Vocab v74
perdition
(in Christian theology) a state of eternal punishment and damnation into which a sinful and unpenitent person passes after death. eternal punishment
"I asked them why when they persecute men, for religion or colour it was seen by the world as oppression and when they persecute women, it was dismissed as tradition."
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All mammalian forelimbs are anatomical variations of a common architecture.
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An example of a hydrophilic substance that does not dissolve in water is cotton. Cotton consists of giant molecules of cellulose, a compound with many regions of partial positive and partial negative charges associated with polar bonds. Water adheres to cellulose fibers. Thus, a cotton towel does a great job of drying the body and does not dissolve in the washing machine.
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At temperatures above 4°C water behaves like other liquids. Expanding as it warms, and contracting as it cools. Water begins to freeze when its molecules are no longer moving vigorously enough to break their hydrogen bonds. As the temperature falls to 0°C the water becomes locked into a crystalline lattice, each water molecule bonded to four partners. The hydrogen bonds keep the molecules far enough apart to make ice 10% less dense than liquid water at 4°C. When ice absorbs enough heat for its temperature to rise above 0°C, hydrogen bonds between molecules are disrupted. As the crystal collapses, the ice melts, and molecules are free to slip closer together. Water reaches its greatest density at 4°C and then begins to expand as the molecules move faster.
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Chemistry is trying to understand the emergent properties of physics. Physics is trying to understand the emergent properties of mathematics.
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Debates about technology center more on should we do it than can we do it.
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During these leisure times, those old notions about freedom would steal over me again. When in Mr. Gardner's employment, I was kept in such a perpetual whirl of excitement, I could think of nothing, scarcely, but my life; and in thinking of my life, I almost forgot my liberty. I have observed this in my experience of slavery,—that whenever my condition was improved, instead of its increasing my contentment, it only increased my desire to be free, and set me to thinking of plans to gain my freedom. I have found that, to make a contented slave, it is necessary to make a thoughtless one. It is necessary to darken his moral and mental vision, and, as far as possible, to annihilate the power of reason. He must be able to detect no inconsistencies in slavery; he must be made to feel that slavery is right; and he can be brought to that only when he ceases to be a man.
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Environment affects the strength of ionic bonds. In a dry salt crystal, the bonds are so strong that it takes a hammer and chisel to break enough of them to crack the crystal in two. Place the same salt crystal in water and the salt dissolves as the attractions between its ions decrease.
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Every moment they spent in that school, they were liable to be taken up, and given thirty-nine lashes. They came because they wished to learn. Their minds had been starved by their cruel masters. They had been shut up in mental darkness. I taught them, because it was the delight of my soul to be doing something that looked like bettering the condition of my race. And I have the happiness to know, that several of those who came to Sabbath school learned how to read; and that one, at least, is now free through my agency.
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Hydrophobic substances are nonionic and nonpolar. An example is vegetable oil which does not mix well with water, or water based substances such as vinegar. The hydrophobic behavior of oil molecules results from a prevalence of relatively nonpolar bonds, in this case bonds between carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbons).
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I assert most unhesitatingly, that the religion of the south is a mere covering for the most horrid crimes,—a justifier of the most appalling barbarity,—a sanctifier of the most hateful frauds,—and a dark shelter under, which the darkest, foulest, grossest, and most infernal deeds of slaveholders find the strongest protection.
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I really like this one, except that it should be reworked to say that we're not being the self we want to be to certain other people. We don't have a single self, but a collection of selves that can be expressed in various circumstances, and most people have a hard time accepting those selves in different roles. There's a lot imposter syndrome, perfectionism, and defeatism out there that keeps people from the trial and error necessary to start to be the self we desire.
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In the midst of plenty, yet suffering the terrible gnawings of hunger,—in the midst of houses, yet having no home,—among fellow-men, yet feeling as if in the midst of wild beasts, whose greediness to swallow up the trembling and half-famished fugitive is only equalled by that with which the monsters of the deep swallow up the helpless fish upon which they subsist,—I say, let him be placed in this most trying situation,—the situation in which I was placed,—then, and not till then, will he fully appreciate the hardships of, and know how to sympathize with, the toil-worn and whip-scarred fugitive slave.
