Week 4: Personality, Abnormal

ABC theory of personality

Activating event + Belief = Consequence for emotions (Ellis)

early memories

Adler believed that the earliest childhood recollections, called these, provided valuable info, and he asked every patient about them

organ inferiority

Adler looked at how the nervous system helped the body to adapt to physical infirmities that resulted from poor organ development, called this

work communal life love

Adler's 3 life tasks

scheme of apperception

Adler's idea that throughout the individual's life, her perceptions of the world are constrained to the style of life she chose as a child; this causes her to interpret experiences based on the meaning she has already given to her life

masculine protest

Adler's idea that, at birth, both male and female infants are helpless and inferior, and they must strive for superiority by using "masculine" traits like strength, knowledge, and physical activities

neglect

Adler's reference to an unwanted child who has no opportunity for social interaction, since the family fails to interact with her

pampering

Adler's reference to children whose parents constantly hover over them, solve problems for them, and relieve them of duties or responsibilities; the child doesn't learn to take care of herself or interact with others cooperatively

mindfulness

Buddhist exercises to train the mind, which form the basis for many styles of meditation

Dasein

Heidegger's word for existence in the present moment

tyranny of the should

Horney's idea that a neurotic individual might turn attention inward, telling oneself that she should behave like a perfect person; since this is not possible, the person develops "neurotic pride" instead of self confidence, in which the person is proud not of her real self, but of her idea of who she should be

Morita

Japanese anxiety therapy that is ecological and purpose-centered, using existentialist principles

koro

Japanese culture-bound delusional disorder in which an individual has an overpowering belief that one's sex organs are retracting and will disappear, despite the lack of any true longstanding changes to the genitals

taijin kyofusho

Japanese culture-specific syndrome concerning fear of interpersonal relations (social phobia)

Bushido Code

Japanese samurai code that contains seven principles: making right decisions, bravery, compassion, taking right actions, honesty, honor, loyalty

Naikan

Japanese therapy that combines Buddhist approach with elements of existential philosophy

alchemy

Jung believed that psychology could find its base in this historical practice, and that the collective unconscious came forth due to the ongoing human effort to understand the nature of matter

analytic psychology

Jung's approach to psychology, a combination of Freud's "psychoanalysis" and Adler's "individual psychology"

basic personality (aka ego structure)

Kardiner's term for the aspect of personality that is a cultural phenomenon

character

Kardiner's term for the aspect of personality that is a person's unique adaptation to the environment within their cultural setting

token economy program

a behavioral program in which a person's desirable behaviors are reinforced systematically throughout the day by the awarding of tokens that can be exchanged for goods or privileges

exposure and response prevention

a behavioral treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder that exposes a client to anxiety-arousing thoughts or situations and then prevents the client from performing his or her compulsive acts; aka "exposure and ritual prevention"

masturbatory satiation

a behavioral treatment in which a client masturbates for a long period of time while fantasizing in detail about a paraphilic object; the procedure is expected to produce a feeling of boredom that becomes linked to the object

systematic desensitization

a behavioral treatment that uses relaxation training and a fear hierarchy to help clients with phobias react calmly to the objects or situations they dread

epigenesis

a biological term referring to the development of an embryo, and ultimately an adult organism, from an undifferentiated egg

ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

a brain region that depresses hunger when activated

lateral hypothalamus (LH)

a brain region that produces hunger when activated

psychometry

a branch of psychology that systematically measures various aspects of the mind, including personality

acculturation

a change in way of life and social class by entering a new culture or moving to a new place

neurotransmitter

a chemical that, released by one neuron, crosses the synaptic space to be received at receptors on the dendrites of neighboring neurons

basic anxiety

a child may develop this if she is not cared for, and her anxiety is not alleviated by the protection of her parents

maturation

a child physically experiences this change as she learns to differentiate and integrate, leading to a process that brings out inherited features of the individual, including temperament, intellectual capacity, and physical features

sub-intentional death

a death in which the victim plays an indirect, hidden, partial, or unconscious role

alogia

a decrease in speech or speech content; a symptom of schizophrenia; aka "poverty of speech"

case study

a detailed description of a person's life and psychological problems; describes the person's history, present circumstances, and symptoms

diagnosis

a determination that a person's problems reflect a particular disorder

autism spectrum disorder

a developmental disorder marked by extreme unresponsiveness to others, severe communication deficits, and highly repetitive and rigid behaviors, interests, and activities

clinical test

a device for gathering information about a few aspects of a person's psychological functioning from which broader information about the person can be inferred

electromyograph (EMG)

a device that provides feedback about the level of muscular tension in the body

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a disorder marked by the inability to focus attention, or overactive and impulsive behavior, or both

anorexia nervosa

a disorder marked by the pursuit of extreme thinness and by extreme weight loss

dissociative identity disorder

a dissociative disorder in which a person develops two or more distinct personalities; aka "multiple personality disorder"

depersonalization-derealization disorder

a dissociative disorder marked by the presence of persistent and recurrent episodes of depersonalization, derealization, or both

formal thought disorder

a disturbance in the production and organization of thought

sedative-hypnotic drug

a drug used in low doses to reduce anxiety and in higher doses to help people sleep; aka "anxiolytic drug"

premature ejaculation

a dysfunction in which a man persistently reaches orgasm and ejaculates within one minute of beginning sexual activity with a partner and before he wishes to; aka "early" or "rapid ejaculation"

erectile disorder

a dysfunction in which a man repeatedly fails to attain or maintain an erection during sexual activity

female orgasmic disorder

a dysfunction in which a woman persistently fails to reach orgasm, experiences orgasms of very low intensity, or has very delayed orgasms

enmeshed family pattern

a family system in which members are over involved with each other's affairs and over concerned about each other's welfare

realistic anxiety

a feeling we get in response to actual threats to our physical safety

female sexual interest/arousal disorder

a female dysfunction marked by a persistent reduction or lack of interest in sex and low sexual activity, as well as, in some cases, limited excitement and few sexual sensations during sexual activity

behavioral medicine

a field that combines psychological and physical interventions to treat or prevent medical problems

antigen

a foreign invader of the body, such as a bacterium or virus

psychological debriefing

a form of crisis intervention in which victims are helped to talk about their feelings and reactions to traumatic incidents; aka "critical incident stress debriefing"

dissociative fugue

a form of dissociative amnesia in which a person travels to a new location and may assume a new identity, simultaneously forgetting his or her past

Down syndrome

a form of intellectual disability caused by an abnormality in the 21st chromosome

noogenic neurosis

a form of neurosis stemming from existential frustration of the spiritual dimension; inability to find meaning in life (Frankl)

relational psychoanalytic therapy

a form of psychodynamic therapy that believes the reactions and beliefs of therapists should be openly included in the therapy process

Yahweh

a form of the Hebrew name of God used in the Bible; the name came to be regarded by Jews ( c. 300 BC) as too sacred to be spoken, and the vowel sounds are uncertain

nomothetic understanding

a general understanding of the nature, causes, and treatments of abnormal functioning in the form of laws or principles

self-help group

a group made up of people with similar problems who help and support one another without the direct leadership of a clinician; also called a "mutual help" group

phenothiazines

a group of antihistamine drugs that became the first group of effective antipsychotic medications

neurodevelopmental disorders

a group of disabilities - including ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, and intellectual disability - in the functioning of the brain that emerge at birth or during very early childhood and affect a person's behavior, memory, concentration, and/or ability to learn

corticosteroids

a group of hormones, including cortisol, released by the adrenal glands at times of stress

class vs. caste

a group of people of similar economic and political status vs. a group defined by some social or hereditary factor, such as being black

object relations theorists

a group of psychoanalysts who share a common interest in object relations, but whose theories tend to vary with each individual

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

a group of second-generation antidepressant drugs that increase serotonin activity specifically, without affecting other neurotransmitters

LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)

a hallucinogenic drug derived from ergot alkaloids

self-concept

a highly adapted and extensively studied form of characteristic adaptation

morphine

a highly addictive substance derived from opium that is particularly effective in relieving pain

opium

a highly addictive substance made from the sap of the opium poppy

milieu therapy

a humanistic approach to institutional treatment based on the belief that institutions can help patients recover by creating a climate that promotes self-respect, responsible behavior, and meaningful activity

ulcer

a lesion that forms in the wall of the stomach or of the duodenum

profound ID

a level of intellectual disability (IQ below 20) at which people need a very structured environment with close supervision

severe ID

a level of intellectual disability (IQ between 20 and 34) at which people require careful supervision and can learn to perform basic work in structured and sheltered settings

moderate ID

a level of intellectual disability (IQ between 35 and 49) at which people can learn to care for themselves and can benefit from vocational training

mild ID

a level of intellectual disability (IQ between 50 and 70) at which people can benefit from education and can support themselves as adults

single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

a special type of computed tomography (CT) scan in which a small amount of a radioactive drug is injected into a vein and a scanner is used to make detailed images of areas inside the body where the radioactive material is taken up by the cells; can give information about blood flow to tissues and chemical reactions (metabolism) in the body

psychosis

a state in which a person loses contact with reality in key ways

spectator role

a state of mind that some people experience during sex, focusing on their sexual performance to such an extent that their performance and their enjoyment are reduced

mania

a state or episode of euphoria or frenzied activity in which people may have an exaggerated belief that the world is theirs for the taking

state school

a state-supported institution for people with intellectual disability

pedophilic disorder

a paraphilic disorder in which a person has repeated and intense sexual urges or fantasies about watching, touching, or engaging in sexual acts with children, and either acts on these urges or experiences clinically significant distress or impairment

sexual sadism disorder

a paraphilic disorder in which a person has repeated and intense sexual urges or fantasies that involve inflicting suffering on others, and either acts on these urges with nonconsenting individuals or experiences clinically significant distress or impairment

frotteuristic disorder

a paraphilic disorder in which a person has repeated and intense sexual urges or fantasies that involve touching and rubbing against a nonconsenting person, and either acts on these urges with the nonconsenting person or experiences clinically significant distress or impairment

factor analysis

a statistical technique that determines a number of factors, or clusters, based on the intercorrelation between a number of individual elements

amphetamine

a stimulant drug that is manufactured in the laboratory

methylphenidate

a stimulant drug, known better by the trade name Ritalin, commonly used to treat ADHD

delusion

a strange false belief firmly held despite evidence to the contrary

epidemiological study

a study that measures the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a given population

longitudinal study

a study that observes the same participants on many occasions over a long period of time

hallucinogen

a substance that causes powerful changes primarily in sensory perception, including strengthening perceptions and producing illusions and hallucinations; aka "psychedelic drug"

parasuicide

a suicide attempt that does not result in death

sex-change surgery

a surgical procedure that changes a person's sex organs, features, and, in turn, sexual identity; aka "sexual reassignment surgery"

avolition

a symptom of schizophrenia marked by apathy and an inability to start or complete a course of action

treatment

a systematic procedure designed to change abnormal behavior into more normal behavior; aka "therapy"

freebase

a technique for ingesting cocaine in which the pure cocaine basic alkaloid is chemically separated from processed cocaine, vaporized by heat from a flame, and inhaled with a pipe

biofeedback

a technique in which a client is given information about physiological reactions as they occur and learns to control the reactions voluntarily

sexual masochism disorder

a paraphilic disorder in which a person has repeated and intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors that involve being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer, accompanied by clinically significant distress or impairment

exhibitionistic disorder

a paraphilic disorder in which persons have repeated sexually arousing urges or fantasies about exposing their genitals to others, and either act upon those urges with non consenting individuals or experience clinically significant distress or impairment

hypothalamus

a part of the brain that helps relegate various bodily functions, including eating and hunger

borderline personality organization

a pathological identity formation that includes all of the major personality disorders

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

a patient views drawings of people and is asked to tell a story about the picture; no objective scoring, but used for studies on the need for achievement

anaclitic depression

a pattern of depressed behavior found among very young children that is caused by separation from one's mother

catatonia

a pattern of extreme psychomotor symptoms, found in some forms of schizophrenia, which may include catatonic stupor, rigidity, or posturing

substance use disorder

a pattern of long-term maladaptive behaviors and reactions brought about by repeated use of a substance

dereflection

a technique of logotherapeutic psychology that is directed to taking a person's mind off a certain goal through a positive redirection to another goal, with emphasis on assets and abilities rather than the problems at hand; often results in accomplishments of the original goal (Frankl)

anxiety sensitivity

a tendency to focus on one's bodily sensations, assess them illogically, and interpret them as harmful

high neuroticism

a term for someone with chronic negative affects, difficulty in inhibiting impulses, irrational beliefs

cognitive triad

a term for the three forms of negative thinking that Aaron Beck theorizes lead people to feel depressed; consists of a negative view of one's experiences, oneself, and the future

low agreeableness

a term from someone with cynicism and paranoid thinking, inability to trust, quarrelsomeness; they are ready to pick fights, exploitative and manipulative, lying, rude and inconsiderate

persona

a term referring to the masks worn by actors performing ancient Greek plays; the root word for "personality"

projective test

a test consisting of ambiguous material that people interpret or respond to

intelligence test

a test designed to measure a person's intellectual ability

Role Construct Repertory Test

a test developed to understand how a client's personal constructs influence their personal-social behavior (Kelly)

