WEEK 2 [ADN 225] CHAPTER 2-"IMMUNITY AND DISEASE", CHAPTER 3-"INFECTIOUS DISEASES"
What vaccine can be administered to prevent mumps?
MMR
Which lymphocytes would you expect to be low in this patient?
T Cells
Ryan took a TB skin test before beginning his new job at the hospital. His TB skin test turned out positive, and Ryan was advised to see his doctor.
TB should be treated with antibiotics
Which causes a patient with a cold to sneeze and cough?
The inflammatory process results in sneezing and coughing
At least one dose of measles vaccine can decrease morbidity and mortality rates in children.
True
Every year 1.4 million children worldwide die from vaccine-preventable diseases before they reach age five.
True
In 1990, administering the Hib vaccine dropped the incidence of the Hib infection to 99%.
True
One in three people in the world is infected with dormant TB.
True
Protozoa are treated with drugs that interfere with protein synthesis and metabolism.
True
Systemic treatment with antifungal drugs require careful dosing and monitoring for side effects.
True
The method used to test a patient for HIV is to look for a sever decrease in the level of Helper T-cell (CD4) which impairs the patient's immune system. First an ELISA test is used to detect HIV antibodies in the blood and repeated followed by a Western blot test to confirm.
True
Hookworms, which are helminths, are susceptible to drugs that paralyze their muscles or interfere with their metabolism.
True
Of the four types of hypersensitivity, which is the most common type of allergy?
Type I triggered by IgE
What type of hypersensitivity would a patient with an improper blood transfusion experience?
Type II: Cytotoxic
Which statement about vaccinations is not true? http://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/NHhH2SEnAV6JoHpvpmTKAxDz0UfL50R5
Vaccinations suppress the body's immune system.
Sally has been tested positive for an infectious disease and does not have any signs or symptoms. Sally is known to be a _______.
carrier
Which type of immunity is responsible for tissue graft and organ transplant rejections?
cell-mediated immunity
Infectious diseases transmitted by human contact are said to be _______________.
contagious or communicable
All the following are reemerging infectious diseases except?
coronavirus
What types of medications are used to treat anaphylaxis?
corticosteroids
Lyme disease is transmitted by
deer ticks
What is the mode of transmission for mumps?
direct transmission
What are emerging infectious diseases?
diseases whose incidence in humans has significantly increased in the past two decades
Which diagnostic test is the most widely used for detecting the presence of antibodies and or antigens of infectious diseases?
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
When influenza occurs in unusually large numbers over a specific area, it is said to be a/an
epidemic
What are the signs and symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
fatigue, fever, joint swelling, Raynaud's phenomenon and photosensitivity
Candidiasis is an opportunistic infection of the skin or mucous membranes caused by yeast, candida albicans. Candidiasis is considered what type of pathogen?
fungi
What is the principal route of transmission for nosocomial infections?
health care staff
Intravenous drug users can transmit infectious agents such as _______
hepatitis B
To cause disease microorganisms must enter a ________
host
Tuberculosis and measles are examples of what type of transmission?
indirect transmission
What type of immunity is present at birth and provides immediate, short term protection against antigens?
innate or nonspecific immunity
Which of the following is untrue about Specific Immunity?
is enhanced by Interferon
First exposure to an antigen also triggers cell mediated immunity. Once activated by an antigen, what happens to the helper T cell?-
it divides, clones itself, promotes phagocytosis, stimulates cytotoxic T cells, and mobilizes memory T cells
What is not true about Hodgkin's lymphoma?
it has a 25% cure rate
Where in the body do the T and B cells travel to await activation by a unique antigen?
lymph nodes and spleen
A well-known prion disease-effecting cattle is commonly called?
mad cow disease
Ryan took a TB skin test before beginning his new job at the hospital. His TB skin test turned out positive, and Ryan was advised to see his doctor. Ryan's TB test could have been positive if ________.
-Ryan was exposed to TB bacteria -Ryan was vaccinated for TB -Ryan once had TB
What is the function of an interferon?