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Is it acceptable to use DNA technology to check if people have genes for hereditary diseases? Should such tests always be voluntary? In some cases should they be mandatory? Should employers and insurance agencies have access to the information?
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Molecular shape is crucial in biology because it determines how biological molecules recognize and respond to one another with specificity.
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Proteins are the most structurally sophisticated molecules known.
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Subatomic particles < Atoms < Molecules < Organelles < Cells < Tissues < Organs < Organisms < Populations < Communities < Ecosystems < The Biosphere.
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The molecular logic of life is simple, but elegant: Small molecules common to all organisms are ordered into unique macromolecules.
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The pH scale is logarithmic. So a substance with a pH of 6 vs one with a pH of 3 will be 1000 times as acidic.
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The reason you can burn your fingers by touching the metal handle of a pot on the stove when the water in the pot is still lukewarm is that the specific heat of water is ten times greater than that of iron. In other words, it will take only .1 cal to raise the temperature of 1 gram of iron 1°C.
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Uncontaminated rain has a pH of around 5.6 from CO2 dissolving in water to form carbonic acid. Acid precipitation refers to rain, snow, or fog with a pH lower or more acidic that pH 5.6. Acid precipitation is caused by sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides mainly from burning fossil fuels such as coal. Acid precipitation can destroy soil chemistry leading to the death of forests and other biomes.
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Van der waals interactions, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and other weak bonds may form not only between molecules but also between different regions of a single large molecule such as a protein. Although these bonds are individually weak, their cumulative effect is to reinforce the three-dimensional shape of a large molecule.
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Water has the highest specific heat capacity of any liquid. Specific heat is defined as the amount of heat one gram of a substance must absorb or lose to change its temperature by one degree Celsius. Water's high specific heat is due to hydrogen bonding. Heat must be absorbed in order to break hydrogen bonds and heat is released when hydrogen bonds form. For the same reason water has a high specific heat, it also has a high latent heat of vaporization. This is due to hydrogen bonds as well. In order for water molecules to leave the liquid the hydrogen bonds must be broken first.
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Water is the solvent of life.
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When an atom forms a covalent bond the orbitals in its valence shell rearrange. For atoms with valence electrons in both s and p orbitals the single s and three p orbitals hybridize to form four new hybrid orbitals shaped like identical teardrops extending from the region of the atomic nucleus. CH4 has the shape of a complicated tetrahedron because all four hybrid orbitals of carbon are shared with hydrogen atoms. The nucleus of carbon is at the center with four covalent bonds radiating to hydrogen nuclei at the corners of the tetrahedron.
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When water is in its liquid form, its hydrogen bonds are very fragile, about 1/20th as strong as covalent bonds. They form, break, and re-form with great frequency. Each hydrogen bond lasts only a few trillionths of a second, but the molecules are constantly forming new bonds with a succession of partners. Thus, at any instant a substantial percentage of all the water molecules are bonded to their neighbors making water more structured than most other liquids. Collectively the hydrogen bonds hold the substance together, a phenomenon known as cohesion. Cohesion due to hydrogen bonding contributes to the transport of water and dissolved nutrients against gravity in plants. Water from the roots reaches the leaves through a network of water-conducting cells.
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You have seen how a man was made a slave; you shall see how a slave was made a man.
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ionic compound
Any two ions of opposite charge (anion and cation) can from an ionic bond. The ions need not have acquired their charge by an electron transfer with each other. Compounds formed by ionic bonds are called ionic compounds or salts. A salt crystal does not consist of molecules in the sense that a covalent compound foes, because a covalently bonded molecule has a definite size and number of atoms. The formula for an ionic compound such as NaCl indicates only the ratio of elements in a crystal of the salt. NaCl is not a molecule. got this from a 2007 textbook, idk. id consider salts molecules...
how do spiders eat?