World Association Test

a test in which a list of 100 words is read to the patient, and the therapist watches for evidence of emotional arousal, such as pauses, failures to respond, or physical acts

phobia

a persistent and unreasonable fear of a particular object, activity, or situation

obsession

a persistent thought, idea, impulse, or image that is experienced repeatedly, feels intrusive, and causes anxiety

construction corollary

a person anticipates events by construing their replications (Kelly)

choice corollary

a person chooses for himself that alternative in a dichotomized construct through which he anticipates the greater possibility for extension and definition of his system (Kelly)

fragmentation corollary

a person may successfully employ a variety of construction subsystems which are inferentially incompatible with each other (Kelly)

death initiator

a person who attempts suicide believing that the process of death is already under way and that he or she is simply hastening the process

death ignorer

a person who attempts suicide without recognizing the finality of death

death seeker

a person who clearly intends to end his or her life at the time of a suicide attempt

death darer

a person who is ambivalent about the wish to die even as he or she attempts suicide

neutralizing

a person's attempt to eliminate unwanted thoughts by thinking or behaving in ways that put matters right internally, making up for the unacceptable thoughts

dichotomy corollary

a person's construction system is composed of a finite number of dichotomous constructs (Kelly)

experience corollary

a person's construction system varies as he successfully construes the replications of events (Kelly)

characteristic adaptations

a person's desires, beliefs, concerns, and coping mechanisms

neuropsychological test

a test that detects brain impairment by measuring a person's cognitive, perceptual, and motor performances

neurological test

a test that directly measures brain structure or activity

dependent personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience, fear of separation, and an ongoing need to be taken care of

histrionic personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking; once called "hysterical personality disorder"

psychophysiological test

a test that measures physical responses (such as heart rate and muscle tension) as possible indicators of psychological problems

avoidant personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation

schizotypal personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by extreme discomfort in close relationships, very odd patterns of thinking and perceiving, and behavioral eccentricities

schizoid personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion

borderline personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by repeated instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood and by impulsive behavior

personality disorder trait specified (PDTS)

a personality disorder currently undergoing study for possible inclusion in a future revision of DSM-5; people would receive this diagnosis if they had significant impairment in their functioning as a result of one or more very problematic traits

narcissistic personality disorder

a personality disorder marked by a broad pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy

antisocial personality disorder

a personality disorder marked by a general pattern of disregard for and violation of other people's rights

paranoid personality disorder

a personality disorder marked by a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness of others

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

a personality disorder marked by such an intense focus on orderliness, perfectionism, and control that the person loses flexibility, openness, and efficiency

type A personality style

a personality pattern characterized by hostility, cynicism, drivenness, impatience, competitiveness, and ambition

type B personality style

a personality pattern in which a person is more relaxed, less aggressive, and less concerned about time

hopelessness

a pessimistic belief that one's present circumstances, problems, or mood will not change

stimulus generalization

a phenomenon in which responses to one stimulus are also produced by similar stimuli

residential treatment center

a place where people formerly addicted to drugs live, work, and socialize in a drug-free environment; aka a "therapeutic community"

methamphetamine

a powerful amphetamine drug that has surged in popularity in recent years, posing major health and law enforcement problems

crack

a powerful, ready-to-smoke freebase cocaine

preparedness

a predisposition to develop certain fears

placebo therapy

a pretend treatment that the participant in an experiment believes to genuine

orgasmic reorientation

a procedure for treating certain paraphilia by teaching clients to respond to new, more appropriate sources of sexual stimulation

biological challenge test

a procedure used to produce panic in participants or clients by having them exercise vigorously or perform some other potentially panic-inducing task in the presence of a researcher or therapist

classic conditioning

a process of learning by temporal association in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become fused in a person's mind and produce the same response

modeling

a process of learning in which an individual acquires responses by observing and imitating others; also, a therapy approach based on the same principle

operant conditioning

a process of learning in which behavior that leads to satisfying consequences is likely to be repeated

classical conditioning

a process of learning in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become tied together in a person's mind and so produce the same response

aftercare

a program of post-hospitalization care and treatment in the community

day center

a program that offers hospital-like treatment in the community

suicide prevention program

a program that tries to identify people who are at risk of killing themselves and to offer them crisis intervention

Thematic Apperception Test

a projective test designed to reveal a person's social drives or needs by their interpretation of a series of pictures of emotionally ambiguous situations (Murray)

sheltered workshop

a protected and supervised workplace that offers job opportunities and training at a pace and level tailored to people with various psychological disabilities

psychopharmacologist

a psychiatrist who primarily prescribes medication

free association

a psychodynamic technique in which the patient describes any thought, feeling, or image that comes to mind, even if it seems unimportant

retrospective analysis

a psychological autopsy in which clinicians piece together information about a person's suicide from the person's past

immersion-emersion

a psychologically tumultuous stage of nigrescence in which everything of value must reflect some aspect of black or African heritage; person withdraws from contact with other racial/ethnic groups, and strong anti-white attitudes and feelings emerge

schizophrenia

a psychotic disorder in which personal, social, and occupational functioning deteriorate as a result of strange perceptions, unusual emotions, and motor abnormalities

delirium

a rapidly developing, acute disturbance in attention and orientation that makes it very difficult to concentrate and think in a clear and organized manner

orbitofrontal cortex

a region of the brain in which impulses involving excretion, sexuality, violence, and other primitive activities normally arise

sociobiology

a relatively new field of study that applies evolutionary biology to social behavior

second-generation antipsychotic drugs

a relatively new group of antipsychotic drugs whose biological action is different from that of the traditional antipsychotic drugs; aka "atypical antipsychotic drugs"

disability

a relatively severe chronic impairment of function that occurs as the result of a congenital defect, disease, or accident

personality inventory

a test, designed to measure broad personality characteristics, consisting of statements about behaviors, beliefs, and feelings that people evaluate as either characteristic or uncharacteristic of them

compulsion

a repetitive and rigid behavior or mental act that a person feels driven to perform in order to prevent or reduce anxiety

family pedigree study

a research design in which investigators determine how many and which relatives of a person with a disorder have the same disorder

single-subject experimental design

a research method in which a single participant is observed and measured both before and after the manipulation of an independent variable

analogue experiment

a research method in which the experimenter produces abnormal-like behavior in laboratory participants and then conducts experiments on the participants

experiment

a research procedure in which a variable is manipulated and the effect of the manipulation is observed

correlational method

a research procedure used to determine how much events or characteristics vary along with each other

halfway house

a residence for people with schizophrenia or other severe problems, often staffed by paraprofessionals; aka "group home" or "crisis house"

intelligence quotient (IQ)

a scored derived from intelligence tests that theoretically represents a person's overall intellectual capacity

random assignment

a selection procedure that ensures that participants are randomly placed either in the control group or in the experimental group

suicide

a self-inflicted death in which the person acts intentionally, directly, and consciously

dream

a series of ideas and images that form during sleep

model

a set of assumptions and concepts that help scientists explain and interpret observations; also called a "paradigm"

mental status exam

a set of interview questions and observations designed to reveal the degree and nature of a client's abnormal functioning

specific phobia

a severe and persistent fear of a specific object or situation

social anxiety disorder

a severe and persistent fear of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur

major depressive disorder

a severe pattern of depression that is disabling and is not caused by such factors as drugs or a general medical condition

directed masturbation training

a sex therapy approach that teaches women with female arousal or orgasmic disorders how to masturbate effectively and eventually to reach orgasm during sexual interactions

genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder

a sexual dysfunction characterized by significant physical discomfort during intercourse

receptor

a site on a neuron that receives a neurotransmitter

synergy

a situation in which a person pursuing her own, selfish goals is automatically helping others, and a person unselfishly helping others is, at the same time, helping themselves (Maslow)

locus coeruleus

a small area of the brain that seems to be active in the regulation of emotions; many of its neurons use norepinephrine

amygdala

a small, almond-shaped structure in the brain that processes emotional information

norms

a society's states and unstated rules for proper conduct

multidimensional risk perspective

a theory that identifies several kinds of risk factors that are thought to combine to help cause a disorder; the more factors present, the greater the risk of developing the disorder

double-bind hypothesis

a theory that some parents repeatedly communicate pairs of messages that are mutually contradictory, helping to produce schizophrenia in their children

social skills training

a therapy approach that helps people learn or improve social skills and assertiveness through role playing and rehearsing of desirable behaviors

cognitive therapy

a therapy developed by Aaron Beck that helps people recognize and change the maladaptive assumptions and ways of thinking that help cause their psychological disorders

group therapy

a therapy format in which a group of people with similar problems meet together with a therapist to work on those problems

family therapy

a therapy format in which the therapist meets with all members of a family and helps them to change in therapeutic ways

couple therapy

a therapy format in which the therapist works with two people who share a long-term relationship; aka "marital therapy"

past-life therapy

a therapy in which an individual is regressed to past lives in order to heal and resolve ailments and situations from the current life

existential therapy

a therapy that encourages clients to accept responsibility for their lives and to live with greater meaning and value

methadone maintenance program

a treatment approach in which clients are given legally and medically supervised doses of methadone - a heroin substitute - to treat heroin-centered substance use disorder

community mental health treatment

a treatment approach that emphasizes community care

crisis intervention

a treatment approach that tries to help people in a psychological crisis to view their situation more accurately, make better decisions, act more constructively, and overcome the crisis

community mental health center

a treatment facility that provides medication, psychotherapy, and emergency care for psychological problems and coordinates treatment in the community

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

a treatment for depression in which electrodes attached to a patient's head send an electrical current through the brain, causing a convulsion

flooding

a treatment for phobias in which clients are exposed repeatedly and intensively to a feared object and made to see that it is actually harmless

interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)

a treatment for unipolar depression that is based on the belief that clarifying and changing one's interpersonal problems will help lead to recovery

aversion therapy

a treatment in which clients are repeatedly presented with unpleasant stimuli while performing undesirable behaviors such as taking a drug

deep brain stimulation (DBS)

a treatment procedure for depression in which a pacemaker powers electrodes that have been implanted in Brodmann Area 25, thus stimulating that brain area

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

a treatment procedure for depression in which an electromagnetic coil, which is placed on or above a patient's head, sends a current into the individual's brain

vagus nerve stimulation

a treatment procedure for depression in which an implanted pulse generator sends regular electrical signals to a person's vagus nerve; the nerve then stimulates the brain

relaxation training

a treatment procedure that teaches clients to relax at will so they can calm themselves in stressful situations

personification

a type of Sullivan's dynamism in which a newborn can't understand who mother is or who oneself is, so it develops images that might conflict with one another (i.e. sometimes multiple versions of a single person)

Bipolar I disorder

a type of bipolar disorder marked by full manic and major depressive episodes

Bipolar II disorder

a type of bipolar disorder marked by mildly manic (hypomanic) episodes and major depressive episodes

asylum

a type of institution that first became popular in the sixteenth century to provide care for persons with mental disorders; most became virtual prisons

schizophrenogenic mother

a type of mother - supposedly cold, domineering, and uninterested in the needs of her children - who was once thought to cause schizophrenia in her child

magical mastery

a typical characteristic of very old men in which the world becomes one of potential providers and potential predators and they feel vulnerable; they rely on primitive defense mechanisms, and wish fulfillment becomes synonymous with reality

migraine headache

a very severe headache that occurs on one side of the head, often preceded by a warning sensation and sometimes accompanied by dizziness, nausea, or vomiting

myth

a way of making sense in a senseless world, giving substance to our existence (May)

overvaluation of love

a woman's obsession with having a relationship with a man, so that all other aspects of life seem unimportant; influenced by tradition and culture

dethroned

according to Adler, because the oldest child was an only child for a while, she is ______ with birth of a sibling, leaving jealousy and struggle for parents' attention; however, she is also the biggest and most experienced child, with power over other children and is the guardian of law and order

cooperation

according to Adler, in order for a person to overcome her own feelings of inferiority, she must know that she is valuable, which comes from contributing to the common welfare of one's family or society

social interest

according to Adler, it is in our best interest to come together as a society; the path to harmony lies in the 3 realizations that we are tied to the earth, to all other humans, and to the opposite sex

fictional finalism

according to Adler, the idea that all thought and behavior is oriented toward a goal, even though though we can't see into the future to create a specific goal; instead we create a fictional goal that gives us a feeling of superiority; this makes life seem worth living

life plan

according to Adler, the meaning each person develops in life that allows them to set goals and move toward them, in response to individual difficulties and environment

individual psychology

according to Adler, this term refers to the reality that children begin life feeling inferior and create goals in an effort to feel superior; all psychological phenomena are related to the goal preparation of each person

creative power of the individual

according to Adler, we are all born with a creative force, and we have the choice of what to do with it

