MSG is commonly found in stock (bouillon) cubes, soups, ramen, gravy, stews, condiments, savoury snacks, etc. After 1968, it became known for its use in Chinese restaurants. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has given MSG its generally recognized as safe (GRAS) designation.[9] A popular misconception is that MSG can cause headaches and other feelings of discomfort, known as "Chinese restaurant syndrome," but blinded studies fail to find evidence of such a reaction.[9][10][11] The European Union classifies it as a food additive permitted in certain foods and subject to quantitative limits. MSG has the HS code 29224220 and the E number E621. Pure MSG is reported to not have a highly pleasant taste until it is combined with a savory aroma.[13] The basic sensory function of MSG is attributed to its ability to enhance savory taste-active compounds when added in the proper concentration.[7] The optimum concentration varies by food; in clear soup, the pleasure score rapidly falls with the addition of more than one gram of MSG per 100 mL.

ulnar

The ulna is a long bone found in the forearm that stretches from the elbow to the smallest finger, and when in anatomical position, is found on the medial side of the forearm. It runs parallel to the radius, the other long bone in the forearm, and is the larger and longer of the two.

how big are polar bears

Male: 7.9 - 9.8 ft. Male: 990 lbs

MAOI

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are a class of drugs that inhibit the activity of one or both monoamine oxidase enzymes: monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B). They are best known as powerful anti-depressants, as well as effective therapeutic agents for panic disorder and social phobia.

Charles Whitman

Murdered his mother and his wife before killing fourteen others at the University of Texas. Whitman was found to have a glioblastoma, a type of brain tumor, pressing against regions of the brain thought to be responsible for the regulation of strong emotions Although Whitman had been prescribed drugs and was in possession of Dexedrine at the time of his death, the toxicology was delayed because Whitman had been embalmed on August 1, after his body was brought to the Cook Funeral Home in Austin. However, an autopsy had been requested in the suicide notes left by Whitman and was then approved by his father.

Population inversion

Necessary condition for laser operations, in which more members of a collection of atoms are in an excited state than are in lower energy states In science, specifically statistical mechanics, a population inversion occurs while a system exists in a state in which more members of the system are in higher, excited states than in lower, unexcited energy states.

radial nerve

Nerve that runs along the thumb side of the arm and the back of the hand

Is aluminum in deodorants safe for humans?

No. Let's first clarify that deodorants don't contain aluminum, antiperspirants do. Aluminium is added to deodorants to give them antiperspirant properties. It achieves this purpose by blocking up sweat pores. Your body is meant to sweat. It does so not only to provide cooling via evaporation, but to excrete salts that would otherwise accumulate to excessive concentrations relative to the level of hydration in your body, which is being reduced via evaporation all over your skin, not just under your armpits or any other place that gets smelly because it's not able to breathe easily. Aluminium applied to the skin accumulates in the body, eventually causing dementia. The same happens with aluminium in hair dye. Applying aluminium to your body is one of the stupidest things humans can do.

Olfaction

Olfaction is a chemoreception that forms the sense of smell. Olfaction has many purposes, such as the detection of hazards, pheromones, and food. It integrates with other senses to form the sense of flavor. Olfaction occurs when odorants bind to specific sites on olfactory receptors located in the nasal cavity.[2] Glomeruli aggregate signals from these receptors and transmit them to the olfactory bulb, where the sensory input will start to interact with parts of the brain responsible for smell identification, memory, and emotion. Often, land organisms will have separate olfaction systems for smell and taste (orthonasal smell and retronasal smell), but water-dwelling organisms usually have only one system. Olfactory dysfunction arises as the result of many different peripheral and central disturbances, including upper respiratory infections, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative disease. In vertebrates, smells are sensed by olfactory sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelium. The olfactory epithelium is made up of at least six morphologically and biochemically different cell types.[15] The proportion of olfactory epithelium compared to respiratory epithelium (not innervated, or supplied with nerves) gives an indication of the animal's olfactory sensitivity. Humans have about 10 cm2 (1.6 sq in) of olfactory epithelium, whereas some dogs have 170 cm2 (26 sq in). A dog's olfactory epithelium is also considerably more densely innervated, with a hundred times more receptors per square centimeter. Molecules of odorants passing through the superior nasal concha of the nasal passages dissolve in the mucus that lines the superior portion of the cavity and are detected by olfactory receptors on the dendrites of the olfactory sensory neurons. This may occur by diffusion or by the binding of the odorant to odorant-binding proteins. The mucus overlying the epithelium contains mucopolysaccharides, salts, enzymes, and antibodies (these are highly important, as the olfactory neurons provide a direct passage for infection to pass to the brain). This mucus acts as a solvent for odor molecules, flows constantly, and is replaced approximately every ten minutes. In insects, smells are sensed by olfactory sensory neurons in the chemosensory sensilla, which are present in insect antenna, palps, and tarsa, but also on other parts of the insect body. Odorants penetrate into the cuticle pores of chemosensory sensilla and get in contact with insect odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) or Chemosensory proteins (CSPs), before activating the sensory neurons.

trading options

One of the main types of short-term investment strategies. It is an option that gives the investor the right to buy or sell a share(s) at a predetermined price (either a price higher or lower than the current share[s] of stock at the time of purchase). It is available for three, six, or nine-month periods. Two types of ___ are a Call Option and a Put Option. An option is a contract that allows (but doesn't require) an investor to buy or sell an underlying instrument like a security, ETF or even index at a predetermined price over a certain period of time. Buying and selling options is done on the options market, which trades contracts based on securities.

spleen

Organ near the stomach that produces, stores, and eliminates blood cells The spleen plays multiple supporting roles in the body. It acts as a filter for blood as part of the immune system. Old red blood cells are recycled in the spleen, and platelets and white blood cells are stored there. The spleen also helps fight certain kinds of bacteria that cause pneumonia and meningitis

rye

Rye is a grass grown extensively as a grain, a cover crop and a forage crop. It is a member of the wheat tribe and is closely related to barley and wheat. Rye grain is used for flour, bread, beer, crisp bread, some whiskeys, some vodkas, and animal fodder

ulnar nerve

Sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, affects the little-finger side of the arm and palm of the hand. In human anatomy, the ulnar nerve is a nerve that runs near the ulna bone. The ulnar collateral ligament of elbow joint is in relation with the ulnar nerve. The nerve is the largest in the human body unprotected by muscle or bone, so injury is common.