As a first step in eating, the spider will literally vomit digestive fluid over the prey. Then the prey is chewed with the "jaws" (chelicerae), and the fluid is sucked back into the mouth together with some liquefied "meat" from the prey. The spider repeats this process as often as necessary to digest, and ingest, all but the inedible hard parts. What is discarded afterwards is a small ball of residue. Spiders other than orbweavers may eat the prey's body but discard some of the wings, legs, etc. Spiders with very small (if strong) jaws (such as crab spiders and cobweb weavers) make small holes in the prey and vomit their digestive fluid into the prey's body, the end result being a hollow shell with some or most of the muscles and internal organs digested and sucked out.
evaporative cooling
As a liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down. This evaporative cooling occurs because the 'hottest' molecules, those with the greatest kinetic energy are the most likely to leave as gas. It is as if the hundred fastest runners at a college transferred to another school; the average speed of the remaining students would decline.
hard bargain
Be severe in negotiating a transaction, make an agreement to one's advantage. For example, It's more than I planned to pay, but you drive a hard bargain.
why magnesium carbonate in table salt?
Because of its water-absorbing properties, some manufacturers add food-grade magnesium carbonate to salt and flour as an anti-clumping agent.
Beta cell
Beta cells (β cells) are a type of cell found in pancreatic islets that synthesize and secrete insulin and amylin. Beta cells make up 50-70% of the cells in human islets.[1] In patients with Type I Diabetes, beta-cell mass and function are diminished, leading to insufficient insulin secretion and hyperglycemia. The primary function of a beta cell is to produce and release insulin and amylin. Both are hormones which reduce blood glucose levels by different mechanisms. Beta cells can respond quickly to spikes in blood glucose concentrations by secreting some of their stored insulin and amylin while simultaneously producing more. Beta cells are the only site of insulin synthesis in mammals.
carbohydrate vs saccharide
Carbohydrates are often classified according to the number of saccharide units they contain. A monosaccharide contains a single carbohydrate, over 200 different monosaccharides are known. A disaccharide gives two carbohydrate units on hydrolysis. Carbohydrate: The term is most common in biochemistry, where it is a synonym of saccharide, a group that includes sugars, starch, and cellulose. The saccharides are divided into four chemical groups: monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. carb is a sugar chain
What solutions serve as buffers for human blood pH?
Carbonic acid is already a component of the buffering system of blood. Thus hydronium ions are removed, preventing the pH of blood from becoming acidic. On the other hand, when a basic substance enters the bloodstream, carbonic acid reacts with the hydroxide ions producing bicarbonate ions and water. Most other buffers are acid-base pairs.
What is the largest natural molecule?
DNA(Deoxyribonucleic acid) can be a contender for being the largest naturally occurring molecule. It is a macromolecule and can reach macroscopic sizes. Similarly a lot of other polymers can also reach such sizes. PG5 is 10 nanometers in diameter and weighs as much as 200 million hydrogen atoms. This is far bigger than the previous record-holder, polystyrene polymers that were only 40 million hydrogen atoms. meh
Strong acids and strong bases
Dissociate completely in a solution. Meaning the reaction is irreversible. HCl is a strong acid and NaOH is a strong base. Weak acids will reversibly release and accept hydrogen ions. An example is carbonic acid (H2CO3).
Structural isomer
One of several compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms. The number of possible structural isomers increases as the carbon skeleton increases in size. Pentane (C5H12) has 3 isomers. C8H18 has 18 isomers. And C20H42 has 366,319 isomers. Structural isomers may also differ in the location of double bonds.
Polysaccarides
Large macromolecules formed from chains of a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides by glycosidic linkages (a covalent bond between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction). Dehydration reaction means a water molecules is released after the bond is formed. Starch, a storage polysaccharide in plants, is a polymer consisting entirely of glucose monomers. Examples of starch include amylose and amylopectin. Plants store starch as granules within cellular structures called plastids which include chloroplasts.
how many different radioactive isotopes are there?