style of life

according to Adler, when a person faces difficulty, this is the framework she uses to adapt and work within society and face problems; can be dysfunctional, as in the case of a person with an inferiority complex

trait

according to Allport, a generalized and focalized characteristic peculiar to the individual, with the capacity to render many stimuli functionally equivalent and to initiate and guide consistent forms of adaptive and expressive behavior; aka habits, attitudes, needs, types, and instincts

rumor

according to Allport, a specific proposition for belief, passed from person to person, without any secure standards of evidence

dynamic organization

according to Allport, active organization that is constantly evolving and changing with motivation and self-regulation; disorganization results in abnormalities

unifying philosophy of life

according to Allport, humor is essential but not sufficient for maturity; maturity also requires a sense of life purpose, which can be found in having a clear direction to one's life and orientation to one's values

personality

according to Allport, the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment

proprium

according to Allport, the sense of identity one feels that defines her personality

acceptives

according to Bonaparte, "true women" who have substituted their desire for a penis with a desire to have children; their sexuality is normal, vaginal, and maternal

renouncers

according to Bonaparte, women who give up all competition with men, fail to seek external love objects, and live unfulfilled lives

anima and animus archetypes

according to Jung, the female aspect of the male psyche and male aspect of female psyche, respectively; allows men and women to relate to each other; the first is an idealized woman for men, while the other is a source of power for women

shadow archetype

according to Jung, the inferior and less commendable part of a person; a moral problem that challenges the whole personality; encompasses desires and feelings that are not acceptable to society or the conscious psyche; we project these thoughts onto others

entropy

according to Jung, the psyche seeks balance; in physics, this word is a thermodynamic principle that all energy within a system and within the universe will eventually even out; Jung applied this principle to motivation, believing we are driven to reduce psychic imbalance

security system

according to Kardiner, a series of adaptations that serve to ensure an individual's acceptance, approval, support, esteem, and status within the group

narcissism

according to Kohut, this serves an essential role in the development of individuality; achieved through 3 selfobjects

primary narcissism (aka normal autistic phase)

according to Mahler, this is the state at birth in which a child is focused entirely on itself

muscular armor

according to Reich, individuals who are actively character-armoring demonstrate this chronic, frozen, muscular-like bearing

conditions of worth

according to Rogers, conditions we think we must meet in order for other people to accept us as worthy of their love or positive regard; learned from parents or caregivers

fully-functioning person

according to Rogers, someone who is continually working toward becoming self-actualized

personal power

according to Rogers, the ability of individuals to make the choices necessary for actualizing their self-structure

conditional positive regard

according to Rogers, the act of only supporting someone when she follows one's rules or desires

unconditional positive regard

according to Rogers, the basic acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person says or does, especially in the context of client-centered therapy

actualizing tendency (aka self actualization)

according to Rogers, the basic tendency and striving of the individual is to actualize, maintain, and enhance their experience, called this

experiential field

according to Rogers, the constantly changing private world in which we each live; only the individual understands her own version of this

self regard

according to Rogers, the need for love, affection, and respect from other people

Negritude

according to Senghor, the awareness, defense, and development of African cultural values; the sum total of the values of the civilizations of the African world

absolute euphoria

according to Sullivan, a state of utter wellbeing that is not really possible; the closest we come is during deep sleep as a newborn infant

self-system

according to Sullivan, secondary dynamism that requires higher level processing; integrates security operations that protect the individual from tension

absolute tension

according to Sullivan, the alternative state to euphoria, arising from needs and anxiety; 2 types of needs include biological and cultural

sensation seeking

according to Zuckerman, the need for varied, novel, and complex feelings and experiences, and the willingness to take physical and social risks for the sake of such experiences; a person who does this is sensitive to her internal feelings and chooses external stimuli that maximize them

ego defense mechanisms

according to psychoanalytic theory, strategies developed by the ego to control unacceptable id impulses and to avoid or reduce the anxiety they arouse

transference

according to psychodynamic theorists, the redirection toward the psychotherapist of feelings associated with important figures in a patient's life, now or in the past

humors

according to the Greeks and Romans, bodily chemicals that influence mental and physical functioning

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy

acknowledges the presence of suffering in human life and focuses on using mindfulness to reorient one's relational framework to the circumstances of one's life

Benjamin Rush (1745-1813)

an eminent physician at Pennsylvania Hospital who is now considered the father of American psychiatry; the person most responsible for spread of moral treatment in the US

personality disorder

an enduring, rigid pattern of inner experience and outward behavior that repeatedly impairs a person's sense of self, emotional experiences, goals, capacity for empathy, and/or capacity for intimacy

binge

an episode of uncontrollable eating during which a person ingests a very large quantity of food

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

an ethics committee in a research facility that is empowered to protect the rights and safety of human research participants

activating event

an event that triggers anger (Ellis)

cognitive distortion

an exaggerated or irrational thought pattern involved in the onset and perpetuation of psychopathological states, especially those more influenced by psychosocial factors, like depression and anxiety (Beck)

quasi-experiment

an experiment in which investigators make use of control and experimental groups that already exist in the world at large; aka "mixed design"

natural experiment

an experiment in which nature, rather than the experimenter, manipulates an independent variable

blind design

an experiment in which participants do not know whether they are in the experimental or control condition

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)

an exposure treatment in which clients move their eyes in a rhythmic manner from side to side while flooding their minds with images of objects and situations they ordinarily avoid

hospitality

an important characteristic that Africans expect will be extended to all visitors, including strangers; precedes the asking of questions; sign of good character and reputation

false self disorder

an individual living entirely in the realm of objective reality lacks the subjective core of their true self and cannot connect with others; instead, they live in expectations of what others will do, influenced entirely by external stimuli; part of normal development in every person's life

Freudian slip

an instance in which someone says something wrong, but it actually reflects the person's true feelings

Eros

an organism's life instinct; its available energy to act within its environment; its associated energy is called "libido," a finite resource referring to one's survival impulse

intelligence quotient

an overall score derived from intelligence tests

resistance

an unconscious refusal to participate fully in therapy

ideographic understanding

an understanding of a particular individual

integration

as a child becomes more behaviorally advanced, she begins integrating her behaviors into coordinated actions; by integrating her life experiences, she develops traits and dispositions

depressive position

as a child develops, she becomes intellectually capable of considering her mother as a whole (rather than split) object who is both good and bad; the child begins to feel guilt and sadness over the earlier fantasized destruction of the mother

functional autonomy

as a child matures physically and psychologically, her interests and motives become stable and predictable, creating psychological maturity; the person has varied adult motives that are unique and self-sustaining, giving her this

differentiation

as a child's nervous system develops, it gradually gains finer control over its movement, called this, beginning to separate patterns of behavior like vocal behavior

integration

as conscious, free, and responsible beings our goal should be to separate ourselves from the conformist, automaton masses and progressively integrate with others in freely chosen love and creative work (May)

persona

as one appears to others, but not as one really is; the part one plays in life; the collection of personal qualities that fits one's career or place in life; distinction and dignity

mandala

associated with Jung, a geometric figure that represents wholeness, completeness, and perfection; tends to be symmetrical, representing natural balance of opposites

Theory Y

assumes that if you give people responsibilities and freedom, they will like work and do a better job; workers like excellence, efficiency, perfection (Maslow)

Theory X

assumes that people are basically stupid, lazy, hurtful, and untrustworthy, and that you have to check everything constantly because workers will steal from you (Maslow)

exchange relationships

based on the expectation of some return on one's investment in the relationship

psychoanalysis

either the theory or the treatment of abnormal mental functioning that emphasizes unconscious psychological forces as the cause of psychopathology

learning and cognitive factors influencing personality

emphasis is on environmental stimuli and/or thought patterns that predictably influence behavior; focus is on observable behavior or identifiable thoughts

person-centered approach

encompasses client-centered therapy, student-centered teaching, and group-centered leadership (Rogers)

experience seeking

encompasses novel sensations and experiences, such as arousing music, art, and travel; also incorporates nonconformity and belonging to groups on the fringes of conventional society

fixed role therapy

encourages the client to enact a new role (written by the therapist) for about two weeks in order to try out alternative views of the self and the world

prosocial behavior

behavior intended to benefit another

rational emotive

behavior therapy that challenges client's irrational beliefs and helps her change belief system (Ellis)

exposure treatments

behavioral treatments in which persons are exposed to the objects or situations they dread

Jonah complex

being afraid of one's own greatness, or evading one's destiny or calling in life (Maslow)

critical thinking

being open-minded to many possible answers, but arriving at a most likely answer in a reasoned and logical fashion

eugenics

belief that superior races and classes should not mix with inferior groups

positivist fallacy

believing that a phenomenon does not exist because no evidence is currently available

repression

blocking an impulse from conscious expression; i.e. forgetting a traumatic event, such as sexual abuse, or being unaware of hostile feelings toward family members

general paresis

caused by syphilis, an irreversible disorder with both physical and mental symptoms including paralysis and delusions of grandeur

antisocial personality disorder (ATS)

characterized by irresponsible and antisocial behavior, and often involves criminal activity and lack of regard for the rights of others; low conscientiousness and agreeableness, and high hostility, anxiety, depression, and impulsivity

second messengers

chemical changes within a neuron just after the neuron receives a neurotransmitter message and just before it responds

gene

chromosome segments that control the characteristics and traits we inherit

hypertension

chronic high blood pressure

social character

common to groups or classes within a society, and provides a framework within which psychic energy in general is transformed into the specific psychic energy of each person within the group

dhat syndrome

condition found in the cultures of the Indian subcontinent in which male patients report that they suffer from premature ejaculation or impotence, and believe that they are passing semen in their urine

Four Stages of Jungian Psychotherapy

confession and elucidation: involve the patient recounting elements of her personal history, dreams, and fantasies, followed by the analyst bringing attention to symptoms, transferences, and attempting to help the patient gain insight on both intellectual and emotional levels education: involves moving the patient into the realm of an individual as an adapted social being; focuses mostly on the persona and ego; provides patient with realistic options for changing behavior transformation: similar to self-actualization; inspires patient to become a unique individual without losing sense of responsible integrity

basic conflict

conflict between one's desire for immediate and total satisfaction (the id), and the forbidding environment imposed by parents and society (the superego)

central inner conflict

conflict between the pride system and the constructive forces for change inherent in the real self; neurotic drive vs. healthy drive for self-realization

norms

consistent ways particular groups score on a test

primary prevention

consists of efforts to improve community attitudes and policies to prevent psychological disorders altogether

secondary prevention

consists of identifying and treating psychological disorders in the early stages, before they become serious

neuroleptic drugs

conventional antipsychotic drugs, so called because they often produce undesired effects similar to the symptoms of neurological disorders

disinhibition

covers sensation seeking that focuses on social activities, like partying, drinking, drug use, and sex

Five-Factor Model of Personality

created by Costa and McCrae, this model includes neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness

seduction theory

created by Freud, the basis for first proposing the role of sexual trauma in the development of neuroses; can also refer to the a young girl's fantasy of being seduced by her father

ad hominem argument

criticizing people instead of criticizing arguments

sociocultural influences on personality

cross-cultural and multicultural psychologists consider these influences on personality, which address differences between and similarities among groups of people around the world

susto

culture bound syndrome found in Hispanic populations from Texas through Central America; symptoms include apathy and depression and it is attributed to the soul leaving the body

T-data

data on a person's personality structure provided by objective tests (not self-evaluation questionnaires); these include close-ended questions, such as multiple choice or yes-no options

structurally-defective personalities

deeply embedded disorders that affect the function of the mind itself, considered more severe than other categories; includes schizotypal, borderline, paranoid, decompensated (Millon)

paradoxical intention

deliberate practice of a neurotic habit in order to remove it (Frankl)

unipolar depression

depression without a history of mania

sensing vs. intuition (Jung)

describes paying attention to the reality of your external environment, it tells you something exists vs incorporates a sense of time and allows for hunches, it gives the sense that you can see around corners

organization corollary

each person characteristically evolves, for his convenience in anticipating events, a construction system embracing ordinal relationships between constructs (Kelly)

social learning theory

idea that people learn from one another via observation, imitation, and modeling

ethnicity

identifies groups according to commonalities such as nationality, culture, or language

healthy vs. pathological identity

identity that has a stable and realistic sense of self and others vs. identity that stems from an unstable, polarized, and unrealistic sense of self and other; arises because the emotional states of the internalized object relations are predominantly negative

coronary heart disease

illness of the heart caused by a blockage in the coronary arteries

threat

imminent comprehensive change in one's core structures (Kelly)

Eupsychia

improvability and the movement toward psychological health; the culture that arises when self-actualized people recreate society (Maslow)

berdache

in Comanche culture, a man who wore women's clothes and fulfilled a woman's role, yet was treated with more respect than a woman; sometimes they were homosexual and entered into a gay marriage

aesthetic mode

in Kierkegaard's view, concerns with the here and now, focused primarily on pleasure and pain; young children live in this mode

