Week 11 Sherpath: Overview of Substance Use Disorders

At what blood alcohol percentage does brain motor function begin to become impaired? A. 0.50 mg % B. 0.30 mg % C. 0.20 mg % D. 0.08 mg %

0.20 mg %. Symptoms of staggering gait and labile mood may be present.

Which are situational factors that increase an individual's risk for drug use? Select all that apply. A. Peer influence B. Family influence C. Subjective response D. Access to substance E. Living in a high risk area

A and B Peer influence Peers can greatly influence others to use drugs. Peer influence is a situational factor that increases an individual's risk for drug use. Family influence An individual who lives in a home where drug use occurs is at an increased risk for drug use. Family influence is a situational factor.

Secondhand smoke exposure has been linked to which conditions in infants? Select all that apply. A. Asthma B. Jaundice C. Ear infections D. Low birth weight E. Delayed cognitive development

A and C Asthma Secondhand smoke experienced by infants has been linked to asthma. Ear infections Infants who experience secondhand smoke are at risk for ear infections.

Which symptoms are associated with early development of cirrhosis of the liver due to alcohol use disorder? Select all that apply. A. Chills B. Ascites C. Jaundice D. Cognitive delay E. Hepatic encephalopathy

A, B and C Chills Chills are an early symptom of cirrhosis of the liver. Ascites Ascites due to liver inflammation is a common early symptom of cirrhosis. Jaundice Jaundice results from inflammation of the liver and is a common early symptom of cirrhosis.

Which adverse effects may occur with PCP use? Select all that apply. A. Coma B. Seizures C. Nystagmus D. Hypothermia E. Uncontrolled laughter

A, B and C Coma An adverse effect of PCP is coma or coma that leads to death. Seizures Seizures are an adverse effect of PCP. Seizures are also an overdose symptom of PCP. Nystagmus Nystagmus is a common adverse effect of PCP use that occurs in more than half of patients.

Which environmental factors can affect an individual's predisposition to developing a SUD? Select all that apply. A. Cost of substances B. Access to substances C. Living where substances are readily available D. Having friends or family members who use substances E. Early adolescent aggressive behavior and poor social skills

A, B and C Cost of substances Some street drugs, such as crack cocaine, are relatively cheap. This low cost can be an environmental risk factor for SUD development. Access to substances Individuals who have easy access to addictive substances are at a higher risk for SUD development. Easy access to substances is an environmental risk factor for SUD development. Living where substances are readily available Individuals who live in neighborhoods or communities where addictive substances are readily available are at high risk for development of an SUD. Living in this type of environment is an environmental risk factor for SUD development.

Which conditions are associated with ecstasy use? Select all that apply. A. Dry mouth B. Hyperthermia C. Teeth grinding D. Perforated septum E. Tachycardiac arrhythmias

A, B and C Dry mouth Dry mouth is a common side effect of ecstasy use. Hyperthermia Ecstasy can cause hyperthermia in the user. Teeth grinding Teeth grinding is a common side effect of ecstasy use.

Secondhand smoke exposure has been linked to which conditions in Caucasians? Select all that apply. A. Anxiety B. Depression C. Schizophrenia D. Bipolar disorder E. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

A, B and E Anxiety Secondhand smoke exposure in Caucasians has been linked to anxiety. Depression Secondhand smoke exposure in Caucasians has been linked to depression. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Secondhand smoke exposure in Caucasians has been linked to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Which are symptoms of alcohol withdrawal? Select all that apply. A. Emesis B. Tremors C. Hyperglycemia D. Increased appetite E. Increased blood pressure and pulse

A, B and E Emesis Emesis is a withdrawal symptom of alcohol. Tremors Tremors are a common alcohol withdrawal symptom as GABA returns to a less excited state. Increased blood pressure and pulse As GABA receptors are no longer binding to alcohol they compensate for the lessened excitability state by increasing blood pressure and pulse.

Which are common side effects of amphetamine use? Select all that apply. A. Dizziness B. Constipation C. Decreased sleep D. Urinary retention E. Increased irritability

A, C and E Dizziness Dizziness is a common central nervous side effect of amphetamine use. Decreased sleep Amphetamines cause stimulation of the central nervous system that can result in decreased sleep and insomnia. Increased irritability Increased irritability and movement are common central nervous side effects of amphetamine use.

Which factors contribute to the patient's likelihood of using drugs? Select all that apply. A. Stress B. Education level C. Comorbid condition D. Socioeconomic status E. Genetic predisposition

A, C, D and E Stress Stress is an individual factor that can lead a patient to drug use. Comorbid condition If the patient has a comorbid condition such as mental illness the risk for drug use increases. Socioeconomic status Socioeconomic status, such as income, can contribute to the patient's likelihood of using drugs. Genetic predisposition Research indicates that some individuals have an increased genetic predisposition to drug use.