-Stimulates uninfected cells to resist viral infections
What is immunity?
-The body's ability to resist infectious disease
Group A streptococci causes only what percent of pharyngitis cases?
15%
What is a pathogen?
A pathogen is a microorganism that can cause disease.
Alex is an 8-year-old girl with a sore throat and a fever of 103oF. The doctor noted that Alex's lymph nodes were swollen and that she had white patches clinging to her tonsils. A rapid strep test turned out positive for strep throat. Which is true of treating Alex?
Alex should take antibiotics
What is the difference between a B cell and plasma cell in humoral immunity?-
An activated B-cell divides and develops into a short-lived plasma cell, which secretes antibodies.
Alex is an 8-year-old girl with a sore throat and a fever of 103oF. The doctor noted that Alex's lymph nodes were swollen and that she had white patches clinging to her tonsils. A rapid strep test turned out positive for strep throat. Strep throat is caused by ________.
Bacteria
All of the following are notifiable infectious diseases except
Croup
What is the hallmark symptom of Sjögren's syndrome that sets it apart?
Dry eyes and mouth
Which test is used to screen for this disease?
ELISA
Alex is an 8-year-old girl with a sore throat and a fever of 103oF. The doctor noted that Alex's lymph nodes were swollen and that she had white patches clinging to her tonsils. A rapid strep test turned out positive for strep throat. Suppose that the rapid strep test turned out negative. How should Alex be treated?
Fever-reducing medicine and analgesics for pain
Reservoirs include all the following examples except
Fomites
What infectious disease can be transmitted via parenteral route?
HIV
What is a risk factor for Hodgkin's lymphoma?
HIV
Prompt: A very thin, weak young woman came to the ER with signs and symptoms of pneumonia, swollen lymph nodes, and fever. A blood test revealed an abnormally low number of lymphocytes. The patient should undergo further tests to determine whether she has:
HIV/AIDS.
Ryan took a TB skin test before beginning his new job at the hospital. His TB skin test turned out positive, and Ryan was advised to see his doctor. Why does Ryan need to see his doctor?
His doctor will examine Ryan and give him a chest X-ray
What type of helminths cause anemia and protein malnutrition and affects estimated 740 million people in developing countries of the tropics?
Hookworms
Which disease would be characterized by a distinctive butterfly rash across the nose and cheeks?
Lupus
Erin is a three-year-old who presents with fever, cough, runny nose, and fatigue followed by a rash that started at her head. Erin is most likely suffering from _____.
Measles
What is direct transmission?
Occurs when an individual is infected by contact with the reservoir.
Sherry's mother asked what she should do if she gets the flu. Sherry correctly replied:
Rest, and drink fluids.
German measles is also known as ____.
Rubella
Why does immune function decline with advancing age?
The thymus atrophies, causing a decrease in the number and type of T cells produced
Sherry's mother asked why new influenza vaccines must be made each year. Sherry correctly replied:
The viruses mutate every year.
Which vaccine is effective for HIV?
There is no vaccine for HIV
Prompt: Sherry is a medical office assistant and so Sherry's mother asked her several questions about influenza and the vaccine.Sherry's mother is concerned about getting the influenza and asked whether she should get a vaccine. Sherry correctly replied:
Yes. The vaccine is effective and safe.
Antibiotic resistance is when bacteria _____.
adapt to antibiotics making the antibiotics ineffective
What is an allergen?
an antigen that causes an allergic response
Ryan took a TB skin test before beginning his new job at the hospital. His TB skin test turned out positive, and Ryan was advised to see his doctor. TB should be treated with ________.
antibiotics
Ringworm can be treated with what type of drug?
antifungals
What triggers humoral immunity?
antigens
What is a nosocomial infection?
a hospital-acquired infection obtained from a health care facility
Cocci, bacilli, spirilla, and spirochetes are characteristics of what type of pathogen?
bacteria
Antibiotics should only be used for ______ infections.
bacterial
What are the primary targets of humoral immunity?
bacterial cells and toxins
Which diagnostic test is used to diagnose and stage Hodgkin's lymphoma?
