Week 1

hominid

Apes, chimpanzees, humans, and more distant extinct relatives of the Homo genus are encompassed by the term

habitat

Approximately 1,414 species of fish are threatened or endangered because of a combination of climate change, overfishing, and destruction.

invertebrate

Around 450 million years ago, vertebrate chordates evolved from ___ ancestors. Modern examples of these sorts of ancestors include tunicates and lancelets.

there are multicellular haploid and diploid structures.

In the alternation of generations plant life cycle,

human

Of the 10,350 known species of birds, there are 1,200 considered to be threatened or endangered primarily because of _____ activity, such as deforestation, habitat destruction, climate change, and invasive species.

the carbon cycle the phosphorus cycle the nitrogen cycle the water cycle

Plants can be described as playing an important role in almost every ecosystem because of their roles in which of these processes?

lack nerve and muscle cells. do not exhibit symmetry. have no specialized tissues.

Sponges are important in the evolution of the animal body plan because they

jawless fish.

The first vertebrates were

The glass sponges of the Mediterranean are being overharvested for human use.

Which of the following is an example of an extinction threat to sponges?

invertebrate

Which of these classification terms is used to describe animals such as insects, corals, and molluscs? Multiple choice question.

more closely related to eukaryotes than to other prokaryotes adapted to life in hostile environments

Which of these describe the Archaea?

the most diverse group of organisms the most ancient group of organisms

Which of these describe the Bacteria?

the formation of a plasma membrane

Which of these events in the evolution of the first cells allowed early cells to isolate their internal environment?

MYA, BYA

Which of these is a time frame that would be useful in discussing the history of life?

When studying life on earth, in a specific area or ecosystem, a discussion of biodiversity gives an indication of how much and what types of life are found there.

Which of these is an explanation of the relationship between biodiversity and the study of life?

turtles, crocodiles, birds, snakes

Which of these lists includes only reptiles?

do not have a backbone

Which of these phrases describes invertebrate animals?

prosimians

Which of these terms includes the most distant primate ancestors and also includes lemurs?

hominid

Which of these terms includes the typically bipedal apes, chimpanzees, and humans?

~They belong to phylum Chordata. ~The have a postanal tail at some point during development. ~They have a backbone.

Which statements describe vertebrates?

hominin

Which term includes Homo sapiens and our closest extinct relatives?

anthropoids

Which term includes monkeys, apes, and humans

disease overharvesting

Which two of these are identified as current extinction threats to sponges?

coelomate

Which type of body cavity is formed by the splitting of the mesoderm?

pseudocoelomate

Which type of body cavity is just a space between the mesoderm and endoderm tissue layers?

asexual

during ______reproduction in fungi, fungal mycelium produce sporangia that form spores, which can be dispersed into the environment where they may germinate when they encounter moisture.

each mycelium

During asexual reproduction in fungi, which structures produce sporangia?

diploid

A feature of the life cycle of many fungi is the presence of a 2n zygote stage, called a ____ stage.

biological species

A group of similar organisms that are reproductively compatible and capable of interbreeding to produce living offspring is a(n)

taxonomy

A species is identified and assigned a two-part Latin name according to the science of

1. invertebrate chordates share a chordate ancestor with the vertebrate animals 2. vertebrae evolved 3. jaws appear 4. bony skeletons appear 5. lungs appear 6. limbs appear 7. the amniotic egg appears 8. mammary glands appear

Arrange these major evolutionary developments that occured as vertebrate animals evolved from invertebrate animals.

shape. metabolic activities. DNA similarities.

Bacteria are classified based on their

DNA or genetic

Bacteria can be identified based on their _____ similarities, metabolic abilities, and their shape.

spore

During asexual reproduction in fungi, each mycelium produces sporangia, where _____formation takes place.

manufacture their own food. use alternative energy sources to obtain energy.

Chemoautotrophs are cells that

human activity

Current extinction threats to birds overwhelmingly have which factor in common?

overharvesting habitat destruction climate change

Fish are threatened or endangered because of a combination of which factors?

~When discussing the history of life on earth, we look at how many members of a species and how many total species are present. ~When we talk about life on earth, we discuss loss of species and other taxonomic groups, which is a loss of biodiversity.

How might you explain how biodiversity and the study of life are related?