More than 1,000 radioactive isotopes of the various elements are known. Approximately 50 of these are found in nature; the rest are produced artificially as the direct products of nuclear reactions or indirectly as the radioactive descendants of these products. Radioactive isotopes have many useful applications.
nitrogen deficient corn
Smaller corn stalks, smaller yield, yellowing plants. All plants require sufficient supplies of macronutrients for healthy growth, and nitrogen (N) is a nutrient that is commonly in limited supply. Nitrogen deficiency in plants can occur when organic matter with high carbon content, such as sawdust, is added to soil.[1] Soil organisms use any nitrogen to break down carbon sources, making N unavailable to plants.[1] This is known as "robbing" the soil of nitrogen. All vegetables apart from nitrogen fixing legumes are prone to this disorder. Nitrogen deficiency can be prevented in the short term by using grass mowings as a mulch, or foliar feeding with manure, and in the longer term by building up levels of organic matter in the soil. Sowing green manure crops such as grazing rye to cover soil over the winter will help to prevent nitrogen leaching, while leguminous green manures such as winter tares will fix additional nitrogen from the atmosphere.
smart contracts
Smart contracts are pre-specified agreements on the blockchain that evaluate information and automatically execute when certain conditions are met. Crowdfunding is a good example: if a certain amount of Ether is deposited into a smart contract by a certain date, then payment will be released to the fundraiser — if it is not, then payment will be returned to donors. Because smart contracts exist on a blockchain, they are immutable (can't be changed) and verifiable (everyone can see them), guaranteeing a high level of trust among parties that they accurately reflect the stated parameters of the agreement and will execute if, and only if, those parameters are met.
sulfur function in the body
Sulfur plays an important role in the body and is necessary for the synthesis of certain key proteins. For example, sulfur is needed for the synthesis of glutathione, which acts as a potent antioxidant, protecting your cells from damage. Sulfur plays an important role in crucial functions in your body, such as making protein, regulating gene expression, building and repairing DNA, and helping your body metabolize food.
Systems biology
Systems biology is the computational and mathematical analysis and modeling of complex biological systems. It is a biology-based interdisciplinary field of study that focuses on complex interactions within biological systems, using a holistic approach (holism instead of the more traditional reductionism) to biological research.[1] When it is crossing the field of systems theory and the applied mathematics methods, it develops into the sub-branch of complex systems biology.
valence
The bonding capacity of a given atom; equals the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the atom's outermost (valence) shell. e.g. Oxygen has a valence of 2 (it has 6 paired electrons and 2 unpaired)
do electrons actually orbit the nucleus?
The electrons do not orbit the nucleus in the manner of a planet orbiting the sun, but instead exist as standing waves. Thus the lowest possible energy an electron can take is similar to the fundamental frequency of a wave on a string.
How many amino acids exist?
The key elements of an amino acid are carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N), although other elements are found in the side chains of certain amino acids. a About 500 naturally occurring amino acids are known (though only 20 appear in the genetic code) and can be classified in many ways. They can be classified according to the core structural functional groups' locations as alpha- (α-), beta- (β-), gamma- (γ-) or delta- (δ-) amino acids; other categories relate to polarity, pH level, and side chain group type (aliphatic, acyclic, aromatic, containing hydroxyl or sulfur, etc.). In the form of proteins, amino acid residues form the second-largest component (water is the largest) of human muscles and other tissues.[4] Beyond their role as residues in proteins, amino acids participate in a number of processes such as neurotransmitter transport and biosynthesis.
who wrote the most books?
The most published works by one author is 1,084 by L. Ron Hubbard (USA) whose first work was published in February 1934 and the last in March 2006.
structural formula
a formula that shows the bonding arrangement of atoms in a molecule/compound
molecular mimic
a molecule that fits into the receptor of another molecule e.g. LSD binds to serotonin receptors
liberator
a person who liberates a person or place from imprisonment or oppression. rescuer; savior An anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison. It drew attention to abolition, both positive and negative, causing a war of words between supporters of slavery and those opposed.
hydrolysis
a process that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction Bonds between monomers are broken by the addition of water molecules, a hydrogen from the water attaching to one monomer and a hydroxyl group attaching to the adjacent monomer. An example of hydrolysis is the process of digestion. Most of the food we eat is in the form of polymers that are too big to enter our cells. In the digestive tract enzymes attack these polymers, speeding up hydrolysis. The released monomers then enter the bloodstream and are distributed to all cells in the body. Those cells then use dehydration reactions to assemble new polymers out of the monomers from the bloodstream. These new polymers will perform specific functions for the cell.