Being-need vs. deficiency needs

in Maslow's hierarchy, self-actualization is the highest of needs and has to do with one's sense of being, as opposed to the lower needs

aesthetic needs

in Maslow's hierarchy, the appreciation and search for beauty, balance, form

metacounselor

in Maslow's view, a counselor trained in philosophical and spiritual matters that go far beyond the more instinctoid training of the traditional psychoanalyst

pleasure-pain active-passive self-other thinking-feeling

in Millon's evolutionary model, the 4 polarities the personality develops to accommodate evolutionary needs

abstraction

in Millon's evolutionary model, the ability to plan and make good choices

existence

in Millon's evolutionary model, the idea that a person must continue to live as an individual

replication

in Millon's evolutionary model, the idea that individuals can survive over time by having offspring

adaptation

in Millon's evolutionary model, this process takes place because, if the species cannot adapt, it will become extinct

interpersonally-imbalanced personalities

in Millon's view, conditions in which disordered individuals are either overly disposed to orient themselves toward fulfilling the needs of others or overly inclined to meet their own selfish needs; includes dependent, histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial

koan

in Zen Buddhism, an unsolvable riddle that puts an end to logical thinking and stops the wandering minds of students, creating a profound sense of doubt

personal vs. collective unconscious

in addition to repressed memories and impulses, the personal unconscious contains undeveloped aspects of the personality and material arising from the collective unconscious that is not yet ready for admission into conscious awareness; revealed through clusters of emotions, like one's attitude toward one's father (Jung)

control group

in an experiment, a group of participants who are not exposed to the independent variable

confound

in an experiment, a variable other than the independent variable that is also acting on the dependent variable

experimental group

in an experiment, the participants who are exposed to the independent variable under investigation

cross cultural and multicultural research

in effort to control conditions of research, psychologists try to work with defined groups; results may not generalize to other groups

I-Am experience

in existential psychotherapy, helping individuals realize their own being and their role in choosing the form that their life will take

Mitwelt

in existential therapy, German word for an individual's social or cultural environment; the individual must achieve balance between deriving meaning from a social group while maintaining one's autonomy

Eigenwelt

in existentialism, German word for one's relationship with oneself and one's own-world

Umwelt

in existentialism, a German word relating to the environment and the objects and living beings within it; attending to the biological and physical aspects of the world

synergistic effect

in pharmacology, an increase of effects that occurs when more than one substance is acting on the body at the same time

secondary gain

in psychodynamic theory, the gain people derive when their somatic symptoms elicit kindness from others or provide an excuse to avoid unpleasant activities

primary gain

in psychodynamic theory, the gain people derive when their somatic symptoms keep their internal conflicts out of awareness

modeling

in psychotherapy, this refers to a client learning by imitation, without any specific verbal direction by the therapist

reality principle

in reference to the ego, postponement of satisfaction until the time or circumstances are appropriate; suppresses the id

biological factors

in regards to these factors that influence personality, emphasis is on genetic factors, which set ranges within which the individual may develop; does not ignore environment, but genetic factors may cause different environmental influences to be experienced in similar or different ways

atman

in the Vedic philosophies, the supreme soul that is God

attentional

in this process of learning, individuals are more likely to pay attention to models with whom they associate, even if the association is more cognitive than personal (Bandura)

production process of learning

in this process of learning, modeled behavior is produced by the observer, and reenactment can be broken down into the cognitive organization of responses, their initiation, subsequent monitoring, and refinement of behavior based on informative feedback (Bandura)

prevention

interventions aimed at deterring mental disorders before they can develop

mindfulness of mental objects

involves focusing on the nature of desires as they arise in relation to the five hindrances: desire, aversion, indolence, restlessness, doubt

thinking vs. feeling (Jung)

involves intellect, it tells you what a thing is vs. values-based, it tells what a thing is worth to you

paranoid personality disorder (PAR)

involves interpreting actions of others as threatening or deliberately demeaning; these individuals tend to be suspicious, mistrustful, hyper-vigilant, and argumentative; characterized by excessively low agreeableness, straightforwardness, and compliance, making them secretive and oppositional

ethical mode

involves making choices and wrestling with the concept of responsibility; person must choose whether or not to live by a code or according to the rules of society; makes life simple

shaping

involves reinforcing chains of behavior in a specific sequence, with each change being relatively small and simple; complex behavior can be explained in terms of shaping a series of simple changes in behavior (Skinner)

positive reinforcement

involves the application, or administration, of a favorable consequence to a response (Skinner)

negative reinforcement

involves the removal of an aversive or noxious stimulus (Skinner)

generalized anxiety disorder

marked by persistent and excessive feelings of anxiety and worry about numerous events and activities

emotional security (self-acceptance)

mature individuals with this demonstrate emotional poise and avoid overreacting; they possess frustration tolerance

guru

meaning "teacher," someone advanced in yoga and capable of leading others on the path

super-meaning

meaning in life that goes beyond logic (Frankl)

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow; this technique relies on the fact that cerebral blood flow and neuronal activation are coupled; when an area of the brain is in use, blood flow to that region also increases

biometrics

keeping track of shifting moods, thoughts, and bodily changes

observational learning

learning by observing others; a form of social learning which takes various forms, based on various processes

operant conditioning

learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment (Skinner)

state-dependent learning

learning that becomes associated with the conditions under which it occurred, so that it is best remembered under the same conditions

secondary dispositions

less conspicuous and less consistent than central dispositions

L-data

measures of the individual's "life-record;" deals with a person's actual everyday situations; can be obtained by a non-professional from the person's friends or family; could include things like grades in school, membership in clubs, and police record; more subject to cultural difference than other types of data

Transcendental Meditation

meditation style brought to the US and popularized by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi

laya yoga

meditative absorption of the psyche or mind to the point of samadhi (ecstatic realization)

enmeshed family structure

members are grossly overinvolved in each other's activities, thoughts, and feelings; children have difficulty becoming independent

dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

most thoroughly studied and effective approach to treatment of personality disorders; incorporates both acceptance of patient's real suffering and desire for change; this conflict creates negative emotions, which this technique teaches patients to mindfully allow without suppressing or avoiding them; inspired by Zen (Linehan)

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

most widely-used psychological test in the world; consists of 567 true-false questions that address normal personality traits, psychopathology, and the accuracy of the test-taker

metamotivation

motivation of people who are self-actualized and striving beyond the scope of their basic needs to reach their full potential (Maslow)

Sufism

mystical Islamic belief and practice in which Muslims seek to find the truth of divine love and knowledge through direct personal experience of God. It consists of a variety of mystical paths that are designed to ascertain the nature of humanity and of God and to facilitate the experience of the presence of divine love and wisdom in the world

Third Force Psychology

name for humanism, because it came after psychoanalysis and behaviorism (Maslow)

cognitive needs

needs for knowledge and understanding, curiosity, exploration, meaning, predictability (Maslow)

mild neurocognitive disorder

neurocognitive disorder in which the decline in cognitive functioning is modest and does not interfere with the ability to be independent

major neurocognitive disorder

neurocognitive disorder in which the decline in cognitive functioning is substantial and interferes with the ability to be independent

neuroimaging techniques

neurological tests that provide images of brain structure or activity, such as CT scans, PET scans, and MRIs; aka "brain scans"

endorphins

neurotransmitters that help relieve pain and reduce emotional tension; they are sometimes referred to as the body's own opioids

complex

not a psychological problem, but any general state of mind common to certain situations (e.g. one's attitude towards one's father) (Jung)

Torah

not merely a set of laws or cultural guidelines, but rather, they are a pattern for living that transforms the Jewish people into Yahweh's people

positron emission tomography (PET)

nuclear magnetic functional imaging technique that is used to observe metabolic processes in the body as an aid to the diagnosis of disease

automatic thoughts

numerous unpleasant thoughts that help to cause or maintain depression, anxiety, or other forms of psychological malfunction

personality paradox

observation that a human being's personality tends to remain the same over time, while their behavior can change in different situations (Mischel)

thrill and adventure seeking

enjoyment of risky experiences that produce unique sensations related to speed or defying gravity

premature reduction

entering into a study without first appreciating the complexities at play

juvenile era

era that begins as one enters grade school; interpersonal relationships are expanded to include a wider variety of people and situations, including competition with one's peers and subordination to authority (Sullivan)

nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT)

erection during sleep

mass madness

event in which large numbers or people share delusions (absurd false beliefs) and hallucinations (imagined sights or sounds)

skills neglect

failing to learn new scholarly methods that may be pertinent to a research problem

contradiction blindness

failing to take contradictions seriously

negative punishment

favorable stimuli are withdrawn as a result of behavior (Skinner)

idiographic perspective

focuses specifically on the individuality and uniqueness of each person; more common among clinical psychologists

tertiary prevention

goal to provide effective treatment as soon as it is needed so that moderate or severe disorders don't become longterm problems

neurotic character

governed by rigid armor of both body and mind

high agreeableness

gullibility, excessive candor and generosity, inability to stand up to others, easily taken advantage of

character armoring

habitual demeanor, stance, and attitude; for example, dominant, submissive, pleasing, withdrawn, petulant, stubborn styles are uniforms we wear in relationships (Reich)

surface structures

psychological structures that are conscious and observable

deep structures

psychological structures that are primarily unconscious

antipsychotic drugs

psychotropic drugs that help correct the confusion, hallucinations, and delusions found in psychotic disorders

anti anxiety drugs

psychotropic drugs that help reduce tension and anxiety; aka "minor tranquilizers" or "anxiolytics"

antibipolar drugs

psychotropic drugs that help stabilize the moods of people suffering from bipolar disorder; aka "mood stabilizers"

mood stabilizing drugs

psychotropic drugs that help stabilize the moods of people suffering from bipolar mood disorder; aka "anti bipolar drugs"

antidepressant drugs

psychotropic drugs that improve the moods of people with depression

state hospitals

public mental hospitals in the United States, run by the individual states

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

pyramid starting with physiological needs, followed by need for safety, belongingness/love, esteem, and self-actualization

anxiety

recognition that the events with which one is confronted lie outside the range of convenience of one's construct system (Kelly)

countertransference

refers first to an unconscious influence of the patient on the therapist, after which the therapist directs their own emotional states back onto the patient

splitting

refers to a child separating bad parts of an object from the good parts so that it is not contaminated; e.g. a child continues to love its parents, even though there are times when the parents don't satisfy the child's impulses

avatar

refers to a divine incarnation

neuroticism

refers to one's emotional stability, or lack thereof; incorporates mood swings, poor emotional adjustment, feelings of inferiority, lack of social responsibility, lack of persistence, issues of trust vs. suspiciousness, social shyness, hypochondria, and lack of relaxed composure; raises intensity of emotional reactions

inclusive fitness

refers to the advantages of behaviors that increase the likelihood of an individual's genetic survival through the survival of genetically related kin

man-the-scientist

refers to the idea that each individual is theorizing about and testing his own life circumstances (Kelly)

culture

refers to the set of values, attitudes, beliefs, history, and behaviors shared by a group of people and communicated from one generation to the next

denial

refusing to believe an unpleasant reality; i.e. when someone is told they have a terminal illness, they may deny it and refuse to follow treatment recommendations

locus

regarding the individual as a point of convergence for genetic and environmental conditions which have come together and that will determine our next act (Skinner)

approach-approach conflict

results when a choice must be made between two desirable alternatives

arrested development

occurs if an individual is not provided with the opportunities to advance their interpersonal development; can lead to social problems and crime

transference

occurs when the patient reacts as if the therapist were an important figure from the patient's childhood or past and transfers onto the therapist feelings and reactions appropriate to that person from the past

approach-avoidance conflict

occurs when there is one goal or event that has both positive and negative effects or characteristics that make the goal appealing and unappealing simultaneously

perception

of one's apparent dislodgment from his core role structure constitutes the experience of guilt (Kelly)

"off-label" use

once the FDA approves a drug, physicians are free to prescribe it for any other disorder that is consistent with medical research

avoidance-avoidance conflict

one must choose between two more or less equally undesirable or unattractive goals

marijuana

one of the cannabis drugs, derived from the buds, leaves, and flowering tops of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa

heroin

one of the most addictive substances derived from opium

ego-ideal

one of two forms of the superego, which could be considered the culmination of development, in which a child outgrows the Oedipus complex and decides to act like his or her father or mother

back translation

one person translates a test or survey into a foreign language, and then a different person translates the foreign language test back into the original language; they are compared for accuracy