Which are symptoms of hallucinogenic overdose? Select all that apply. A. Chills B. Panic C. Paranoia D. Tachycardia E. Excessive sweating

A, D and E Chills Chills are common in hallucinogenic overdose. Tachycardia Tachycardia is a common symptom of hallucinogenic overdose. Excessive sweating Excessive sweating is a common symptom of hallucinogenic overdose.

Which medical conditions could be caused by nicotine use? Select all that apply. A. Lung cancer B. Dehydration C. Heart arrhythmias D. Coronary heart disease E. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A, D and E Lung cancer Lung cancer is among the leading cause of death for nicotine users. Coronary heart disease Coronary heart disease, such as blood clots, is a possible condition caused by nicotine use. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Nicotine use causes irreversible damage to the lungs and respiratory system, causing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Which conditions can result from smoking? Select all that apply. A. Stroke B. Ascites C. Glaucoma D. Bladder cancer E. Increased lipid levels

A, D and E Stroke Smoking can lead to stroke and heart disease. Bladder cancer Several types of cancers, including bladder cancer, are linked to smoking. Increased lipid levels Smoking can cause increased lipid levels and coronary heart disease.

Which statement is true regarding alcohol use during pregnancy? A. Alcohol use during pregnancy can cause fetal low birth weight. B. Alcohol is safe in pregnancy as long as it is consumed during the first trimester. C. Alcohol that enters the mother's blood stream is metabolized quickly and does not affect the fetus. D. Adverse effects of alcohol use during pregnancy only occur when more than one drink is consumed each day.

A. Alcohol use during pregnancy can cause fetal low birth weight. Consumption of alcohol while pregnant (in any amount) can cause potential side effects, such as low birth weight, and spinal and brain cell damage.

Respiratory depression due to opioid use affects which body system? A. Central nervous system B. Somatic nervous system C. Peripheral nervous system D. Autonomic nervous system

A. Central nervous system The central nervous system affects respiratory rate. Respiratory depression is one of the leading causes of death in opiate overdoses.

Which feeling is associated with ketamine use? A. Floating in space B. Travelling through time C. Being pulled by a higher force D. Turning into an inanimate object

A. Floating in space Floating in space is a feeling often felt by ketamine users. Some users find this effect desirable while others are afraid of it.

Which neurotransmitter receptors do alcohol and CNS depressants affect? A. GABA receptors B. Opioid receptors C. Serotonin receptors D. Dopamine receptors

A. GABA receptors Alcohol and CNS depressants affect GABA receptors.

Which side effects are associated with opioid use disorder? Select all that apply. A. Diarrhea B. Constipation C. Urinary retention D. Constricted pupils E. Tardive dyskinesia

B, C and D Constipation A peripheral nervous system side effect of opioid use disorder is constipation because the opioid causes gastrointestinal hypomotility. Urinary retention A peripheral nervous system side effect of opioid use disorder is urinary retention that occurs because opioids decrease the sensation of nerves that signal bladder fullness. Constricted pupils Opiates stimulate the parasympathetic side of the autonomic nervous system that causes pupil constriction.

Which conditions may occur as a result of long-term alcohol use? Select all that apply. A. Arthritis B. Arrhythmias C. Paralytic ileus D. Impaired sleep E. Impotence in men

B, D and E Arrhythmias Heart muscle can deteriorate due to long-term drinking, resulting in cardiac arrhythmias. Impaired sleep Long-term alcohol use can result in interruptions between sleep stages. Impotence in men Impotence in men is associated with long-term alcohol use.

Which are potential symptoms of an opiate overdose? Select all that apply. A. Tremor B. Hypoxia C. Dilated pupils D. Obtunded affect E. Constricted pupils

B, D and E Hypoxia Oxygenation levels may be less than 93% due to decreased and shallow respirations, which results in hypoxia. Obtunded affect Opiate overdose results in a lethargic and obtunded affect. Constricted pupils Pupils constrict to pinpoints during an opiate overdose.

What is a normal effect of depressants on the central nervous system (CNS)? A. Stupor B. Calming C. Paranoia D. Irritability

B. Calming Depressants act on the CNS, causing the individual to feel calm and relaxed.

Which is a possible side effect of huffing inhalants? A. Insomnia B. Cardiac arrhythmias C. Respiratory depression D. Uncontrollable laughter

B. Cardiac arrhythmias Cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac arrest can result from huffing inhalants.

Which statement describes the role of family as a situational factor in substance abuse? A. Familial roles are maintained. B. Families develop codependence. C. Children often seek assistance from others. D. The parents' drug use dissuades children from using drugs.

B. Families develop codependence. This is a common occurrence in early substance abuse as family members take on the role that the individual held. They will assist with problem solving, finances, and support.