dalton (Da)
a proton has a mass of approximately 1 dalton electron = 1/2000 Da
vestige
a trace; remnant a trace or evidence of something that once existed
indispensible
absolutely necessary, not to be neglected crucial; essential
decathlon
an athletic contest in which each contestant takes part in ten events
hypothesis
an explanation on trial
conjecture
an opinion or conclusion formed on the basis of incomplete information. speculation; guess
analysis vs synthesis
analysis: taking things apart synthesis: putting things together
If an atom of helium were the size of Yankee Stadium, the nucleus would be only the size of a pencil eraser in the center of the field. Moreover, the electrons would be like two tiny gnats buzzing around the stadium.
bananas. frickin bananas, bru\
acid
compound that forms or donates hydrogen ions (H+) in solution A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. e.g. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) donates H+ ions to the solution. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) donates H+ ions as well.
interdependent
dependent on one another We are mutually interdependent and must find ways to support each other and help each to thrive.
industrious
diligent and hard-working.
van der waals interactions
ever-changing regions of positive and negative charge that enable all atoms and molecules to stick to one another a intermolecular bonding force based on superposition of electrons _____________ Even a molecules with nonpolar covalent bonds may have positively and negatively charged regions. Because electrons are in constant motion, they are not always symmetrically distributed in the molecule; at any instant they may accumulate by chance in one part of the molecule or another. The results are ever changing "hot spots" of positive and negative charge that enable all atoms and molecules to stick to one another. These van der waals interactions are weak and occur only when atoms and molecules are very close together. In spite of their weakness, van der waals interactions were recently shown to be responsible for the ability of a gecko lizard to walk up a wall. Each gecko toe has hundreds of thousands of tiny hairs, with multiple projections at the hairs tip that increase surface area. apparently the van der waals interactions between the hair tip molecules and the molecules of the walls surface are so numerous that in spite of their individual weakness together they can support the geckos body weight.
subjugation
forced submission to control by others the act of conquering or bringing under control; enslavement
geometric isomers
have the same covalent arrangements but differ in spatial arrangements of their atoms Geometric isomers arise from the inflexibility of double bonds, which, unlike single bonds, will not allow the atoms they join to rotate freely about the bond axis. The subtle difference in shape between geometric isomers can dramatically affect the biological activities of organic molecules. For example, the biochemistry of vision involves a light induces change of rhodopsin, a chemical compound in the eye, from cis isomer to the trans isomer.
impropriety
inappropriate behavior; improper conduct; bad manners
asymmetrical
no symmetry having parts which fail to correspond to one another in shape, size, or arrangement; lacking symmetry. e.g. a mirror image
Avogadro's number
number of representative particles in a mole, 6.02 X 10^23 Because of the way avogadro's number and the unit dalton were originally defined, there are 6.02 X 10^23 daltons in 1 gram. Daltons are the same as AMU's. e.g. hydrogen mass is 1 dalton. Carbon mass is 12 daltons.
enzymes
proteins that regulate metabolism by acting as catalysts, selectively speeding up chemical reactions in the cell without being consumed by the reaction
resurrection
rising from the dead; revitalize "I resurrected my robust passion for life."
Phospholipids
similar to a fat except it has only two fatty acids attached to glycerol rather than three A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.
catalysis
the acceleration of a chemical reaction by a catalyst
chemical reaction
the making and breaking of chemical bonds leading to changes in the composition of matter
electron orbital
the three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time
dispell
to drive away; to dissipate make (a doubt, feeling, or belief) disappear.
evincing
to show or demonstrate clearly reveal the presence of (a quality or feeling). finely-cultivated gardens; evincing an amount of wealth
molecule
two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds e.g. H2. Hydrogen is diatomic because in its protium form (one proton and one electron) its S electron shell is half full. It naturally will covalently bind with another hydrogen to satisfy the S electron shell.