SaaS

Software as a Service; a subscription service where you purchase licenses for software that expire at a certain date.

open source

Software that is created for free use by everyone something created for use by everyone for free

different types of neurons

There are three major types of neurons: sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons. All three have different functions, but the brain needs all of them to communicate effectively with the rest of the body (and vice versa).

error 410

Specifically, a 410 error means "gone." In Google's terms, "the server returns this response when the requested resource has been permanently removed. It is similar to a 404 (Not found) code, but is sometimes used in the place of a 404 for resources that used to exist but no longer do.

ulcer

Stress ulcers come on suddenly, usually as a result of physiological stress. Some acidic foods can make ulcers worse, as can physical stress, such as the stress of a serious injury or infection. This may be because stress increases stomach acid A peptic ulcer is a sore on the lining of your stomach, small intestine or esophagus. A peptic ulcer in the stomach is called a gastric ulcer. A duodenal ulcer is a peptic ulcer that develops in the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). An esophageal ulcer occurs in the lower part of your esophagus

sum frequency generation

Sum-frequency generation is a second order nonlinear optical process based on the annihilation of two input photons at angular frequencies and while, simultaneously, one photon at frequency is generated.

how is swiss cheese made

Swiss cheese gets its distinctive holes, smell, texture and flavor from a trio of bacteria mixed with cow's milk. ... At the same time, the bacteria expands and releases carbon dioxide, which creates all of those holes that make Swiss cheese famous. The cheese is heated and cooled multiple times throughout the process.

error 408

The 408 Request Timeout error is an HTTP status code that means the request you sent to the website server (e.g. a request to load a web page) took longer than the website's server was prepared to wait. In other words, your connection with the website "timed out."

psychokinetic

ability to move objects with the mind moving an object without apparent use of physical means

briggs rauscher reaction

The Briggs-Rauscher reaction, also known as 'the oscillating clock', is one of the most common demonstrations of a chemical oscillator reaction. The reaction begins when three colorless solutions are mixed together. The color of the resulting mixture will oscillate between clear, amber, and deep blue for about 3-5 minutes. The solution ends up as a blue-black mixture. Add 43 g potassium iodate (KIO3) to ~800 mL distilled water. Stir in 4.5 mL sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Continue stirring until the potassium iodate is dissolved. Dilute to 1 L. Add 15.6 g malonic acid (HOOCCH2COOH) and 3.4 g manganese sulfate monohydrate (MnSO4 . H2O) to ~800 mL distilled water. Add 4 g of vitex starch. Stir until dissolved. Dilute to 1 L. Anyway this yellow compound turns blue and releases energy. It would preferably stay blue but because energy (stirring) is being added it actually has the energy to react back to yellow. This is because the atoms are literally smashing into each other fast enough, all because of that stirring. This cycles as long as you keep adding energy. This repeats, about ten times in the most popular formulation, before ending as a dark blue liquid smelling strongly of iodine.

What is the Copenhagen interpretation?

The Copenhagen interpretation of the wave equation was advanced at Solvay '27 by a contingency of physicists headed by Niels Bohr. It was more or less a majority opinion (and it has always remained that - just an opinion.) There were numerous dissenting voices at the "meeting of the minds" in 1927. Among these were such dignitaries as Albert Einstein and Erwin Schrodinger, whose eponymous equation was being discussed and dissected at that convention of physicists. Basically, what the Copenhagen interpretation decided was that a particle has no definite position or momentum prior to measurement but lives in a cloud of infinite probability. When a measurement is made the wave function promptly "collapses" and the particle randomly assumes a single definite value of position / momentum. What should be understood here is that this interpretation of the wave equation drew a line in the sand between the world of classical physics and the world of quantum physics, the former based in certainties that always exist, the latter in probabilities that become certain only at the moment of measurement. In other words, the Copenhagen interpretation introduced randomness and chance to the interpretation of physics. What it has never successfully done is explain why or how the wave function collapses. Schrodinger was never reconciled to this probabilistic interpretation of his wave equation. He invented the cat that now goes by his name with the intent of ridiculing the Copenhagen interpretation. It was never meant to be a serious consideration. It was just his way of politely giving Niels Bohr the finger. In his later years Schrodinger, still unhappy with the turn of events at Solvay '27 that made his equation and all of quantum physics into a game of chance, expressed regret that he had ever thought up the wave equation. Einstein too never accepted this game of chance interpretation. At Solvay he had insisted that God does not play dice with the world. To which Niels Bohr replied, "Einstein, stop telling God what to do." To this day, there are many who refuse to accept the Copenhagen interpretation. Still it has had a huge impact on how physics developed after 1927. History is generally written by the victors. In the case in point, Bohr won, Einstein and Schrodinger lost. And some say all of physics lost on that fateful day in 1927 when it was decided by committee that the universe and all of life are at basis nothing more than a meaningless game of craps.