Which substance is the narcotic antagonist for opiates? A. Dextrose B. Naloxone C. Flumazenil D. Epinephrine

B. Naloxone Naloxone is used to reverse the effects of opiates when an overdose is apparent.

Which disease is an intravenous drug user least likely to contract? A. HIV B. Syphilis C. Hepatitis B D. Hepatitis C

B. Syphilis Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease and is not contracted through needle use.

Which outcomes are associated with long-term alcohol use? Select all that apply. A. Parkinson's disease B. Huntington's disease C. Korsakoff's syndrome D. Marchiafava-Bignami disease E. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

C, D and E Korsakoff's syndrome Long-term alcohol use can result in Korsakoff's syndrome that includes profound amnesia that is more severe than early dementia symptoms. Marchiafava-Bignami disease Patients who drink alcohol long-term can develop Marchiafava-Bignami disease that includes symptoms of dysarthria, altered consciousness, and tetraparesis. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome Long-term alcohol use can lead to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome that includes hemorrhagic degeneration of the brain.

Which symptoms are present in a person who uses marijuana? Select all that apply. A. Flat affect B. Loss of appetite C. Lack of motivation D. Heightened senses E. Calm and euphoric feeling

C, D and E Lack of motivation Marijuana can cause amotivational syndrome, which includes the loss of motivation, difficulty concentration, and poor hygiene. Heightened senses Marijuana causes increased senses, especially the visual and auditory senses. Calm and euphoric feeling Marijuana is a depressant and causes calm and euphoric effects on the CNS.

Which is the correct peak time frame for nicotine withdrawal? A. 6 to 24 hours B. 3 to 5 days C. 1 to 3 days D. 4 to 6 days

C. 1 to 3 days Withdrawal symptoms peak in 1 to 3 days.

Cocaine has the largest impact on which neurotransmitter? A. GABA B. Serotonin C. Dopamine D. Norepinephrine

C. Dopamine Cocaine alters the reuptake of dopamine, which assists in producing the desired feelings of cocaine use.

Which is an accurate statement about the role of dopamine in substance abuse disorders? A. Dopamine regulates eye movement and speech. B. Dopamine has an effect on the control area of the brain. C. Dopamine assists in the regulation of pain and affects the reward center of the brain. D. When dopamine is secreted in excessive amounts, the brain simply shuts off its production.

C. Dopamine assists in the regulation of pain and affects the reward center of the brain. Dopamine has an effect on the reward center of the brain. It assists in regulation of impulses, movement, rewards, sleep, and learning.

Which area part of the brain is affected by alcoholic blackouts (anterograde amnesia)? A. Brainstem B. Cerebellum C. Hippocampus D. Corpus callosum

C. Hippocampus The hippocampus is affected by excessive alcohol consumption and blackouts. It decreases the ability for new memories and experiences to be stored.

Which is a common side effect of smoking cessation? A. Agitation B. Dry mouth C. Weight gain D. New habit development

C. Weight gain Smoking cessation leads to an increased appetite, which results in weight gain.

Stimulants are primarily used to treat which medical condition in children? A. Eating disorders B. Panic attacks C. Schizophrenia D. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

D. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder The use of stimulants in ADHD counterbalances the hyperactivity state, allowing the individual to concentrate better.

Which statement regarding opiate abuse is true? A. Lyses opioid receptor sites B. Causes diarrhea and oliguria C. Leads to ascites and cirrhosis D. Can cause hyperalgesia and increased tolerance

D. Can cause hyperalgesia and increased tolerance The abuse of opiates has been found to cause hyperalgesia, which renders the opiates less effective for managing chronic pain. This leads the individual to take higher doses of the opioid in order to experience relief.

Which symptom is an expected outcome of ketamine use? A. Migraines B. Hallucinations C. Increase in respiratory rate D. Enhanced dissociative effects

D. Enhanced dissociative effects An expected outcome of ketamine is enhanced dissociative effects, causing the individual to feel as if he or she is floating in space.

Which is an undesirable effect of cocaine? A. Increased strength B. Increased sexual arousal C. Increased motor activity D. Hallucinations and foul odors

D. Hallucinations and foul odors The individual may hallucinate and feel that "bugs are crawling" on them. They may smell foul odors that are not present and may experience paranoia. These are undesirable effects.

Which statement best describes alcohol's effect on sleep? A. It induces full REM sleep. B. It causes disturbing dreams or nightmares. C. It calms the individual and allows for restful sleep. D. It causes the individual to awaken not feeling rested.

D. It causes the individual to awaken not feeling rested. Alcohol causes interruptions between the different sleep cycles, resulting in poor sleep.

Which statement is true regarding cocaine? A. Cocaine absorption is slow. B. Cocaine blocks serotonin reuptake in the brain. C. Cocaine produces a delayed high with long lasting effects. D. Long-term use of cocaine depletes dopamine neurotransmitters.

D. Long-term use of cocaine depletes dopamine neurotransmitters. Cocaine abuse depletes dopamine neurotransmitters in the brain, thus affecting the pleasure center of the brain.

Why are amphetamines abused by college students? A. To treat narcolepsy B. To cause hallucinations C. To decrease inhibitions D. To create energy for studying

D. To create energy for studying College students have shown an increased use of amphetamines. Amphetamines produce increased alertness, improved energy, and mood that assist students during studying and test taking.