"I love the review on here that says, "This book was kind of hard to get into because of the high level words used in this book." In the 21st century a grown adult/product of the USA's educational system finds the vocabulary of a self-taught 19th century slave beyond their comprehension, seriously? God Bless America."
¯\_(ツ)_/¯
electron shell
An energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom. The further out from the nucleus the orbital, the higher the potential energy of the electron.
Autumn leaf color
A green leaf is green because of the presence of a pigment known as chlorophyll, which is inside an organelle called a chloroplast. When abundant in the leaf's cells, as during the growing season, the chlorophyll's green color dominates and masks out the colors of any other pigments that may be present in the leaf. Thus, the leaves of summer are characteristically green.[6] In this leaf, the veins are still green, while the other tissue is turning red. This produces a fractal-like pattern Chlorophyll has a vital function: it captures solar rays and uses the resulting energy in the manufacture of the plant's food - simple sugars which are produced from water and carbon dioxide. These sugars are the basis of the plant's nourishment - the sole source of the carbohydrates needed for growth and development. In their food-manufacturing process, the chlorophylls break down, thus are being continually "used up". During the growing season, however, the plant replenishes the chlorophyll so that the supply remains high and the leaves stay green. As autumn approaches, with daylight hours shortening and temperatures cooling, the veins that carry fluids into and out of the leaf are gradually closed off as a layer of special cork cells forms at the base of each leaf. As this cork layer develops, water and mineral intake into the leaf is reduced, slowly at first, and then more rapidly. During this time, the amount of chlorophyll in the leaf begins to decrease. Often, the veins are still green after the tissues between them have almost completely changed color. Much chlorophyll is in photosystem II (light-harvesting complex II or LHC II), the most abundant membrane protein on earth.[citation needed] LHC II captures light in photosynthesis. It is located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast and it is composed of an apoprotein along with several ligands, the most important of which are chlorophylls a and b. In the autumn, this complex is broken down. Chlorophyll degradation is thought to occur first. Research suggests that the beginning of chlorophyll degradation is catalyzed by chlorophyll b reductase, which reduces chlorophyll b to 7‑hydroxymethyl chlorophyll a, which is then reduced to chlorophyll a.[7] This is believed to destabilize the complex, at which point breakdown of the apoprotein occurs. An important enzyme in the breakdown of the apoprotein is FtsH6, which belongs to the FtsH family of proteases.[8] Chlorophylls degrade into colorless tetrapyrroles known as nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolites.[9] As the chlorophylls degrade, the hidden pigments of yellow xanthophylls and orange beta-carotene are revealed. These pigments are present throughout the year, but the red pigments, the anthocyanins, are synthesized de novo once roughly half of chlorophyll has been degraded. The amino acids released from degradation of light harvesting complexes are stored all winter in the tree's roots, branches, stems, and trunk until the next spring, when they are recycled to releaf the tree.[citation needed] Carotenoids are present in leaves the throughout the year, but their orange-yellow colors are usually masked by green chlorophyll.[6] As autumn approaches, certain influences both inside and outside the plant cause the chlorophylls to be replaced at a slower rate than they are being used up. During this period, with the total supply of chlorophylls gradually dwindling, the "masking" effect slowly fades away. Then other pigments present (along with the chlorophylls) in the leaf's cells begin to show through.[6] These are carotenoids and they provide colorations of yellow, brown, orange, and the many hues in between. The carotenoids occur, along with the chlorophyll pigments, in tiny structures called plastids, within the cells of leaves. Sometimes, they are in such abundance in the leaf that they give a plant a yellow-green color, even during the summer. Usually, however, they become prominent for the first time in autumn, when the leaves begin to lose their chlorophyll. Carotenoids are common in many living things, giving characteristic color to carrots, corn, canaries, and daffodils, as well as egg yolks, rutabagas, buttercups, and bananas. Their brilliant yellows and oranges tint the leaves of such hardwood species as hickories, ash, maple, yellow poplar, aspen, birch, black cherry, sycamore, cottonwood, sassafras, and alder. Carotenoids are the dominant pigment in coloration of about 15-30% of tree species.[6] Anthocyanins The reds, the purples, and their blended combinations that decorate autumn foliage come from another group of pigments in the cells called anthocyanins. Unlike the carotenoids, these pigments are not present in the leaf throughout the growing season, but are actively produced towards the end of summer.[6] They develop in late summer in the sap of the cells of the leaf, and this development is the result of complex interactions of many influences - both inside and outside the plant. Their formation depends on the breakdown of sugars in the presence of bright light as the level of phosphate in the leaf is reduced.[10] During the summer growing season, phosphate is at a high level. It has a vital role in the breakdown of the sugars manufactured by chlorophyll, but in the fall, phosphate, along with the other chemicals and nutrients, moves out of the leaf into the stem of the plant. When this happens, the sugar-breakdown process changes, leading to the production of anthocyanin pigments. The brighter the light during this period, the greater the production of anthocyanins and the more brilliant the resulting color display. When the days of autumn are bright and cool, and the nights are chilly but not freezing, the brightest colorations usually develop. Anthocyanins temporarily color the edges of some of the very young leaves as they unfold from the buds in early spring. They also give the familiar color to such common fruits as cranberries, red apples, blueberries, cherries, strawberries, and plums.