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) pathway

one route by which the brain and body produce arousal and fear

mindfulness of the mind

one takes notice of the thoughts arising, paying particular attention to whether the thoughts are related to one of the three root causes of suffering: greed, hatred, or delusion; one does not pass judgment of these thoughts, but simply becomes aware of them

psychosocial relativity

one's identity is very much influenced by where a person sees herself fitting into her world, called this; consequently, this person may develop a healthy identity, or just as easily develop a negative one

personal disposition

one's unique combination of traits

opioid

opium or any of the drugs derived from opium, including morphine, heroin, and codeine

conscious mind

our awareness, the knowledge that we exist and are alive

extraversion

outgoing and expressive; a combination of sociability, impulsiveness, frivolity, general activity, and overt sexuality

objective reality

over time, the mother slowly withdraws from the immediate satisfaction of the child's needs, causing the child to develop a sense of reality that the world does not immediately and completely satisfy anyone's desires and needs, and that wishing does not lead to satisfaction

cross-cultural research

parallel studies being conducted in different cultures, or similar concepts being studied in different cultures

preconscious mind

part of the unconscious mind through which impulses enter the conscious mind

internalized object relations

particular emotional states linked to a specific image of a particular relationship (e.g. anxiety linked with an image of a confused and unsure self and a critical, judgmental parent)

paraphilias

patterns in which a person has recurrent and intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors involving nonhuman objects, children, nonconsenting adults, or experiences of suffering or humiliation

constructs

patterns we create in our mind and attempt to fit over the realities of the world (Kelly)

CPC Cycle

people choose a pole of the construct and act in accordance with that pole (Kelly)

Cluster B personality disorders

people in this personality cluster are dramatic, emotional, or erratic; includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders

self-objectification, insight, and humor

people who possess this truly know themselves, are able to look at themselves objectively, and laugh at their own failings and mistakes

intrapsychically-conflicted personalities

people whose internal orientations move in opposite directions, causing them to remain at war with themselves; includes sadistic, compulsive, negativistic personalities (Millon)

introverted sensing

personality type guided by subjective impression of real-life objects; often expresses her sensations through artistic endeavors; the objective world may seem make-believe and comical (Jung)

extraverted intuitive

personality type that always seeks new opportunities; may seize new opportunity with enthusiasm and just as quickly abandon it if not promising; has vision, often found among business tycoons and politicians, but has little regard for welfare of others (Jung)

introverted thinking

personality type that focuses on own internal thoughts and ideas, does not communicate well, can be highly conflicted and will lash out at critics, generally stubborn and does not get along well with others (Jung)

extraverted feeling

personality type that harmonizes with objective situations; can be highly emotional; will avoid thinking when it proves upsetting; mostly occurs in women (Jung)

extraverted sensing

personality type that is immersed in realism and seeks new experiences; whole aim is concrete enjoyment; most are men (Jung)

introverted feeling

personality type that tends to be silent, inaccessible, melancholy; has deep emotions but hides them and appears cold and reserved on the surface; tends to be suspicious of others; most are women (Jung)

passive mastery

practicing adaptation and accommodation; a typical characteristic of old men

experiments

preferred type of research, since the control exerted over the variables involved allows the investigator to make cause and effect statements about the results obtained; ethical considerations make experiment with humans unacceptable

exclusion problem

prematurely discounting competing views

viscerogenic needs

primary needs including air, water, food, sex, harm-avoidance (Murray)

neurotic ambition

striving for external success

active mastery

striving toward autonomy, competence, and control; a typical characteristic of young men

caudate nuclei

structures in the brain, within the region known as the basal ganglia, that help convert sensory information into thoughts and actions

case studies

studies that focus on detailed examination of unique and interesting cases; may provide a lot of info, but due to individual nature of case, that info may not generalize to others

cross-cultural validation studies

studies used to examine whether a psychological construct that was identified in one culture is meaningful and equivalent in another culture

religious mode

submission to rules makes life simple, but it is a dead end; to break out of this dead end, one must live in this mode, realizing inadequacy relative to God; this causes loneliness, anxiety, fear, dread, but allows us to know what is really true subjectively

peak experiences

sudden feelings of limitless horizons opening up to one's vision, simultaneous feelings of great power and great vulnerability, feelings of ecstasy, wonder and awe, a loss of the sense of time and place, and the feeling that something extraordinary and transformative has happened (Maslow)

color-blind perspective

suggests that people should ignore race and ethnicity, acting as if they simply don't exist

self-hate

surfaces when a neurotic person has her pride hurt and fails to live up to the idealized self

dichotomous thinking

symptom of personality disorders; black and white thinking (Beck)

negative symptoms

symptoms of schizophrenia that seem to be deficits in normal thought, emotions, or behaviors

positive symptom

symptoms of schizophrenia that seem to be excesses of or bizarre additions to normal thoughts, emotions, or behaviors

detoxification

systematic and medically supervised withdrawal from a drug

overcompensation

taking compensation to extremes

emic vs. etic

tasks or behaviors that are familiar to the members of a given culture vs. tasks or behaviors common to all cultures

raja yoga (aka kriya yoga)

taught by Patanjali in the yoga sutras, brought to the US by Yogananda

karma yoga

teaches us to act within attachment to the consequences of our actions and without any expectations

personalization

tendency to interpret external events as being related directly to oneself (Beck)

introverted intuitive

tends to be peculiar and lack contact with reality; may be completely misunderstood even by those who are close to them; may seem like a mystical dreamer and seer on one hand, but just a cranky person on the other; may have vision but lack convincing power of reason

moving toward people (aka compliant personality)

term for someone who incorporates needs for affection and approval, and a special need for a partner who will fulfill all of one's expectations of life; characteristic of neurotic trends to be compulsive, indiscriminate, and generate anxiety when frustrated; operate independently of one's feelings toward or value of the person who is the object of those needs

low neuroticism

term for someone with lack of appropriate concern for potential problems in health or social adjustment, emotional blandness

instinctoid

term for the basic human physical needs for personal survival, as opposed to their higher, but less physically essential, behavior needs; includes needs for food, water, and shelter (Maslow)

moving away from people (aka detached personality)

term for those who are driven to avoid other people because of the unbearable strain of association; they do not know who they are or what they love, desire, value, or believe; self-sufficient and private

response inventories

tests designed to measure a person's responses in one specific area of functioning, such as affect, social skills, or cognitive processes

isolation

separating the anxiety-provoking aspects of an event from one's other thoughts and behaviors; e.g. following the death of a child, one parent may set aside her grief in order to be able to provide support for the other parent

ascesis (askesis)

severe self-discipline for religious reasons

mand

short for command or demand, a form of verbal behavior that is controlled by deprivation or satiation (Skinner)

encounter group

similar to training groups, but with greater emphasis on personal growth and improved personal communication through an experiential process; each group has a facilitator who fosters and encourages open communication (Rogers)

zazen

sitting meditation, part of Soto Zen from Japan

sublimation

sometimes referred to as the successful defense mechanism, it is the process of channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable forms

displacement

sometimes we cannot respond directly to unpleasant situations, so we displace (or transfer) our impulses onto another object; e.g. if your boss yells at you at work, you then go home and yell at people in your family

senile plaques

sphere-shaped deposits of beta-amyloid protein that form in the spaces between certain brain cells and in certain blood vessels as people age; people with Alzheimer's disease have an excessive number of these

school age

stage at which children recognize industry vs. inferiority, competence; social institutions move outside the family, including neighborhood, community, and school; receive some kind of organized training (school), and differences in success between children reveal themselves (Erikson)

adolescence

stage in which on experiences identity vs. role diffusion, confusion and fidelity; family loses its place as primary social institution, as peer groups become more significant; childhood ends as physical puberty takes place; teen decides how her particular skills fit into the adult world, leading to identity formation; fidelity refers to the ability to remain true to oneself and to one's significant other (Erikson)

early childhood

stage in which one experiences autonomy vs. shame, doubt and will; both parents become the primary social institution; child develops the ability to walk and talk, so they do more things for themselves; learn about rules, right and wrong (Erikson)

infancy

stage in which one experiences basic trust vs. mistrust; the primary relationship is with the mother; the child needs to be fed, comforted, and protected; the child does not necessarily recognize that the mother is a separate person (Erikson)

adulthood

stage in which one experiences generativity vs. stagnation, self-absorption and care; the family one has created with a partner becomes the primary social institution, with its division of labor and household duties; marked by maturity, this person cares for the needs of others and guides the next generation; includes productivity and creativity (Erikson)

old age

stage in which one experiences integrity vs. despair, wisdom; social concerns include humanity and family; one is able to convey the experiences of one's lifetime to the next generation, despite bodily decline (Erikson)

young adulthood

stage in which one experiences love and intimacy vs. isolation; with the onset of adulthood, the most significant social relationships are partners in friendship, sex, competition, and cooperation; person consolidates identity and becomes capable of intimacy, sex for love, and inspiration (Erikson)

play age

stage in which one experiences purpose and initiative vs. guilt; the entire family provides social context; child realizes certain things are expected of her by others; begins to play with other children outside the family; develops a sense of purpose, goals, skills, values (Erikson)

pre-encounter

stage of nigrescence in which a black individual views the world from a white frame of reference; she thinks, acts, and behaves in ways that devalue and/or deny her black heritage

internalization

stage of nigrescence in which person internalizes black identity and becomes more secure; tension, emotionality, and defensiveness of previous stage is replaced with calm and secure demeanor; person becomes more open-minded and ideologically flexible; although black values remain at forefront, there is trend toward being pluralistic and non-racist

encounter stage

stage of of nigrescence in which a black person encounters personal or social events that do not fit with their view of society (e.g. being refused service at an all-white facility)

conditions of worth

standards that tell a person she is lovable and acceptable only when she conforms to certain guidelines

state hospitals

state-run public mental institutions in the US

intercultural analyses

the comparison of trait characteristics between cultures

collaborative empiricism

the constant interaction between the client and the therapist (Beck)

contradiction in will

the contrast between our feelings of powerlessness and self-doubt and the societal assurances that we can do anything we set our minds to (May)

eugenics

the controlled inbreeding of people to enhance desired human traits

heritability

the degree of individual variance on some measure of behavior or personality that can be attributed to genetics

correlation

the degree to which events or characteristics vary along with each other

external validity

the degree to which the results of a study may be generalized beyond that study

Christian mysticism

the development of mystical practices and theory within Christianity; it has often been connected to mystical theology, especially in the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christianity

translation equivalence

the difficulty of using a test developed in one's own language with people of a different culture who speak a different language

deintitutionalization

the discharge of large numbers of patients from longterm institutional care so that they might be treated in community programs

animism

the doctrine that every natural thing in the universe has a soul (Skinner)

eugenic sterilization

the elimination, medically or otherwise, of individuals' ability to reproduce

temperament

the emotional component of our personality

temperament

the emotional component of our personality, as stable behavioral and emotional reactions that appear early in life and are influenced by genetic factors

death vs. dying

the end of life, cannot be studied by scientific psychology vs. the process that occurs when death is imminent, but does not come immediately; begins either with old age or the diagnosis of a terminal illness

hallucination

the experience of sights, sounds, or other perceptions in the absence of external stimuli

individuality corollary

the fact that persons differ from each other in their construction of events (Kelly)

memory

the faculty for recalling past events and past learning

performance anxiety

the fear of performing inadequately and a related tension experienced during sex

catharsis

the feeling of symptom relief when a patient remembers a traumatic event

geropsychology

the field of psychology concerned with the mental health of elderly people

multicultural psychology

the field that examines the impact of culture, race, ethnicity, and gender on behaviors and thoughts and focuses on how such factors may influence the origin, nature, and treament of abnormal behavior

fusion

the final merging of two or more subpersonalities in dissociative identity disorder

oral stage

the first phase of psychosexual development, which begins at infancy when the mouth becomes and erotogenic zone and makes libidinal demands on the mind

differentiation

the first phase of separation-individuation, signaled by the child's increasing alertness around the age of 4-5 months; the child directs much of its attention outward, alternating with the child turning back to the mother as its point of orientation

expressed emotion

the general level of criticism, disapproval, and hostility expressed in a family; people recovering from schizophrenia are considered more likely to relapse if their families rate high in this

depressive disorders

the group of disorders marked by unipolar depression

self-actualization

the humanistic process by which people fulfill their potential for goodness and growth

client-centered therapy aka person-centered therapy

the humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers in which clinicians try to help clients by conveying acceptance, accurate empathy, and genuineness

gestalt therapy

the humanistic therapy developed by Fritz Perls in which clinicians actively move clients toward self-recognition and self-acceptance by using techniques such as role playing and self-discovery exercises

equivalence

the idea that a concept may or may not mean the same thing in different cultures

personal construct theory

the idea that people develop personal constructs about how the world works (Kelly)

fictive superiority

the imagination or false belief that one is actually superior to others, that stems from having been pampered

basic irrational assumptions

the inaccurate and inappropriate beliefs held by people with various psychological problems, according to Albert Ellis

rap groups

the initial term for group therapy sessions among veterans, in which members meet to talk about and explore problems in an atmosphere of mutual support

behavior potential

the likelihood that a given behavior will occur in a particular situation (Rotter)

reliability

the likelihood that a test will give essentially the same result on different occasions, or that two versions of the same test will give similar results

tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

the main active ingredient of cannabis substances

standardization

the manner in which a test is given, which must be the same for every person receiving the test if there is to be any value in comparing the results among different people

extension of the sense of self

the mature person focuses on more than simple needs or drive-reduction; she develops strong interests outside of herself; by truly participating in life, she gives direction to her life; she has this

warm relating of self to others

the mature person is capable of great intimacy in her capacity for love with family and friends; she avoids gossip, intrusion, or possessiveness; she respects others and expresses tolerance; she is characterized by this term

realistic perception, skills, and assignments

the mature person who possesses this is in close contact with the "real world," seeing things and people for what they really are

event-related potential

the measured brain response that is the direct result of a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event; more formally, it is any stereotyped electrophysiological response to a stimulus; the study of the brain in this way provides a noninvasive means of evaluating brain functioning

short-term memory

the memory system that collects new info; aka "working memory"

long-term memory

the memory system that contains all the information that we have stored over the years

contact

the moment of union between the sense object, the sensory organ, and the awareness of the object (Buddhism)

benzodiazepines

the most common group of anti anxiety drugs, which includes Valium and Xanax

Alzheimer's disease

the most common type of neurocognitive disorder, usually occurring after the age of 65, marked most prominently by memory impairment

amygdala

the most important brain region involved in the processing of emotional info

parasympathetic nervous system

the nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous system that help return bodily processes to normal

sympathetic nervous system

the nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous system that quicken the heartbeat and produce other changes experienced as arousal and fear