Eötvös effect

The Eötvös effect is the change in perceived gravitational force caused by the change in centrifugal acceleration resulting from eastbound or westbound velocity. When moving eastbound, the object's angular velocity is increased (in addition to Earth's rotation), and thus the centrifugal force also increases, causing a perceived reduction in gravitational force. The most common design for a gravimeter for field work is a spring-based design; a spring that suspends an internal weight. The suspending force provided by the spring counteracts the gravitational force. A well-manufactured spring has the property that the amount of force that the spring exerts is proportional to the extension of the spring from its equilibrium position (Hooke's law). The stronger the effective gravity at a particular location, the more the spring is extended; the spring extends to a length at which the internal weight is sustained. Also, the moving parts of the gravimeter will be dampened, to make it less susceptible to outside influences such as vibration. For the calculations it will be assumed that the internal weight has a mass of ten kilograms (10 kg; 10,000 g). It will be assumed that for surveying a method of transportation is used that gives good speed while moving very smoothly: an airship. Let the cruising velocity of the airship be 25 metres per second (90 km/h; 56 mph).

error 409

The HTTP 409 Conflict response status code indicates a request conflict with current state of the server. ... For example, you may get a 409 response when uploading a file which is older than the one already on the server resulting in a version control conflict

Hammett equation

The Hammett equation in organic chemistry describes a linear free-energy relationship relating reaction rates and equilibrium constants for many reactions involving benzoic acid derivatives with meta- and para-substituents to each other with just two parameters: a substituent constant and a reaction constant.

Mpemba effect

The Mpemba effect is a process in which hot water can freeze faster than cold water. The phenomenon is temperature-dependent. There is disagreement about the parameters required to produce the effect and about its theoretical basis.

nine year war

The Nine Years' War (1688-1697), often called the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg,[2] was a conflict between Louis XIV of France and a European coalition of the Holy Roman Empire (led by Austria), the Dutch Republic, Spain, England, and Savoy. It was fought in Europe and the surrounding seas, in North America and in India. It is sometimes considered the first global war. The conflict encompassed the Williamite war in Ireland and Jacobite risings in Scotland, where William III and James II struggled for control of England and Ireland, and a campaign in colonial North America between French and English settlers and their respective Indigenous allies, today called King William's War by Americans. Louis XIV of France had emerged from the Franco-Dutch War in 1678 as the most powerful monarch in Europe, an absolute ruler who had won numerous military victories. Using a combination of aggression, annexation, and quasi-legal means, Louis XIV set about extending his gains to stabilize and strengthen France's frontiers, culminating in the brief War of the Reunions (1683-1684). The Truce of Ratisbon guaranteed France's new borders for twenty years, but Louis XIV's subsequent actions—notably his Edict of Fontainebleau (the revocation of the Edict of Nantes) in 1685—led to the deterioration of his military and political dominance. Louis XIV's decision to cross the Rhine in September 1688 was designed to extend his influence and pressure the Holy Roman Empire into accepting his territorial and dynastic claims. Leopold I and the German princes resolved to resist, and when the States General and William III brought the Dutch and the English into the war against France, the French king faced a powerful coalition aimed at curtailing his ambitions.

Pauli exclusion principle

The Pauli exclusion principle is the quantum mechanical principle which states that two or more identical fermions cannot occupy the same quantum state within a quantum system simultaneously.

San Elizario Salt War

The San Elizario Salt War, also known as the Salinero Revolt or the El Paso Salt War, was an extended and complex range war of the mid-19th century that revolved around the ownership and control of immense salt lakes at the base of the Guadalupe Mountains in West Texas. What began in 1866 as a political and legal struggle among Anglo Texan politicians and capitalists gave rise in 1877 to an armed struggle by ethnic Mexican and Tejano inhabitants living on both sides of the Rio Grande near El Paso against a leading politician, who was supported by the Texas Rangers. The struggle reached its climax with the siege and surrender of 20 Texas Rangers to a popular army of perhaps 500 men in the town of San Elizario, Texas. The arrival of the African-American 9th Cavalry and a sheriff's posse of New Mexico mercenaries caused hundreds of Tejanos to flee to Mexico, some in permanent exile. The right of individuals to own the salt lakes, which had previously been held as a community asset, was established by force of arms. The conflict began as a local quarrel and grew in stages to finally occupy the attention of both the Texas and federal governments. Newspaper editors throughout the nation covered the story, often with frenzied tone and in lurid detail. At the conflict's height, as many as 650 men bore arms. About 20 to 30 men were killed in the 12-year fight for salt, and perhaps double that number were wounded. Traditionally, the uprising of Mexican-Americans during the San Elizario Salt War has been described by historians as a bloody riot by a howling mob. The Texas Rangers who surrendered, especially their commander, have been described as unfit.[2] More recent scholarship has placed the war within the context of the long and often violent social struggle of Mexican-Americans to be treated as equal citizens in the United States and not as a subjugated people.[3] Most recently, the "mob" has been described as an organized political-military insurgency with the goal of re-establishing local control of their fundamental political rights and economic future.

coronary artery

The artery that supplies heart tissue with blood The coronary arteries are the blood vessels (arteries) of coronary circulation, which transports oxygenated blood to the substance of the heart. The heart requires a continuous supply of oxygen to function and survive, much like any other tissue or organ of the body. The coronary arteries wrap around the entire heart.

boat keel

The keel is basically a flat blade sticking down into the water from a sailboat's bottom. It has two functions: it prevents the boat from being blown sideways by the wind, and it holds the ballast that keeps the boat right-side up.

girdle

a belt or cord worn around the waist A girdle is a tight-fitting undergarment that supports the lower body. The purpose of a girdle is to make a person's waist and stomach look smaller and firmer.

alveoli

tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood

Statistical mechanics

The field of physics which deals with the random distributions of matter and energy in bulk. Statistical mechanics, branch of physics that combines the principles and procedures of statistics with the laws of both classical and quantum mechanics, particularly with respect to the field of thermodynamics. Statistical mechanics is one of the pillars of modern physics. It is necessary for the fundamental study of any physical system that has many degrees of freedom. The approach is based on statistical methods, probability theory and the microscopic physical laws.