antibody
A protein. An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig),[1] is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the pathogen, called an antigen, via the fragment antigen-binding (Fab) variable region.
condensation reaction (dehydration reaction)
A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water, in which case it is also called a dehydration reaction.
scientific method
A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.
base
A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. Some bases reduce the H+ concentration directly by accepting hydrogen ions. Ammonia (NH3) acts as a base when the unshared electron pair in nitrogens valence shell attracts a hydrogen ion from the solution resulting in an ammonium ion (NH4+). Other bases reduce the H+ concentration indirectly by dissociating to for hydroxide ions, when then combine with hydrogen ions in the solution to form water. One base that acts this way is sodium hydroxide (NaOH): NaOH ---> Na+ + OH- So basically some bases absorb hydronium ions while others produce hydroxide ions.
glycerol
A three-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded to make fats and oils.
steroids
A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached. e.g. Cholesterol is common in animal cell membranes and is a precursor for other steroid synthesis. Many hormones, including vertebrate sex hormones are steroids produced from cholesterol.
hydrogen bond
A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.
amino acid
Amino acids are organic compounds containing amino groups (amine) and carboxyl functional groups, along with a side chain specific to each amino acid. The center carbon is called the alpha carbon.
is ammonia soluble in water?
Ammonia is NH3 due to the lone pair at the nitrogen the lone pairs in oxygen from the H2O are attracted forming hydrogen bonds consequently being soluble in water . Solubility of a substance in water relies upon on its polar nature. considering water is polar molecule, it dissolves readily polar molecules.
orb-weaving spiders
Generally, orb-weaving spiders are three-clawed builders of flat webs with sticky spiral capture silk. The building of a web is an engineering feat, begun when the spider floats a line on the wind to another surface. The spider secures the line and then drops another line from the center, making a "Y". The rest of the scaffolding follows with many radii of nonsticky silk being constructed before a final spiral of sticky capture silk. The third claw is used to walk on the nonsticky part of the web. Characteristically, the prey insect that blunders into the sticky lines is stunned by a quick bite, and then wrapped in silk. If the prey is a venomous insect, such as a wasp, wrapping may precede biting and/or stinging. The webs of a few species are strong enough to capture small vertebrates, including bats and birds.[4] Many orb-weavers build a new web each day. Most orb-weavers tend to be active during the evening hours; they hide for most of the day. Generally, towards evening, the spider will consume the old web, rest for approximately an hour, then spin a new web in the same general location. Thus, the webs of orb-weavers are generally free of the accumulation of detritus common to other species, such as black widow spiders. Some orb-weavers do not build webs at all. Members of the genera Mastophora in the Americas, Cladomelea in Africa, and Ordgarius in Australia produce sticky globules, which contain a pheromone analog. The globule is hung from a silken thread dangled by the spider from its front legs. The pheromone analog attracts male moths of only a few species. These get stuck on the globule and are reeled in to be eaten. Both types of bolas spiders are highly camouflaged and difficult to locate.
