WC+ Ch. 20 - The Industrial Revolution Begins

enclosure

A movement which increased farm production was called _________.

turnpike

A privately-built road that charged travelers a toll or fee for its use is called a _________ .

socialism

According to __________, society as a group should own and operate the means of production (farms, businesses and factories).

Ricardo

David _________ stated in his "iron-law of wages" that, when wages are high, the poor would have larger families; an increased supply of labor led to lower wages and higher unemployment.

Fulton

American Robert ______ used Watt's steam engine to power The Clermont up the Hudson River in 1807.

transportation

As production increased, entrepreneurs needed faster and cheaper methods of moving goods from place to place. Turnpikes, or toll roads, canals, stronger bridges, and upgraded harbors all helped to improve ________.

Dickens

British novelist, Charles _______, attempted to describe the miserable lot of the urban poor, the harshness of the life of the factory worker, and the abuses of child labor.

children

Factories and mines employed ______ as young as five years old. Employers often hired orphans.

Watt

James _______ invented an improved version of the steam engine.

Hargreaves

James ________ invented the spinning jenny in 1764, which could spin many threads at the same time.

Bentham

Jeremy _______ preached utilitarianism. He believed that all laws should be judged for their "utility."

Kay

John _____ invented the flying shuttle.

Wesley

John ________ was the founder of the Methodist church.

Farmer George

King George III, nicknamed "______ _______" wrote articles about his model farm near Windsor Castle.

Turnip

Lord Charles "______" Townshend urged farmers to grow turnips to restore exhausted soil.

tenements

Many poor people lived in slums. They packed into tiny rooms in _______, multistory buildings divided into crowded apartments. In the slums, there was no sewage or sanitation system, and waste and garbage rotted in the streets. Cholera and other diseases spread rapidly.

Faraday

Michael ______ invented the Dynamo.

urbanization

Movement of people from the country to the cities is referred to as _______.

factories

New inventions in the textile industry made it necessary to change from the "putting out system" to producing cloth in ___________ .

large

Regarding changes in the textile industry, there were several new machines that encouraged a much greater creation process. The new machines were too ______and expensive to be operated at home. Thus, the putting out system was replaced by the first factories, places that brought together workers and machines to produce large quantities of goods.

enclosure

Rich landowners pushed ahead with _______, the process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers. As millions of acres were enclosed, farm output rose.

Owen

Robert ______ was a mill owner who worked for child labor laws. He had set up a model community in Scotland and put Utopian ideas into practice.

Crompton

Samuel ________ invented the "Spinning Mule," which combined features of the Spinning Jenny and the Water Frame.

Stephenson

The "iron horse" steam-powered locomotive used to pull a train was invented by George __________.

urbanization

The Industrial Revolution brought rapid ________, or the movement of people to cities. The wealthy and middle class lived in pleasant neighborhoods. Many poor people lived in slums.

technology

The Industrial Revolution was made possible by: a second agricultural revolution. a population explosion. the development of new __________.

Arkwright

The Water Frame used water power to speed up spinning production. The device was invented by the Englishman, Richard ________.

Textile

The _______ industry produces cloth and dyes utilized for clothing, etc...

dynamo

The ________, invented by Michael Faraday, was an electric generator that worked by rotating a coil of wire between a coil of wire between the poles of a magnet, creating an electric current.

Industrial Revolution

The _________ _________ was a long, slow, uneven process in which production shifted from simple hand tools to complex machines.

KarlMarx

The economic theory put forth by _____ ______ (two blanks) is that the entire course of human history was a class struggle between the "haves" and the "have-nots." The modern class struggle pitted the bourgeoisie against the proletariat, or working class. In the end, the proletariat would take control of the means of production and set up a classless, communist society. In such a society, wealth and power would be equally shared. Despite a number of weaknesses, his theory had a wide influence on industrial Europe.

Malthus

The economist who predicted that the population would outpace the food supply.

steamengine

The improved version of the ______ _______ used coal rather than water power.

death

The population boom of the 1700s was due more to declining ______ rates than to rising birthrates. The agricultural revolution reduced the risk of famine. Because they ate better, women were healthier and had stronger babies. In the 1800s, better hygiene and sanitation, along with improved medical care, further limited deaths from disease.

Smith

The prophet of Laissez-faire economics was Adam _______.

sixteen

The technology of the machine age imposed a harsh new way of life on workers. Working hours were long, sometimes twelve to ______ hours a day.

seventy

The trip from London to Manchester took how much longer in 1750 than in1850? Approximately _____ hours.

proletariat

The working class is referred to as the _________.

Mill

Thinker who argued that actions are right if they promote happiness and wrong if they cause pain.

Newcomen

Thomas _________ invented a steam engine powered by coal to pump water out of mines in 1712.

middleclass

Those who benefited most from the Industrial Revolution were the entrepreneurs of the new ______ _______.

unsafe

Workers suffered injuries from _____ machines. Workers were exposed to other dangers, such as breathing coal dust in the mines or lint in the textile factories. If a worker was sick or injured, he/she would lose his/her job.

sixteen

Working hours were long during the early Industrial Revolution. Shifts lasted from twelve to _______ hours a day.

JethroTull

______ _____ invented a mechanical device, the seed drill, to aid farmers.

Dutch

_______ farmers led the way to the Second Agricultural Revolution. They built dikes to reclaim land from the sea. combined smaller fields into larger ones, used fertilizer from livestock to renew the soil.

communism

________ is a form of socialism that focuses on ending the class struggle.

utilitarianism

_________ is the concept that the goal of society should be the greatest happiness for the greatest number of its citizens.