Pinhole occluder

The held held device that completely covers one eye and allows the other to view a chart through a tiny central opening; often to confirm a diagnosis of refractive error A pinhole occluder is an opaque disk with one or more small holes through it, used by ophthalmologists, orthopedists and optometrists to test visual acuity. The occluder is a simple way to focus light, as in a pinhole camera, temporarily removing the effects of refractive errors such as myopia. Because light passes only through the center of the eye's lens, defects in the shape of the lens (errors of refraction) have no effect while the occluder is used. In this way, the ophthalmologist, orthoptist or optometrist can estimate the maximum improvement in a patient's vision that can be attained by lenses to correct errors of refraction.[1] This can be used to distinguish visual defects caused by refractive error, which improve when the occluder is used, from other problems, which do not.[2] The pinhole occluder can also be used in testing visual acuity in mydriatic patients. In this case the pinhole occluder compensates for the inability to contract the iris assisting the eye in obtaining a retinal projection similar to that of a non-cycloplegic eye. Squinting and looking through a tiny hole made with a finger works similarly to a pinhole occluder, by blocking light through the outer parts of the eye's lens.[3] An improvised pinhole has a similar but better effect. The same principle has also been applied as an alternative to corrective lenses: a screen of pinholes is mounted on an eyeglass frame and worn as pinhole glasses.

how many bones in human body

The human skeleton is the internal framework of the human body. It is composed of around 270 bones at birth - this total decreases to around 206 bones by adulthood after some bones get fused together. The bone mass in the skeleton reaches maximum density around age 21.

median nerve

The median nerve is the main nerve of the front of the forearm. It supplies the muscles of the front of the forearm and muscles of the thenar eminence, thus controlling the coarse movements of the hand. Therefore, it is also called "labourer's nerve". The median nerve is the main nerve of the front of the forearm. It supplies the muscles of the front of the forearm and muscles of the thenar eminence, thus controlling the coarse movements of the hand. The median nerve is a nerve in humans and other animals in the upper limb. It is one of the five main nerves originating from the brachial plexus. The median nerve originates from the lateral and medial cords of the brachial plexus, and has contributions from ventral roots of C5-C7 (lateral cord) and C8 and T1 (medial cord). The median nerve is the only nerve that passes through the carpal tunnel. Carpal tunnel syndrome is the disability that results from the median nerve being pressed in the carpal tunnel.

nephron

The nephron (from Greek nephros, meaning "kidney") is the microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney. It is composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscle consists of a tuft of capillaries called a glomerulus and an encompassing Bowman's capsule. The renal tubule extends from the capsule. The capsule and tubule are connected and are composed of epithelial cells with a lumen. A healthy adult has 0.8 to 1.5 million nephrons in each kidney. Blood is filtered as it passes through three layers: the endothelial cells of the capillary wall, its basement membrane, and between the foot processes of the podocytes of the lining of the capsule. The tubule has adjacent peritubular capillaries that run between the descending and ascending portions of the tubule. As the fluid from the capsule flows down into the tubule, it is processed by the epithelial cells lining the tubule: water is reabsorbed and substances are exchanged (some are added, others are removed); first with the interstitial fluid outside the tubules, and then into the plasma in the adjacent peritubular capillaries through the endothelial cells lining that capillary. This process regulates the volume of body fluid as well as levels of many body substances. At the end of the tubule, the remaining fluid—urine—exits: it is composed of water, metabolic waste, and toxins. The interior of Bowman's capsule, called Bowman's space, collects the filtrate from the filtering capillaries of the glomerular tuft, which also contains mesangial cells supporting these capillaries. These components function as the filtration unit and make up the renal corpuscle. The filtering structure (glomerular filtration barrier) has three layers composed of endothelial cells, a basement membrane, and podocytes (foot processes). The tubule has five anatomically and functionally different parts: the proximal tubule, which has a convoluted section the proximal convoluted tubule followed by a straight section (proximal straight tubule); the loop of Henle, which has two parts, the descending loop of Henle ("descending loop") and the ascending loop of Henle ("ascending loop"); the distal convoluted tubule ("distal loop"); the connecting tubule, and the collecting ducts. Nephrons have two lengths with different urine concentrating capacities: long juxtamedullary nephrons and short cortical nephrons.

1313 significance

The numbers 1313 has the vibrations of number 1 and 3, as both 1 and 3 are appearing twice which doubles the amplification and its significance. ... The number 1313 and its meaning is very important for you in, expansion, creativity, communication, enthusiasm and optimism on all given levels. Angel Number

zombie thought experiment

The philosophical zombie or p-zombie argument is a thought experiment in philosophy of mind and philosophy of perception that imagines a being that, if it could conceivably exist, logically disproves the idea that physical substance is all that is required to explain consciousness. Such a zombie would be indistinguishable from a normal human being but lack conscious experience, qualia, or sentience.[1] For example, if a philosophical zombie were poked with a sharp object it would not inwardly feel any pain, yet it would outwardly behave exactly as if it did feel pain. The thought experiment sometimes takes the form of imagining a zombie world, indistinguishable from our world, but lacking first person experiences in any of the beings of that world. Philosophical zombie arguments are used in support of mind-body dualism against forms of physicalism such as materialism, behaviorism and functionalism. It is an argument against the idea that the "hard problem of consciousness" (accounting for subjective, intrinsic, first person, what-it's-like-ness) could be answered by purely physical means. Proponents of the argument, such as philosopher David Chalmers, argue that since a zombie is defined as physiologically indistinguishable from human beings, even its logical possibility would be a sound refutation of physicalism, because it would establish the existence of conscious experience as a further fact.[2] However, some physicalists like Daniel Dennett counter that philosophical zombies are logically incoherent and thus impossible;[3][4] other physicalists like Christopher Hill argue that philosophical zombies are coherent but not metaphysically possible. Contents

Transect

to cut across or divide by cutting

holotropic breathing

The practice of holotropic breathwork involves using the breathing process to access altered states of consciousness. The purpose is to obtain enlightenment of some kind. From the Greek words "holos" (whole) and "trepein" (to move toward), the word "holotropic" translates to "moving toward wholeness."

the hard problem of consciousness

The problem of determining how physiological processes, such as ion flow across nerve membranes, cause different perceptual experiences.