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

the network of nerve fibers that connect the central nervous system to all the other organs of the body

incidence

the number of new cases of a disorder occurring in a population over a specific period of time

learned helplessness

the perception, based on past experiences, that one has no control over one's reinforcements

cultural relativism

the perspective that the significance of an idea or concept is determined by how it is valued within a given culture

desire phase

the phase of the sexual response cycle consisting of an urge to have sex, sexual fantasies, and sexual attraction

orgasm phase

the phase of the sexual response cycle during which a person's sexual pleasure peaks and sexual tension is released as muscles in the pelvic region contract rhythmically

excitement phase

the phase of the sexual response cycle marked by changes in the pelvic region, general physical arousal, and increases in heart rate, muscle tension, blood pressure, and rate of breathing

mainstreaming

the placement of children with intellectual disability in regular school classes; aka "inclusion"

Kirtan

the practice of singing the many names of God

deinstitutionalization

the practice, begun in the 1960s, of releasing hundreds of thousands of patients from public mental hospitals

reinforcement value

the preference for a given reinforcer (Rotter)

normalization

the principle that institutions and community residences should provide people with intellectual disability types of living conditions and opportunities that are similar to those enjoyed by the rest of society

expectancy

the probability held by the individual that reinforcement will follow one's chosen behavior (Rotter)

individuation

the process by which a person actually becomes an individual, differentiated from all other people; includes aspects of the personal unconscious, influenced by the collective unconscious; one becomes a whole person, and is drawn away from society

dream work

the process by which the latent content of a dream is transformed into the manifest content

guided discovery

the process by which the therapist serves as a guide for the client, in order to help her recognize her problematic cognitions and behaviors and also help her design new experiences in which she might acquire new skills and perspectives (Beck)

standardization

the process in which a test is administered to a large group of people whose performance then serves as a standard or norm against which any individual's score can be measured

assessment

the process of collecting and interpreting relevant information about a client or research participant

Nigrescence

the process of converting from Negro to Black, rejecting the deracination imposed by whites and embracing traditional African values and a black identity

Nigrescence

the process of converting from negro to black, by rejecting the deracination imposed by whites and embracing traditional African values and black identity

rationalization

the process of finding logical reasons for unacceptable behavior or thoughts; e.g. a professor may constantly battle with administrators about policies, while claiming that she only has the best interests of her students in mind

self-hypnosis

the process of hypnotizing oneself, sometimes for the purpose of forgetting unpleasant events

reaction formation

the process of suppressing unacceptable impulses and adopting an opposite course of action; e.g. a parent who resents having children may shower them with love

scientific method

the process of systematically gathering and evaluating info through careful observations to understand a phenomenon

working through

the psychoanalytic process of facing conflicts, reinterpreting feelings, and overcoming one's problems

ego theory

the psychodynamic theory that emphasizes the role of the ego and considers it an independent force

self theory

the psychodynamic theory that emphasizes the role of the self - our unified personality

object relations theory

the psychodynamic theory that views the desire for relationships as the key motivating force in human behavior

motherliness

the quality of character that pervades a woman's whole personality and emotional phenomena related to a child's helplessness and need for care; one's own need for love is transferred from her ego to her child, resulting in tenderness (Deutsch)

motherhood

the relationship between mother and child, which varies from individual to individual and from culture to culture (Deutsch)

catharsis

the reliving of past repressed feelings in order to settle internal conflicts and overcome problems

ethology

the science and study of human and animal behavior and social organization from a biological perspective

cognitive neuroscience

the scientific field that is concerned with the study of the biological processes and aspects that underlie cognition, with a specific focus on the neural connections in the brain which are involved in mental processes

abnormal psychology

the scientific study of abnormal behavior undertaken to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning

practicing

the second phase of separation-individuation, in which the child becomes old enough to start crawling and moves out into the world to begin practicing its ability to interact with the environment; it enters full force as the child begins to walk and has a full physical understanding of her separateness from the mother

anal stage

the second stage of psychosexual development, in which the anus becomes the focus of the libido, and the child derives pleasure from the ability to both retain and expel feces

dependent variable

the variable in an experiment expected to change as the independent variable is manipulated

independent variable

the variable in an experiment that is manipulated to determine whether it has an effect on another variable

modulation corollary

the variation in a person's construction system is limited by the permeability of the constructs within whose range of convenience the variants lie (Kelly)

somatogenic perspective

the view that abnormal psychological functioning has physical causes

multicultural perspective

the view that each culture within a larger society has a particular set of values and beliefs, as well as special external pressures, that help account for the behavior and functioning of its members; also called "culturally diverse perspective"

psychogenic perspective

the view that the chief causes of abnormal functioning are psychological

dream distortion

the way in which the unconscious dream material from the id forces its way into the ego but is transformed by the ego's opposition to the impulse

weight set point

the weight level that a person is predisposed to maintain, controlled in part by the hypothalamus

caffeine

the world's most widely used stimulant, most often consumed in coffee

hatha yoga

the yoga of power, referring to the kundalini energy and prana (vital energy) within the body; the practices of hatha yoga are intended to strengthen and prepare the body for controlling the life forces within

mantra yoga

the yoga of sound or vibration; the universe is in constant vibration, and "om" represents the fundamental vibration of the universe

biopsychosocial theories

theories that attribute the cause of abnormality to an interaction of genetic, biological, developmental, emotional, behavioral, cognitive, social, and societal influences

reciprocal determinism

theory that a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment; may be conditioned through the use of consequences (Bandura)

Radical Acceptance

therapeutic approach using mindfulness meditation and Buddhist teachings on compassion as basis for accepting oneself as you are

culture-sensitive therapies

therapies that are designed to help address the unique issues faced by members of cultural minority groups

cognitive-behavioral therapies

therapy approaches that seek to help clients change both counterproductive behaviors and dysfunctional ways of thinking

empirically supported treatment

therapy that has received clear research support for a particular disorder and has corresponding treatment guidelines; aka "evidence-based treatment"

low reactive infants

these babies may respond to unfamiliarity with curiosity and interest, and become more joyful and fearless as they grow up

temperamental categories

these categories vary among individuals, are moderately stable over time and in different situations, are partly determined by genetics, and appear early in life

punishers

these decrease the probability of a response that precedes them (Skinner)

family studies

these experiments are popular because, generally, families provide genetic similarity and a common environmental situation for each child (although this is not always true)

psychodynamic factors

these factors influencing personality emphasize the unconscious mind, interactions between elements of the mind, early childhood experiences, stages of development, defense mechanisms, etc.

communal relationships

these occur when one person feels responsible for the well-being of other people

claimers

these people deny reality and cling to both physical and organic male elements present in all women

dynamic processes

these processes include perception, coping, role playing, and reasoning

ethnographies

these report detailed info on the customs, rituals, traditions, beliefs, and general way of life of a given group

childhood stage

this stage takes place from the acquisition of speech through preschool; involves extending one's interpersonal relationships outside of the immediate family to peers; language is incorporated into the experience of approval or disapproval (Sullivan)

behavioral inhibition system

this system includes the amygdala, which plays a role in mediating responses to anxiety-producing stimuli; children who demonstrate highly reactive responses to these stimuli have an overactive amygdala

basic tendencies

this term encompasses the 5 personality factors outlined by Costa and McCrae

primary process

this term refers to the id, which demands satisfaction and knows nothing of restraint

central relational paradox

this term refers to those who have been hurt by loved ones and believe they can connect with others only if they hold back part of themselves when they try to connect, even though they desire connection

holistic-dynamic theory

this theory assumes that people are continually motivated by one or more needs, and that under the proper circumstances, they can reach a level of psychological health called self-actualization (Maslow)

family systems theory

this theory views the family as a system of interacting parts whose interactions exhibit consistent patterns and unstated rules

personified self

those aspects of personality about which one is consciously aware

high reactive infants

those babies who become anxious as a result of unfamiliarity and tend to become dour, serious, and fearful later in life

central dispositions

those things one would mention in a letter of recommendation

cognitive triad

three cognitive patterns that cause the person to view themselves in a negative manner (Beck)

neurofibrillary tangles

twisted protein fibers that form within certain brain cells as people age; people with Alzheimer's disease have an excessive number of such tangles

team

two or more individuals with different roles, who socially interact in order to pursue a common goal

philia

type of love that encompasses feelings of friendship or brotherly love (May)

contingency awareness

understanding cause and effect; a consciousness of a relationship between two different events; understanding the outcomes of actions (Rotter)

withdrawal

unpleasant, sometimes dangerous reactions that may occur when people who use a drug regularly stop taking or reduce their dosage of the drug

extrapyramidal effects

unwanted movements, such as severe shaking, bizarre-looking grimaces, twisting of the body, and extreme restlessness, sometimes produced by conventional antipsychotic drugs

discriminative stimulus

used consistently to gain a specific response and that increases the possibility that the desired response will occur (Skinner)

ratio schedules

variations in the number of responses necessary for reinforcement (Skinner)

dichotomous thinking

viewing problems and solutions in rigid either/or terms

strategies of disconnection

we develop these when we hurt someone we love or are hurt by someone we love and engage in a conflict that leads to withdrawal

identification

we often engage in this process by modeling our behavior after people we admire or adjusting our behavior based on people we fear; internalizing this process of identifying with others is primarily how the superego developed, how we adopt the rules and guidelines of our culture and make them our own

disinhibition

weakening of restraint that can lead to acting out aggressive impulses (Bandura)

castration complex

when a boy first sees a girl's body, the absence of a penis causes him to fear having his own penis removed, perhaps by his father

penis envy

when a girl first sees a boy's body, she wishes she had a penis, and since she can't become a boy, she seeks the company of men (like her father) and the creation of a boy through childbirth

self-in-relation

when a mother recognizes that she and her daughter are alike, and she shapes her daughter unconsciously to have feminine attributes like feeling connected to others, being able to empathize, and being dependent on relationships

subject omnipotence

when a newborn is hungry, the breast appears; when a newborn is cold, it is wrapped in a blanket and warmed; the baby believes that is has created these conditions through its own wishing, and so it feels omnipotent

anticipatory anxiety

when a person experiences increased levels of anxiety by thinking about an event or situation in the future; a symptom of anxiety-related conditions

inferiority complex

when a person finds it difficult to overcome their challenges in life and cannot compensate for their weaknesses

regression

when an individual engages in behavior typical of an earlier stage of development

regression

when faced with difficult situations that we cannot resolve, we may turn to behavior indicative of an earlier stage of development; i.e. when we are very sick, we may act as helpless as if we were an infant and hope that someone will take care of us

hypnotic suggestion

when hypnosis is used to alter the behavior and cognition of individuals, there are recognizable changes in brain function, leading to this

quasi-experiments

when individuals choose to put themselves in situations that psychologists can't ethically create, consequences can be studied as if it were an experiment; not true experiments since investigator can't be sure of all variables that led to situation

mirroring

when mother and child are playing together, it is a symbol of the trust and union between them, and the child sees itself mirrored in the mother's face; if the mother is loving and supportive, the child is able to develop a sense of feeling real

search for glory

when one's psychic energy associated with self-realization is shifted toward realization of the idealized image; includes a need for perfection, and a drive for neurotic ambition and vindictive triumph

neurotic claims

when someone's search for glory and perfection becomes compulsive and she feels entitled to these things, without ever being criticized, doubted, or questioned

superiority complex

when the intense feelings of an inferiority complex become too much to bear, and a person becomes arrogant or domineering

transitional objects

when transitioning from subject omnipotence to objective reality, things like a child's blanket or teddy bear are very important to the child; they are both a substitute for the mother and an extension of the child herself; this allows the child to experience a world that is neither entirely within its control nor entirely beyond its control

validity

whether a test actually measures what it purports to measure

lymphocytes

white blood cells that circulate through the lymph system and bloodstream, helping the body identify and destroy antigens and cancer cells

real self

who you actually are (Rogers)

ideal self

who you want to be (Rogers)

masculinity complex

women's feelings of wanting revenge against men and the rejection of their own feminine traits

bhakti yoga

yoga of devotion, in which the force of human emotion is channeled toward the divine; 9 stages including listening to names of God and chanting

jnana yoga

yoga of wisdom or knowledge; rigorous discipline in which one uses the intellect to discern reality from maya

orgastic potency

the capacity to surrender to the streaming of biological energy, free of any inhibitions; the capacity to discharge completely the dammed-up sexual excitement through involuntary, pleasurable convulsions of the body

fear

the central nervous system's physiological and emotional response to a serious threat to one's well-being

anxiety

the central nervous system's physiological and emotional response to a vague sense of threat or danger

hormones

the chemicals released by endocrine glands into the bloodstream

inappropriate affect

displays of emotions that are unsuited to the situation; a symptom of schizophrenia

immune system

the body's network of activities and cells that identify and destroy antigens and cancer cells

tolerance

the brain and body's need for ever larger doses of a drug to produce earlier effects

compensation

the typical manner in which a person seeks to overcome challenges

torture

the use of brutal, degrading, and disorienting strategies to reduce victims to a state of utter helplessness

cybertherapy

the use of computer tech, like Skype or avatars, to provide therapy

4 parts of Sullivan's psychiatric interview

1. What does patient esteem and/or disparage about themselves? 2. To what experiences is the patient's self-esteem particularly and unreasonably vulnerable? 3. What are the characteristic security operations employed when the patient is made anxious 4. How great are the patient's reserves of security?