Sudden events result in rapid speciation followed by long periods of stability.

How might you summarize the pace of speciation?

sexual

Hyphae from different mating types combine and fuse during ___ reproduction in fungi.

egg cells sperm cells

In alternation of generations the gametophyte produces

produces haploid (n) spores by meiosis.

In alternation of generations, the sporophyte

male gametophyte.

In seed plants pollen is the

ovule

In seed plants, the female gametophyte is called a(n)

ovule

In seed plants, this structure matures into a seed.

amphibians

Lobe-finned fishes are believed to be ancestral to the

between larva and adult stages of life.

Metamorphosis is the drastic change

chemoautotrophs.

Prokaryote cells that use energy sources like hydrogen gas to obtain the energy to manufacture their own food are called

lack membrane-bound organelles. do not have a nucleus.

Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms, commonly called bacteria, that

photoautotrophs.

Prokaryotic cells that use solar energy to make their own food are called

chemoheterotroph

Prokaryotic cells that use the breakdown of organic material to supply energy and materials needed to manufacture food are called

photoheterotrophs.

Prokaryotic cells that use the sun for energy and organic molecules as the building blocks for their food are called

amniotes, because of the evolution of the amniotic egg.

Reptiles are often called

eyelids for keeping their eyes moist ears adapted for picking up sounds a voice-producing larynx usually have four limbs

Select all of the characteristics of amphibians from the list below.

80 million, 3 million

Select any figure that falls within the range of historical estimates of global biodiversity.

~Cells in the sphere became specialized for reproduction. ~Infolding of the sphere created tissues. ~A colony of flagellated cells formed a hollow sphere. ~A colony of flagellated cells formed.

Select major events in the evolution of invertebrate animals from protist ancestors.

feathers lungs with air sacs four-chambered heart

Select the adaptations related to flight in birds.

amniotic egg keratinized skin well-developed lungs ectothermic metabolism

Select the characteristics of reptiles.

reptiles fishes amphibians mammals

Select the classes of vertebrates you would include in a summary of the major classifications of vertebrate animals.

~Slow change in populations ~Reproductive isolation develops over time ~Supported by Charles Darwin

Select the descriptions of the gradualistic model of speciation.

population and organism.

Species is a level of biological organization between

organism species population community

Starting with organism at the top, arrange the hierarchy of biological organization to demonstrate an understanding of the position of the species.

invertebrate

The animals characterized by their lack of a backbone, which describes the majority of animal species, are the ___animals.

eukaryote heterotroph multicellular

The characteristics of animals include which three of these?

they are similar in structure to choanoflagellates, which are unicellular eukaryotes related to the animals.

The collar cells of sponges are significant in the evolution of the animal body plan because

mostly haploid stages, with the exception of a diploid zygote stage.

The fungal life cycle includes

bacteria

The prokaryotic group that includes 10,000 identified species, which are classified based on their shape and metabolic abilities, is the

septum

The reptilian heart has a dividing structure called a that prevents the mixture of blood, increasing the effectiveness of pulmonary circulation in this group.

buoyancy

The swim bladder in bony fishes is important for

coral

The symbiotic relationship between a cnidarian and a photosynthetic protist, called a dinoflagellate, forms what we commonly call

2

Though estimates over time have ranged from a few million to over 100 million species on the planet, there are currently around ___ million known species.

invertebrate

Vertebrate chordates evolved from __ ancestors

a group of organisms that can produce living, viable offspring a group of organisms that is capable of reproducing a group of similar organisms

What are the defining features of a biological species?

an area of the planet that contains more life than others, despite covering a very limited portion of the world's surface

What is a biodiversity hotspot?

feathered wings

What is an adaptation for flight in birds?

Humans rely on plants for almost everything, including food, fuel, and shelter.

What is the best description of the function of plants with regard to humans?

8.7 million species, give or take 1.3 million, excluding bacteria and viruses

What is the most recent estimated figure for the total biodiversity of the planet?

make their food multicellular

Which are characteristics of plants?

climate change habitat destruction

Which are the leading contributors to extinction, or threat of extinction, among mammals?

reptiles

Which group of invertebrate animals is the first adapted to life entirely on land?

monotremes

Which group of mammals lays eggs?

The biological species concept

Which method used to define a species is only useful in evaluation of living organisms that reproduce sexually?