Hydrogenation

The process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen Hydrogenation - meaning, to treat with hydrogen - is a chemical reaction between molecular hydrogen (H2) and another compound or element, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as nickel, palladium or platinum. The process is commonly employed to reduce or saturate organic compounds. Hydrogenation typically constitutes the addition of pairs of hydrogen atoms to a molecule, often an alkene. Catalysts are required for the reaction to be usable; non-catalytic hydrogenation takes place only at very high temperatures. Hydrogenation reduces double and triple bonds in hydrocarbons. Food companies began using hydrogenated oil to help increase shelf life and save costs. Hydrogenation is a process in which a liquid unsaturated fat is turned into a solid fat by adding hydrogen. During this manufactured partially hydrogenated processing, a type of fat called trans fat is made

blood pressure chart

The top number is the maximum pressure your heart exerts while beating (systolic pressure), and the bottom number is the amount of pressure in your arteries between beats (diastolic pressure). The numeric difference between your systolic and diastolic blood pressure is called your pulse pressure.

short faced bear

The short-faced bear is an extinct bear genus that inhabited North America during the Pleistocene epoch from about 1.8 Mya until 11,000 years ago. It was the most common early North American bear and was most abundant in California. In a recent study, the mass of six A. simus specimens was estimated, one-third of them weighed about 900 kg (1 short ton), the largest 957 kg (2,110 lb), suggesting specimens that big were probably more common than previously thought. However some studies suggest that it was much lighter than previously thought reaching 540 kg (1,190 lb). It stood 8-10 feet (2.4-3.0 m) tall on hind legs, with a large specimen standing up to 11-12 feet (3.4-3.7 m) tall with a 14-foot (4.3 m) vertical arm reach. When walking on all fours, it stood 5-6 feet (1.5-1.8 m) high at the shoulder and would be tall enough to look a human in the eye. At Riverbluff Cave, Missouri, a series of claw marks up to 15 feet (4.57 m) high have been found along the cave wall indicating short-faced bears up to 12 feet (3.66 m) tall.

Saudi Arabia's War on Witchcraft

The sorceress was naked. The sight of her bare flesh startled the prudish officers of Saudi Arabia's infamous religious police, the Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (CPVPV), which had barged into her room in what was supposed to be a routine raid of a magical hideout in the western desert city of Madinah's Al-Seeh neighborhood. They paused in shock, and to let her dress. They covered her body, arrested her, and claimed to uncover key evidence indicating that witchcraft had indeed been practiced, including incense, talismans, and videos about magic. In the Al Arabiya report, a senior Islamic cleric lamented that the incident had occurred in a city of such sacred history. The prophet Muhammad is buried there, and it is considered the second most holy location in Islam, second to Mecca. The cleric didn't doubt the details of the incident. "Some magicians may ride a broom and fly in the air with the help of the jinn [supernatural beings]," he said. The fate of this sorceress is not readily apparent, but her plight is common. Judging from the punishments of others accused of practicing witchcraft in Saudi Arabia before and since, the consequences were almost certainly severe. The campaign of persecution has shown no signs of fizzling. In May, two Asian maids were sentenced to 1,000 lashings and 10 years in prison after their bosses claimed that they had suffered from their magic. Just a few weeks ago, Saudi newspapers began running the image of an Indonesian maid being pursued on accusations that she produced a spell that made her male boss's family subject to fainting and epileptic fits. "I swear that we do not want to hurt her but to stop her evil acts against us and others," the man told the news site Emirates 24/7.

superior temporal gyrus

The superior temporal gyrus contains the primary auditory cortex, which is responsible for processing sounds. ... The superior temporal gyrus also includes the Wernicke's area, which (in most people) is located in the left hemisphere. It is the major area involved in the comprehension of language.

Inertia

The tendency of an object to resist a change in motion Inertia is the resistance of any physical object to any change in its velocity. This includes changes to the object's speed, or direction of motion. An aspect of this property is the tendency of objects to keep moving in a straight line at a constant speed, when no forces act upon them.

the woman and the willendorf

Venus of Willendorf, also called Woman of Willendorf or Nude Woman, Upper Paleolithic female figurine found in 1908 at Willendorf, Austria, that is perhaps the most familiar of some 40 small portable human figures (mostly female) that had been found intact or nearly so by the early 21st century. (Roughly 80 more exist as fragments or partial figures.) The statuette—made of oolitic limestone tinted with red ochre pigment—is dated to circa 28,000-25,000 BCE. At 4.5 inches (11.1 cm) high, it was easily transportable by hand. Both its size (portability) and the material from which it was made (not found in Willendorf) are indicators that the artifact was made elsewhere and carried to Willendorf. Its arms, though visible, are negligible and crudely depicted. Though a head is present, the only detail to be seen is a pattern representing a braid or cap; there are no facial features. Feet too are missing and were probably never part of the overall design.

arcuate fasciculus

a bundle of axons that connects Wernicke's area with Broca's area; damage causes conduction aphasia The arcuate fasciculus (Latin: curved bundle) is a bundle of axons that connects Broca's area and Wernicke's area in the brain. It is an association fiber tract connecting caudal temporal cortex and inferior frontal lobe.

treasure trove

a collection or store of valuable or delightful things. valuables of unknown ownership that are found hidden and have a particular legal status. A trove is a valuable collection of something. You might discover a trove of old comic books in the basement of your uncle's house, or a trove of candy bars at the back of a kitchen cabinet.