5 precepts of Buddhism

1. don't kill 2. don't steal 3. don't engage in sexual misconduct 4. don't lie 5. abstain from intoxicants

Sullivan's 7 developmental epochs

1. infancy 2. childhood 3. juvenile era 4. pre-adolescence 5. early adolescence 6. late adolescence 7. adulthood

3 types of selfobjects needed by children

1. mirroring: one who confirms the child's vitality and who looks on the child with joy and approval 2. idealizing: satisfies the child's need to be involved with powerful others, people the child can look up to as images of calmness, control, and omnipotence 3. twinship: experience of others who are open and similar to the child, allowing the child to sense an essential likeness between herself and the selfobject

14 characteristics of self-actualized people

1. more efficient perception of reality 2. acceptance of self and others 3. spontaneity 4. problem-centering (i.e. cause-centered) 5. need for privacy 6. autonomous (of one's culture and environment) 7. appreciative 8. capable of "peak experiences" 9. Gemeinschaftsgefühl (empathy and appreciation for others) 10. deep interpersonal relationships 11. unprejudiced (but choose elite friends - in terms of talent, not class) 12. know difference between right and wrong 13. philosophical, lighthearted sense of humor 14. creativity

moving toward people moving against people moving away from people

3 neurotic attempts to solve conflict

vedas

5000 year old Sanskrit texts that form the mythological and philosophical basis for Hinduism

strange situation

Ainsworth's method to study attachment styles of children, in which one of the child's caregivers takes the child into an unfamiliar playroom and allows the child to explore; a stranger enters, interacts with the mother, and tries to interact with the child; the mother leaves, then returns; the stranger leaves, then the mother leaves again; the stranger returns, then leaves; the mother returns; throughout all this, the child is observed for evidence of having a secure base (exploring the new room), separation anxiety (absence of the mother), stranger anxiety (presence of the stranger), and attachment to the mother (when she returns at the end)

human dilemma

Are we the subject of our lives, or are we an object in our world? (May)

Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)

Boston schoolteacher who made humane care a public and political concern in the US by speaking to Congress of horrors she had observed at asylums

grit

Duckworth's word for perseverance and passion necessary to accomplish long-term goals; the ability to continue striving toward these goals, despite temporary failure, adversity, and plateaus in one's progress

height psychology

Frankl's theory of psychology that addresses the higher aspirations of the human psyche, beyond seeking pleasure or power, such as the search for meaning

psychic determinism

Freud's belief that all behavior and thought is the result of psychological connections created during previous experiences and that nothing happens by chance

physical apparatus

Freud's collective term for the id, ego, and superego

Satyagraha

Gandhi's nonviolence movement

Johann Weyer (1515-1588)

German physician who was the first to specialize in mental illness; believed the mind was susceptible to sickness like the body; considered founder of psychopathology

Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926)

German researcher who published an influential textbook arguing that physical factors like fatigue are responsible for mental dysfunction; developed first modern system for classifying abnormal behavior by identifying syndromes (clusters of symptoms)

Gemeinschaftsgefühl

German term for empathy and appreciation for others (Adler)

Angst der Kreatur

German term for the fact that anxiety is the natural state of all living things; a feeling that one is helpless against such forces as illness, old age, and death; we first experience this as infants, and it remains with us through out life

cultural malpractice

Hall's term for therapist behavior that is unaware or inattentive to significant cultural differences

Ten Commandments

I am the Lord your God...You shall have no other gods before me. You shall not make for yourself a graven image...you shall not bow down to them or serve them... You shall not take the name of the Lord your God in vain... Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy. Honor your father and your mother... You shall not kill. You shall not commit adultery. You shall not steal. You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor. You shall not covet your neighbor's house...your neighbor's wife...or anything that is your neighbor's.

play analysis

Klein believed that by watching children at play, an analyst can gain a deep understanding of the psychodynamic processes taking place in the child's mind

object relations theory

Klein's view that a baby is born with drives that include human objects, and the corresponding need for relationships; the infant's instinctual impulses are designed to help the child adapt to the distinctly human world into which the child is born

psychoanalytic ethnography

Levine's method, based on the idea that there are enough common elements in the nature of all people and cultures to provide for valid comparisons of the differences between those people and cultures

enculturation

Linton's idea that no matter how an individual receives the cultural characteristics of their society, they are likely to internalize them

introvert - intent on withdrawing libido from objects, as if to ensure the object can have no power over the person extravert - extends libido toward an object, establishing an active relationship

List and describe the 2 attitude types, according to Jung.

relational-cultural theory (RCT)

Miller's idea that considers the differences between children and adults and the differences between men and women; both children and women lack the privileges of their counterparts, but male children grow up to become equals, while women never become equal; men forever seek to maintain power and status over women; women are more likely to develop a dependent sense of self; they also care more about mutuality and empathy, which helps them to raise children

orgasm theory

Reich's idea that distinguished between complete release of accumulated sexual tensions in orgasm, resulting in the restoration of energy equilibrium, and orgastic impotence, in which the release of energy is incomplete

orgone energy

Reich's term for primordial cosmic energy which provided the underlying energy for all life; he believed that energy streams created hurricanes and galaxies, and he built an energy accumulator, hoping it would treat cancer and control the weather

self-actualization

Rogers and Maslow's theory that each of us contains an inherent drive to be the best we can be, and to accomplish all that we are capable of accomplishing

congruence

Rogers' belief that for a person to achieve self-actualization, their ideal self who they would like to be is congruent with their actual behavior, or self image

psychological situation

Rotter's term for a situation with a variety of cues; different people attend to different cues

dynamism

Sullivan's idea that a relatively enduring pattern of energy transformation allows us to characterize a living organism; each person has many

interpersonal security

Sullivan's idea that anxiety can be satisfied through a sense of security obtained through relationships that provide the child with tenderness and empathy

dynamism of difficulty

Sullivan's idea that security operations of a child are often inappropriate for an adult, yet they become part of an adult personality; such an adult fails to achieve desired goals and this characterizes states of psychological illness

security operations

Sullivan's term for actions that maintain a sense of self-esteem or self-respect, begun in childhood

frustration aggression hypothesis

The view that frustration, or failure to reach a certain desired goal due to circumstance, often leads to aggression, or behavior which intends harm.

extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism

What are Eysenck's Three Superfactors?

Introverted Thinking, Feeling, Sensing, Intuitive Extraverted Thinking, Feeling, Sensing, Intuitive

What are Jung's Eight Personality Types?

ignorance, personality, desire, hate, attachment

What are Patanjali's 5 hindrances?

1. a sufferer who seeks relief from a healer 2. a trained accepted healer, whose expertise is accepted by the sufferer 3. a series of contacts between the healer and sufferer, through which the healer tries to produce certain changes in the sufferer

What are the 3 features of therapy?

case study correlational method experimental method

What are the 3 methods of investigation used by clinical researchers?

greed, anger, delusion

What are the 3 poisons in Buddhism?

deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger

What are the 4 D's indicating abnormality?

connections disconnections mutuality empathy

What are the 4 aspects of Miller's model of female development?

dedication/commitment communication dissolution of roles becoming a separate self

What are the 4 factors in healthy relationships? (Rogers)

differentiation practicing rapprochement consolidation

What are the 4 sub-phases of separation-individuation?

sex, eros, philia, agape

What are the 4 types of love, according to May?

belief, prayer, charity, fasting, pilgrimage

What are the 5 Pillars of Islam?

denial and isolation anger bargaining depression acceptance

What are the Five Stages of Dying? (Kubler-Ross)

Squiggle Game

Winnicott's technique that makes use of drawings by the child and the analyst, including the opportunity for each to make changes in the other's drawings; he believed that this process provided a special opportunity to make contact with the child, in which it felt to him as if the child were alongside him helping to describe the case

mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)

Zinn's program that incorporates mindfulness to assist people with pain and a range of conditions and life issues that were initially difficult to treat in a hospital setting

Maranatha

a Christian mantra meditation in which one recites this Aramaic word, meaning "come Lord," in order to reach contentment and oneness with God (Main and Freeman)

amae

a Japanese concept that refers to dependence on and presumption of another's love; what a child feels when seeking her mother

systematic desensitization

a behavioral

separation-individualism

a child's sense of individuality from the mother; the psychological birth of the individual; the establishment of a sense of separateness from, and relation to, a world of reality, particularly with regard to the experiences of one's own body and to the principal representative of the world as the infant experiences it, the primary love object

encopresis

a childhood disorder characterized by repeated defecating in inappropriate places, such as one's clothing

oppositional defiant disorder

a childhood disorder in which children are repeatedly argumentative and defiant, angry and irritable, and in some cases, vindictive

conduct disorder

a childhood disorder in which the child repeatedly violates the basic rights of others and displays aggression, characterized by symptoms such as physical cruelty to people or animals, the deliberate destruction of other people's property, and the commission of various crimes

enuresis

a childhood disorder marked by repeated bed-wetting or wetting of one's clothes

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

a childhood disorder marked by severe recurrent temper outbursts along with a persistent irritable or angry mood

persistent depressive disorder

a chronic form of unipolar depression marked by ongoing and repeated symptoms of either major or mild depression

fetal alcohol syndrome

a cluster of problems in a child, including low birth weight, irregularities in the head and face, and intellectual deficits, caused by excessive alcohol intake by the mother during pregnancy

syndrome

a cluster of symptoms that usually occur together

substance intoxication

a cluster of temporary undesirable behavioral or psychological changes that develop during or shortly after the ingestion of a substance

rational-emotive therapy

a cognitive therapy developed by Albert Ellis that helps clients identify and change the irrational assumptions and thinking that help cause their psychological disorder

relapse-prevention training

a cognitive-behavioral approach to treating alcohol use disorder in which clients are taught to keep track of their drinking behavior, apply coping strategies in situations that typically trigger excessive drinking, and plan ahead for risky situations and reactions

self-structure (aka self-concept)

a collection of beliefs about oneself; answers the question "Who am I?"

loose associations

a common thinking disturbance in schizophrenia, characterized by rapid shifts from one topic of conversation to another; aka "derailment"

case manager

a community therapist who offers a full range of services for people with schizophrenia or other severe disorders, including therapy, advice, medication, guidance, and protection of patients' rights

automatic thoughts

a concept in CBT, automatic and unconscious images or mental activity that occur in response to a trigger (Beck)

conversion disorder

a condition in which psychological trauma or stress is converted into physical symptoms and/or excessive emotional behavior that used to be called "hysteria"

range corollary

a construct is convenient for the anticipation of a finite range of events only (Kelly)

idealized image

a creation of what the person believes themselves to be, or what they feel they can or ought to be; it is always flattering and removed from reality

evolutionary psychology

a direct application of sociobiology to psychology, it appears to have begun with the publication of "The Adapted Mind" by Barkow, in which a collection of authors addressed the premises that (1) there is a universal human nature, but it is based on evolved psychological mechanisms as opposed to culture, (2) these mechanisms were adaptations constructed by natural selection, and (3) these adaptations fit the way of life of our ancient ancestors but may not fit our modern circumstances