biopsy
What is the name of the microorganisms that help prevent overgrowth of harmful microorganisms and by producing vitamins in the human body?
normal flora
What is the hallmark sign for mumps?
pain in the parotid glands
What are signs and symptoms of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma?
painless swelling of lymph nodes and chest pain
When an epidemic has spread to include several areas worldwide, like HIV, this is called a/an _______________.
pandemic
A four-year-old presents with fever, headache, neck stiffness, and acute flaccid paralysis of the right side. What does this child most likely have?
paralytic polio
Which drug can be used to treat gram-positive bacteria?
penicillin
What are antibodies?
proteins produced by B-lymphocytes that defend the body against extracellular antigens
Trichomonas vaginalis is an example of this type of pathogen?
protozoa
What childhood infectious disease causes headache, loss of appetite, and mild conjunctivitis?
rubella
Seventy percent of lupus cases are which type of lupus?
systemic
How is HIV diagnosed?
the ELISA test, which is repeated and confirmed with the Western blot test
Epidemiology is ____.
the study of the transmission, occurrence, distribution and control of disease
What is not true about scleroderma?
there are 4 men for every woman affected by this disease
What is the purpose of desensitization?
to administer allergens in small amounts, then gradually increase in order to induce the production of IgG to block antigen binding to IgE in tissues
Prompt: After the Macrophages "engulf" the antigen or pathogen it is the T Cells that are the initial attack cell of the antigen and pathogens following vaccination! It is also important to understand that the T cells produce multiple types of T cells that are involved, including: Killer T cells, Helper T cells, Suppressor T cells and Memory T cell all of which have a different function! T cells are Cell mediated, nonspecific and mature in the Thymus. It is important to note that the B cell divide into B cell Plasma Cells which produce our Antibodies and B Cell Memory Cells which are responsible for our Immunity. B Cells are Humeral Mediated and specific and mature in the bone marrow. It is also important to note that the vaccine contains live pathogens that have been weakened (attenuated) so they contain the appropriate antigen needed for the T & B Cell response but do not produce the associated disease. Q: Which statement about vaccinations is not true?
vaccinations suppress the immune system
What are infectious particles with a core of genetic material (either RNA or DNA) wrapped in a capsid?
viruses
What is the primary treatment for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma?
watch and wait
Prompt: When tissues are injured and the subsequent pathogens and infections enter the body the infection fighting components enter the vessels. The affected area becomes inflamed and the vessel walls widen as vasodilation takes place and concomitantly the vessel walls begin to leak antibodies and complement, white blood cells and fluid into the inflamed tissue area. In sever sepsis this leaking of infection fighting agents and loss of fluid will result in hypotention causing the blood pressure throughout the body to decrease. It can become a very serious disorder. Q: In severe sepsis, ______ of the body's blood vessels and ______ fluid from those blood vessels result in volume depletion and low blood pressure.
widening, leaking
According to the World Scleroderma Foundation, scleroderma affects 2.5 million people worldwide. Scleroderma more commonly affects which demographic?
women (average age of diagnosis is 40 years old)
Alex is an 8-year-old girl with a sore throat and a fever of 103oF. The doctor noted that Alex's lymph nodes were swollen and that she had white patches clinging to her tonsils. A rapid strep test turned out positive for strep throat.
Fever-reducing medicine and analgesics for pain
Vertical transmission can occur when a mother infects her newborn with what type of infectious disease?
HIV/AIDS
Which is an example of antibiotic-resistant pathogens?
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)
Which vaccine can prevent the Bordetella pertussis infections?
diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (DTap) vaccine
Sewage contamination can transmit through which route?
fecal-oral route
What is the single most important method to prevent the spread of nosocomial infections?
hand-washing
Epidemiologist track the ______ of disease, the number of new cases of a disease in a population and the number of existing cases of a disease which is known as _______.
incidence; prevalence
In severe sepsis, ______ of the body's blood vessels and ______ fluid from those blood vessels result in volume depletion and low blood pressure.
widening, leaking