angina

a condition of episodes of severe chest pain due to inadequate blood flow to the myocardium a condition marked by severe pain in the chest, often also spreading to the shoulders, arms, and neck, caused by an inadequate blood supply to the heart.

kluver bucy syndrome

a condition, brought about by bilateral amygdala damage, that is characterized by dramatic emotional changes including reduction in fear and anxiety Kluver Bucy syndrome is a rare behavioral impairment characterized by inappropriate sexual behaviors and mouthing of objects. Other signs and symptoms, include a diminished ability to visually recognize objects, loss of normal fear and anger responses, memory loss, distractibility, seizures , and dementia .

neuropathy

Weakness, numbness, and pain from nerve damage, usually in the hands and feet. disease or dysfunction of one or more peripheral nerves, typically causing numbness or weakness.

why does alcohol cause fatty liver

When heavy drinking leads to cell damage, the liver is less able to process most toxins, including fats. When the liver no longer breaks down fats, the cells collect in the blood and around the organ itself. ... Since the liver regenerates cells, it can recover from fatty liver if the cause is alcohol

Why Do Crabs and Lobsters Turn Red When You Cook Them?

While they might be bright red when they hit your dinner plate, crabs and lobsters are usually brown, olive-green or gray when alive and in the wild (at least in the mid-Atlantic U.S.; crustaceans farther south come in a variety of vibrant colors). The dramatic color change during cooking has to do with the way certain biochemicals inside the shellfish react to heat. Lobsters and crabs have a pigment called astaxanthin in their shells. Astaxanthin is a carotenoid pigment: absorbing blue light and appearing red, orange or yellow in color. While the crustaceans are alive, astaxanthin lies wrapped in the tight embrace of a protein called crustacyanin. The protein holds the pigment so tight, in fact, that it's flattened and its light-absorption properties are changed. The astaxanthin-crustacyanin complex then winds up giving off a blue-green color. These biochemical cuddle buddies get separated when a crab or lobster is cooked. Crustacyanin is not heat-stable, so introducing it to a boiling pot of water or a grill causes it to relax its bonds with astaxanthin, unravel and let the pigment's true bold red color shine through. An estimated 1 in 100 million lobsters are albino and don't have any pigments in their shell. They'll go cooked to the dining room the same color they went live into the pot: a ghostly gray-white. Shrimp also have carotenoid pigments in their shells and flesh, and these are also hidden until they're released by heat. So how do flamingoes, with diets heavy with carotenoid proteins but which usually don't have kitchen access, take on the bright pink of their dinners' pigments without cooking them? The proteins that mask the pigments not only unravel in the presence of heat, but also dissolve thanks to the acids and fats inside flamingos during digestion. The freed proteins then give birds' feathers a soft pink hue.

Wave function

a function of the coordinates of an electron's position in three-dimensional space that describes the properties of the electron A wave function in quantum physics is a mathematical description of the quantum state of an isolated quantum system. The wave function is a complex-valued probability amplitude, and the probabilities for the possible results of measurements made on the system can be derived from it. The most common symbols for a wave function are the Greek letters ψ and Ψ (lower-case and capital psi, respectively). The wave function is a function of the degrees of freedom corresponding to some maximal set of commuting observables. Once such a representation is chosen, the wave function can be derived from the quantum state. For a given system, the choice of which commuting degrees of freedom to use is not unique, and correspondingly the domain of the wave function is also not unique. For instance, it may be taken to be a function of all the position coordinates of the particles over position space, or the momenta of all the particles over momentum space; the two are related by a Fourier transform. Some particles, like electrons and photons, have nonzero spin, and the wave function for such particles includes spin as an intrinsic, discrete degree of freedom; other discrete variables can also be included, such as isospin. When a system has internal degrees of freedom, the wave function at each point in the continuous degrees of freedom (e.g., a point in space) assigns a complex number for each possible value of the discrete degrees of freedom (e.g., z-component of spin) - these values are often displayed in a column matrix (e.g., a 2 × 1 column vector for a non-relativistic electron with spin ​1⁄2).

ibogaine

a hallucinogen that is used to treat cocaine dependence Ibogaine is a psychoactive alkaloid naturally occurring in the West African shrub iboga. While ibogaine is a mild stimulant in small doses, in larger doses it induces a profound psychedelic state.

anthrax

a highly infectious animal disease (especially cattle and sheep); it can be transmitted to people a disease of humans that is not communicable; caused by infection with Bacillus anthracis followed by septicemia

pastrami

a highly seasoned smoked beef prepared especially from shoulder cuts Pastrami is a meat product of Romanian Jewish origin usually made from beef brisket., and sometimes from lamb, or turkey. The raw meat is brined, partially dried, seasoned with herbs and spices, then smoked and steamed.

philistine

a person who is guided by materialism and is disdainful of intellectual or artistic values hostile or indifferent to culture and the arts.

flange

a projecting flat rim, collar, or rib on an object, serving to strengthen or attach or (on a wheel) to maintain position on a rail.