How do you know what type of element/compound to use to make a UV light?
I would think the operating principle is just electrons dispensing excess energy in the form of UV photons, but I'm unsure. I have heard of other elements emitting infrared, visible light, and other frequencies, but as to what determines the frequency idk. Maybe electron configuration? I need to learn more chem.
chemical equilibrium
In a chemical reaction, the state in which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction, so that the relative concentrations of the reactants and products do not change with time.
I was somewhat unmanageable when I first went there, but a few months of this discipline tamed me. Mr. Covey succeeded in breaking me. I was broken in body, soul, and spirit. My natural elasticity was crushed, my intellect languished, the disposition to read departed, the cheerful spark that lingered about my eye died; the dark night of slavery closed in upon me; and behold a man transformed into a brute! Sunday was my only leisure time. I spent this in a sort of beast-like stupor, between sleep and wake, under some large tree. At times I would rise up, a flash of energetic freedom would dart through my soul, accompanied with a faint beam of hope, that flickered for a moment, and then vanished. I sank down again, mourning over my wretched condition. I was sometimes prompted to take my life, and that of Covey, but was prevented by a combination of hope and fear. My sufferings on this plantation seem now like a dream rather than a stern reality.
Its funny how this depiction of slavery is word for word how I feel about my experience with manual labor.
heaviest protein
Titin, is definitely the largest protein in the body, with a molecular weight of 3 million Dalton and composed of 27,000 amino acids. Paradoxically, this huge structure was elusive until the last decade but, since it was described in muscle tissue, its importance has rapidly emerged. Titin also known as connectin, is a protein that is encoded by the TTN gene in humans.[5][6] Titin is a giant protein, greater than 1 µm in length,[7] that functions as a molecular spring which is responsible for the passive elasticity of muscle in addition to keeping myosin molecules in place. It comprises 244 individually folded protein domains connected by unstructured peptide sequences.[8] These domains unfold when the protein is stretched and refold when the tension is removed.[9] Titin is important in the contraction of striated muscle tissues. It connects the Z line to the M line in the sarcomere. The protein contributes to force transmission at the Z line and resting tension in the I band region.[10] It limits the range of motion of the sarcomere in tension, thus contributing to the passive stiffness of muscle. Variations in the sequence of titin between different types of muscle (e.g., cardiac or skeletal) have been correlated with differences in the mechanical properties of these muscles.[5][11] Titin is the third most abundant protein in muscle (after myosin and actin), and an adult human contains approximately 0.5 kg of titin.[12] With its length of ~27,000 to ~35,000 amino acids (depending on the splice isoform), titin is the largest known protein.[13] Furthermore, the gene for titin contains the largest number of exons (363) discovered in any single gene,[14] as well as the longest single exon (17,106 bp).
insoluble fiber
Usually cellulose. Humans cannot digest cellulose. When cellulose enters the digestive tract, along the way the cellulose abrades the wall of the digestive tract and stimulates the lining to secrete mucus, which aids in the smooth passage of food through the tract. Thus, cellulose is not a nutrient for humans but is important for the diet. On packages insoluble fiber mainly refers to cellulose. Some microbes can digest cellulose into glucose monomers e.g. the microbes living in a cow's digestive tract. Termites also have microbes in their gut so they can eat wood.
hydration shell
When an ionic compound is dissolved in water, each ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules
peptide bond
When two amino acids are positioned so that the carboxyl group of one is adjacent to the amino group of the other, an enzyme can cause them to join by catalyzing a dehydration reaction with the removal of a water molecule. The resulting covalent bond is called a peptide bond. Done over and over, this will yield polypeptide. At one end of the polypeptide chain is a free amino group, at the opposite end is a free carboxyl group. Thus, the chain has an amino end (N-terminus) and a carboxyl end (C-terminus).
does temperature affect dna replication?
Yes. The helical structure of double-stranded DNA is destabilized by increasing temperature. Above a critical temperature (the melting temperature), the two strands in duplex DNA become fully separated. e.g. PCR technique