Thin-layer chromatography

a separation technique that involves the separation of small molecules as they move through a silica gel Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a chromatography technique used to separate non-volatile mixtures. Thin-layer chromatography is performed on a sheet of glass, plastic, or aluminium foil, which is coated with a thin layer of adsorbent material, usually silica gel, aluminium oxide (alumina), or cellulose. This layer of adsorbent is known as the stationary phase. After the sample has been applied on the plate, a solvent or solvent mixture (known as the mobile phase) is drawn up the plate via capillary action. Because different analytes ascend the TLC plate at different rates, separation is achieved. The mobile phase has different properties from the stationary phase. For example, with silica gel, a very polar substance, non-polar mobile phases such as heptane are used. The mobile phase may be a mixture, allowing chemists to fine-tune the bulk properties of the mobile phase.

hematoma

a solid swelling of clotted blood within the tissues. Hematoma is generally defined as a collection of blood outside of blood vessels. Most commonly, hematomas are caused by an injury to the wall of a blood vessel, prompting blood to seep out of the blood vessel into the surrounding tissues. ... Hematomas can also happen deep inside the body where they may not be visible. A hematoma is a larger collection of blood, usually caused by surgery, injury, or a greater trauma. Hematomas will usually reabsorb into the body, like a bruise. However, depending on the size, location and cause of the hematoma, the area may need to be drained surgically, or take a longer period of time to resolve.

goitre

a swelling of the neck resulting from enlargement of the thyroid gland. abnormally enlarged thyroid gland; can result from underproduction or overproduction of hormone or from a deficiency of iodine in the diet

Retributive justice

a system of criminal justice based on the punishment of offenders rather than on rehabilitation. Retributive justice is a theory of punishment that when an offender breaks the law, justice requires that he or she suffer in return. It also requires that the response to a crime is proportional to the offence. Prevention of future crimes or rehabilitation of the offender are other purposes of punishment.

Dead cat bounce

a temporary recovery in share prices after a substantial fall, caused by speculators buying in order to cover their positions. In finance, a dead cat bounce is a small, brief recovery in the price of a declining stock. Derived from the idea that "even a dead cat will bounce if it falls from a great height", the phrase, which originated on Wall Street, is also popularly applied to any case where a subject experiences a brief resurgence during or following a severe decline.

globular cluster

a tight group of stars that looks like a ball and contains up to 1 million stars a large compact spherical star cluster, typically of old stars in the outer regions of a galaxy. A globular cluster is a spherical collection of stars that orbits a galactic core. Globular clusters are very tightly bound by gravity, which gives them their spherical shapes, and relatively high stellar densities toward their centers.

Monorail

a track for subway or train cars that only has one rail

How is cheese made?

by bringing milk closer to the isoelectric point of casein to coagulate some of the protein and form a curd Cheese can be defined as stabilised curd of milk solids. The pH of the milk is 6.5 to 7.0. The coagulation of the casein proteins and entrapment of milk fat in the coagulum occurs when the pH turns acidic due to certain bacterial growth. There are different varieties of cheese available in the market. Broadly the cheese is classified into the three types: Soft cheese, semi-soft cheese, and Hard cheese. The soft cheese is characterised by high level of moisture ranging in between 55-80%. They can be fresh and unripened cheese or surface mold ripened. Ricotta and Cottage cheese are unripened and classified under the soft cheese. The hard cheese is characterised by low level of moisture ranging in between 20-40%. They are ripened by bacteria and can have eyes (Swiss cheese) or with no eyes. The Swiss cheese is ripened by Propionibacterium sp. which produces CO2, forming holes. Generally, hard Cheese is ripened by the Lactic acid bacteria. The moderate cheese is characterised by moderate moisture level ranging in between 41-55%. They are surface ripened or ripened by bacteria. They can also be blue-veined internally mould ripened. Example of semi-soft cheese is Limburger, is ripened by bacteria and contaminating organisms growing on the surface. Blue cheese and Roquefort cheese are ripened by Penicillium molds insulating into the cheese. The procedure of Cheese production: Step One: Take the milk and pasteurize it followed by cooling at 30 °C. Step Two: Coagulum is formed which undergoes the process of curd cutting. The pH is maintained at 5.0-5.2. Curd is formed due to action of rennin (or Chemosin) which aided by the acidic pH provided by the LAB (Lactic acid forming Bacteria). Step Three: The temperature is gradually increased. It is followed by constant stirring and removal of Whey. Step Four: Every cheese has its own texture. Hence, after removal of the Whey, the cheese undergoes texturing process. Step Five: Followed by texturing the cheese would be milled. Then, it is put in the solution of 2.5-3.0% salt solution for 16-24 hours. Step six: Once the cheese is formed, it needs to molded in the correct shape and thus, the cheese is pressed. Step Seven: After pressing, the cheese is ripened at 7-12 °C for four-twelve months.

smart contracts

computer program that directly controls the transfer of digital currencies or assets between parties under certain conditions A smart contract is a computer protocol intended to digitally facilitate, verify, or enforce the negotiation or performance of a contract. Smart contracts allow the performance of credible transactions without third parties. These transactions are trackable and irreversible.

wernicke's area

controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe Wernicke's area is the region of the brain that is important for language development. It is located in the temporal lobe on the left side of the brain and is responsible for the comprehension of speech, while Broca's area is related to the production of speech.

scatological

obscene Anything scatological is "off-color" or a bit offensive, typically because it refers to excrement, especially in a joking way.

ecto-

outside outer; external; on the outside (used commonly in scientific terms).

alkalosis

pH above 7.45 Alkalosis is excessive blood alkalinity caused by an overabundance of bicarbonate in the blood or a loss of acid from the blood (metabolic alkalosis), or by a low level of carbon dioxide in the blood that results from rapid or deep breathing (respiratory alkalosis).

zygomorphic

pertaining to organisms that can be divided into symmetrical halves along one axis only bilateral symmetry capable of division into symmetrical halves by only one longitudinal plane passing through the axis

palmar

pertaining to the palm of the hand

osteosynthesis

procedure that joins ends of broken bones Osteosynthesis is defined as fixation of a bone. It is a surgical procedure to treat bone fractures in which bone fragments are joined with screws, plates, nails or wires. The fractured bone is fixed with the aforementioned and can knit stably in the correct position.

Casein

protein found in milk Casein pronounced "kay-seen", is a family of related phosphoproteins. These proteins are commonly found in mammalian milk, comprising c. 80% of the proteins in cow's milk and between 20% and 45% of the proteins in human milk

ossuary

receptacle for communal placement of cremated remains a container or room into which the bones of dead people are placed Origin mid 17th century: from late Latin ossuarium, formed irregularly from Latin os, oss- 'bone.'

angel investing

refers to the earliest stage of venture capital, in which investors fund the first cash needs of an entrepreneurial idea. investing in small companies One difference between venture capitalists and angel investors is what money they use to invest. ... Typically, VCs do not use their own money to invest in companies. An angel investor is an accredited investor who uses their own money to invest in small businesses.

cervical

relating to the cervix (near vagina) relating to the neck.

cortical

relating to the outer layer of the cerebrum. relating to or forming an outer layer of tissue immediately below the epidermis of a stem or root.

saturated vs unsaturated

saturated- holding as much water as possible unsaturated- not holding water Saturated fat These are fats that have single bonds between their molecules and are "saturated" with hydrogen molecules. They tend to be solids at room temperature, such as butter. Food sources rich in saturated fat include meat and dairy products, such as: cheese butter ice-cream high-fat cuts of meat coconut oil palm oil Research has found that medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) are the most healthful type of saturated fat. Coconut, for example, is rich in MCTs. Unsaturated fat Unsaturated fats contain one or more double or triple bonds between the molecules. As oils, these fats are liquids at room temperature. They are also found in solid foods. This group is further classified into two categories called monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats. Dietary sources of unsaturated fats include: avocados and avocado oil olives and olive oil peanut butter and peanut oil vegetable oils, such as sunflower, corn, or canola fatty fish, such as salmon and mackerel nuts and seeds, such as almonds, peanuts, cashews, and sesame seeds Trans fat These fats are liquid fats that are converted to solid fats during food processing techniques. Some meats and dairy products contain small amounts of trans fats, but they are usually found in processed foods. Examples of food products that may contain trans fats include cookies, crackers, doughnuts, and fried foods.

erogenous

sexually stimulating (of a part of the body) sensitive to sexual stimulation.

foods high in magnesium

spinach, mustard greens, summer squash, broccoli, halibut, turnip greens, pumpkin seeds, peppermint, cucumber, green beans, celery, kale, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, and flax seeds\ nuts and spinach

-ose

sugar e.g. glucose, lactose, maltose, etc.

Pareidolia

tendency to perceive meaningful images in meaningless visual stimuli Pareidolia is the tendency for incorrect perception of a stimulus as an object, pattern or meaning known to the observer, such as seeing shapes in clouds, seeing faces in inanimate objects or abstract patterns, or hearing hidden messages in music. Pareidolia can be considered a subcategory of apophenia.

cortex

the outer layer of the cerebrum (the cerebral cortex ), composed of folded gray matter and playing an important role in consciousness. an outer layer of another organ or body part such as a kidney (the renal cortex ), the cerebellum, or a hair.

funny bone

the place where a nerve passes your bended elbow Your funny bone is not a bone at all. It's the ulnar nerve, running very superficially as it passes by the medial epicondyle of the humerus. In human anatomy, the ulnar nerve is a nerve that runs near the ulna bone. The ulnar collateral ligament of elbow joint is in relation with the ulnar nerve. The nerve is the largest in the human body unprotected by muscle or bone, so injury is common. This nerve is directly connected to the little finger, and the adjacent half of the ring finger, innervating the palmar aspect of these fingers, including both front and back of the tips, perhaps as far back as the fingernail beds. This nerve can cause an electric shock-like sensation by striking the medial epicondyle of the humerus from posteriorly, or inferiorly with the elbow flexed. The ulnar nerve is trapped between the bone and the overlying skin at this point. This is commonly referred to as bumping one's "funny bone". This name is thought to be a pun, based on the sound resemblance between the name of the bone of the upper arm, the "humerus", and the word "humorous". Alternatively, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, it may refer to "the peculiar sensation experienced when it is struck".

what is cloud computing

the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer. Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of computer system resources, especially data storage and computing power, without direct active management by the user. The term is generally used to describe data centers available to many users over the Internet.

photoperiodism

the response of an organism to seasonal changes in day length. Photoperiodism is the physiological reaction of organisms to the length of night or a dark period. It occurs in plants and animals. Photoperiodism can also be defined as the developmental responses of plants to the relative lengths of light and dark periods.

thoracic vertebrae

the second set of 12 vertebrae; form the outward curve of the spine and are known as T1 through T12 The thoracic vertebrae are a group of twelve small bones that form the vertebral spine in the upper trunk. Thoracic vertebrae are unique among the bones of the spine in that they are the only vertebrae that support ribs and have overlapping spinous processes

ventricles

the two lower chambers of the heart, and they pump blood out to the lungs and body.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

the use of strong magnets to briefly interrupt normal brain activity as a way to study brain regions Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve symptoms of depression. TMS is typically used when other depression treatments haven't been effective.

macrostate

the whole system A macrostate is characterized by a probability distribution of possible states across a certain statistical ensemble of all microstates. This distribution describes the probability of finding the system in a certain microstate.

Alexander Shulgin

​resynthesized MDMA, studied it extensively. Wrote 2 books with his wife: PiHKAL and TiHKAL law enforcement really disliked his book and his research, raided his home but couldn't find anything Alexander Shulgin, the man who rediscovered MDMA and "the godfather of psychedelics", had a license from the DEA to produce any schedule 1 substance. He managed to discover over 200 psychoactive compounds before the license was revoked. 'Dirty Pictures' is a very good documentary on him. He was an extremely gifted intellectual and chemist and lived a super interesting life. His chemistry set up in his basement looks just like you would imaging a mad scientist's lab to look. He made his millions in developing a slug killing chemical for gardens and then went on to rediscover MDMA when he was reading through scientific reports that were impounded from a German pharmaceutical company after WWII if I recall correctly.