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

a disorder in which a person continues to experience fear and related symptoms long after a traumatic event

acute stress disorder

a disorder in which a person experiences fear and related symptoms soon after a traumatic event but for less than a month

fictitious disorder

a disorder in which a person feigns or induces physical symptoms, typically for the purpose of assuming the role of a sick person

obsessive-compulsive disorder

a disorder in which a person has recurrent and unwanted thoughts, a need to perform repetitive and rigid actions, or both

gender dysphoria

a disorder in which a person persistently feels clinically significant distress or impairment due to his or her assigned gender and strongly wishes to be a member of another gender

conversion disorder

a disorder in which a person's bodily symptoms affect his or her voluntary motor and sensory functions, but the symptoms are inconsistent with known medical diseases

paraphilic disorder

a disorder in which a person's paraphilia causes great distress, interferes with social or occupational activities, or places the person or others at risk of harm - either currently or in the past

body dysmorphic disorder

a disorder in which individuals become preoccupied with the belief that they have certain defects or flaws in their physical appearance; such defects or flaws are imagined or greatly exaggerated

hoarding disorder

a disorder in which individuals feel compelled to save items and become very distressed if they try to discard them, resulting in an excessive accumulation of items

illness anxiety disorder

a disorder in which people are chronically anxious about and preoccupied with the notion that they have or are developing a serious medical illness, despite the absence of somatic symptoms; previously known as hypochondriasis

somatic symptom disorder

a disorder in which people become excessively distressed, concerned, and anxious about bodily symptoms that they are experiencing, and their lives are greatly and disproportionately disrupted by the symptoms

excortiation disorder

a disorder in which people repeatedly pick at their skin, resulting in significant sores or wounds; aka "skin-picking disorder"

trichotillomania

a disorder in which people repeatedly pull out hair from their scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, or other parts of the body; aka "hair-pulling disorder"

sexual dysfunction

a disorder marked by a persistent inability to function normally in some area of the sexual response cycle

bipolar disorder

a disorder marked by alternating or intermixed periods of mania and depression

dissociative amnesia

a disorder marked by an inability to recall important personal events and information

separation anxiety disorder

a disorder marked by excessive anxiety, even panic, whenever the person is separated from home, a parent, or another attachment figure

binge-eating disorder

a disorder marked by frequent binges but not extreme compensatory behaviors

bulimia nervosa

a disorder marked by frequent eating binges that are followed by forced vomiting or other extreme compensatory behaviors to avoid gaining weight; aka "binge-purge syndrome"

intellectual disability (ID)

a disorder marked by intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior that are well below average; previously called "mental retardation"

cyclothymic disorder

a disorder marked by numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms

gambling disorder

a disorder marked by persistent and recurrent gambling behavior, leading to a range of life problems

internet gaming disorder

a disorder marked by persistent, recurrent, and excessive internet gaming; recommended for further study by the DSM-5 task force

premenstrual dysphoric disorder

a disorder marked by repeated episodes of significant depression and related symptoms during the week before menstruation

agranulocytosis

a life-threatening drop in white blood cells; this condition is sometimes produced by the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine

classification system

a list of disorders, along with descriptions of symptoms and guidelines for making appropriate diagnoses

depression

a low, sad state marked by significant levels of sadness, lack of energy, low self-worth, guilt, or related symptoms

delayed ejaculation

a male dysfunction characterized by persistent inability to ejaculate or very delayed ejaculations during sexual activity with a partner

male hypoactive sexual desire disorder

a male dysfunction marked by a persistent reduction or lack of interest in sex and hence a low level of sexual activity

flat affect

a marked lack of apparent emotions; a symptom of schizophrenia

martial way

a means of using the martial arts to live one's life in a virtuous manner

validity

a measure of the accuracy of a test's or study's results

reliability

a measure of the consistency of test or research results

asthma

a medical problem marked by narrowing of the trachea and bronchi, which results in shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, and a choking sensation

lithium

a metallic element that occurs in nature as a mineral salt and is an effective treatment for bipolar disorders

augmentative communication system

a method for enhancing the communication skills of people with autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, or cerebral palsy by teaching them to point to pictures, symbols, letters, or words on a communication board or computer

good enough mother

a mother who at first fulfills the child's wishes immediately and completely, but then withdraws when not needed; this creates an environment in which the child is protected without realizing it; eventually the mother withdraws more to encourage the child to pursue its own development

rapprochement movement

a movement to identify a set of common factors, or common strategies, that run through all successful therapies

neuron

a nerve cell

serotonin

a neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and eating disorders

norepinephrine

a neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to panic disorder and depression

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

a neurotransmitter whose low activity has been linked to generalized anxiety disorder

fear

a new incidental construct that seems about to take over (Kelly)

moral treatment

a nineteenth century approach to treating people with mental dysfunction that emphasized moral guidance and humane and respectful treatment

fetishistic disorder

a paraphilic disorder consisting of recurrent and intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors that involve the use of a nonliving object or nongenital part, often to the exclusion of all other stimuli, accompanied by clinically significant distress or impairment

transvestic disorder

a paraphilic disorder consisting of repeated and intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors that involve dressing in clothes of the opposite sex, accompanied by clinically significant distress or impairment; aka "transvestism" or "cross-dressing"

voyeuristic disorder

a paraphilic disorder in which a person has repeated and intense sexual desires to observe unsuspecting people in secret as they undress or to spy on couples having intercourse, and either acts on these urges with non consenting people or experiences clinically significant distress or impairment

undoing

an ego defense mechanism whereby a person unconsciously cancels out an unacceptable desire or act by performing another act

personality sphere (L-data, Q-data, T-data)

according to Cattell, a concept of the individual's total behavior, obtained by taking a sample of a 24-hour period in the person's life and collecting 3 types of data: L-data that measures the individual's "life record," Q-data or info provided by questionnaires, and T-data on their personality structure provided by objective tests

memes

according to Dawkins, these are self-replicating units of culture created by the human mind through evolution; can be transmitted from person to person and can evolve faster than genes; this means human culture has been able to outpace genetic evolution, creating complex human behavior

moratorium

according to Erikson, a break one takes in life before committing oneself to a career; one way to cope with the challenge of forming one's identity

negative identity

according to Erikson, expressed as an angry and snobbish rejection of the roles expected by one's family, community, and/or society; a profound reaction to the loss of identity that typically arises when identity development has lost the promise of wholeness that one expects

ratio

according to Erikson, the balance between the opposite poles of each psychosocial crisis: trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame, etc.

play

according to Erikson, the royal road to understanding the young child's ego and identity development

psychosocial crises

according to Erikson, these are turning points or crucial moments in a person's development, which contain within them the potential for abnormal development and the failure to reach one's development

fixation

according to Freud, a condition in which the id, ego, and superego do not mature properly and are frozen at an early stage of development

repression

according to Freud, a defense mechanism in which the ego refuses to associate itself with an unacceptable instinctual impulse generated by the id, therefore it does not enter the conscious mind

unconscious mind

according to Freud, it is the true psychic reality, and all conscious thought has a preliminary stage here, yet it is unaccessible

ego

according to Freud, the psychological force that employs reason and operates in accordance with the reality principle

id

according to Freud, the psychological force that produces instinctual needs, drives, and impulses

superego

according to Freud, the psychological force that represents a person's values and ideals

symbolic representation

according to Freud, the representation of various elements of a dream through symbols, used to disguise latent content

displacement

according to Freud, the switching of libidinal energy from one object to another, such that the important object of a dream might seem inconsequential and vice versa

condensation

according to Freud, the tendency to create unity out of a variety of dream elements that we would keep separate if we were awake

secondary elaboration

according to Freud, this is when the ego fills in gaps and connections in a dream while misunderstanding its true nature

symbolic loss

according to Freudian theory, the loss of a valued object (like employment) that is unconsciously interpreted as the loss of a loved one; aka "imagined loss"

social selection

according to Fromm and Maccoby, when external socioeconomic conditions force changes upon a society, the previously deviant individuals are among those who flourish under this opportunity for change

freedom

according to Fromm, this has caused a psychological problem because it has isolated us from the connections necessary for our survival and development; when an entire society is suffering from feelings of isolation and disconnection with the natural order, the members of that society may seek connection with a societal structure that destroys this and integrates each individual into a dysfunctional whole

wounded womanhood

according to Horney, part of the castration complex in women that is the consequence of girls' belief that they have been castrated

womb envy

according to Horney, the envy expressed by boys of pregnancy and motherhood; the need for men to depreciate women is a reflection of their unconscious feelings of inferiority, due to the limited role they play in childbirth, the raising of children, and breastfeeding

female genital anxiety

according to Horney, the fear young girls experience with regard to vaginal injury, were they to have intercourse with their fathers, about which they might fantasize

trickster archetype

according to Jung, a childish character with pronounced physical appetites; seeks gratification and can be cruel or unfeeling; symbolized by gods like Hanuman or characters like Wile E. Coyote

wise old man archetype

according to Jung, a personification of the self associated with saints, sages, and prophets; symbolized by Merlin or an Indian guru

persona archetype

according to Jung, a protective cover or mask that we present to the world to make an impression and conceal our inner selves

self archetype

according to Jung, integration and wholeness of personality, symbolically represented by the mandala, Christ, or helpful animals like Lassie

hero archetype

according to Jung, one who overcomes evil, destruction, and death; often has a miraculous yet humble birth; symbolized by Christ and Hercules

archetypes

according to Jung, psychic resources common to all humans in the collective unconscious, passed down through generations of a culture; inherited, not learned

synchronicity

according to Jung, the coincidence in time of two or more causally unrelated events which have the same or similar meaning; the simultaneous occurrence of a particular psychic state of mind

very old age

added to Erikson's life stages after his death by his wife Joan; despair vs. gerotranscendence; these people are close to death and have likely experienced the death of immediate family members; person loses some of the abilities and realizations she gained throughout previous life stages; might retreat from social life into quiet contemplation about life and afterlife

barbiturates

addictive sedative-hypnotic drugs that reduce anxiety and help people sleep

adoption studies

adopted children take the genetic contributions of their parents into different environmental situations, making these studies a useful tool for comparing the environmental to the genetic contributions

"new indications"

after a drug is approved by the FDA for a disorder, the pharmaceutical company can apply for it to be marketed for use for other disorders

vindictive triumph

aim to put others to shame or to defeat them through one's own successes; motivated by the desire to take revenge for humiliations suffered in childhood

need for perfection

aims at the complete molding of the personality into the idealized self

objective biography

all that a person does and experiences

secondary process

allows the mind to interact with the external world via the ego

isolation

an ego defense mechanism in which people unconsciously isolate and disown undesirable and unwanted thoughts, experiencing them as foreign intrusions

reaction formation

an ego defense mechanism whereby a person suppresses an unacceptable desire by taking on a lifestyle that expresses the opposite desire

growth toward self-realization

although the real self can be diverted by the development of basic anxiety, this is the process in which a child attempts to overcome such diversion by adopting strategies to solve its conflicts by moving toward, against, or away from others

cocaine

an addictive stimulate obtained from the coca plant; the most powerful natural stimulant known

Korsakoff's syndrome

an alcohol related disorder marked by extreme confusion, memory impairment, and other neurological symptoms

Rational Recovery

an alternative to AA, which does not adopt the principles that addicts have no control over cravings, must turn themselves over to God and can never drink again, which are not supported by research (Trimpey)

trephination

an ancient operation in which a stone instrument was used to cut away a circular section of the skull, perhaps to treat abnormal behavior

tricyclic

an antidepressant drug such as imipramine that has three rings in its molecular structure

MAO inhibitor

an antidepressant drug that prevents the action of the enzyme monoamine oxidase

agoraphobia

an anxiety disorder in which a person is afraid to be in public situations from which escape might be difficult or help is unavailable if panic-like or embarrassing symptoms were to occur

panic disorder

an anxiety disorder marked by recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks

Skinner Box (aka operant conditioning chamber)

an apparatus for studying instrumental conditioning in animals in which the animal is isolated and provided with a lever or switch that it learns to use to obtain a reward, such as a food pellet, or to avoid a punishment, like electric shocks

special education

an approach to educating children with intellectual disability in which they are grouped together and given a separate, specially designed education

play therapy

an approach to treating childhood disorders that helps children express their conflicts and feelings indirectly by drawing, playing with toys, and making up stories

stress-management program

an approach to treating generalized and other anxiety disorders that teaches clients techniques for reducing and controlling stress

behavior genetics

an area of science using studies on the influence of genetics on behavior; most of these studies have relied on comparing identical twins to fraternal twins, other siblings, and unrelated individuals

cerebellum

an area of the brain that coordinates movement in the body and perhaps helps control a person's ability to shift attention rapidly

private psychotherapy

an arrangement in which a person directly pays a therapist for counseling services

positive punishment

an aversive consequence is applied as a result of a behavior (Skinner)

theory of mind

an awareness that other people base their behaviors on their own beliefs, intentions, and other mental states, not on information that they have no way of knowing

hypothesis vs. theory

an educated guess about some relationship or circumstance that we have observed; its purpose is to explain what we have experienced and to provide a starting point for further research vs. proposed when a set of observations come together after testing the above question; could generate new questions

daimonic

any natural function that has the power to take over the whole person; can be either destructive or creative, and is often both (May)

desacralizing

any process that distorts human nature and depicts it as less marvelous and dignified than it is (Maslow)

yogi

anyone who practices yoga

overgeneralization

application of isolated incidents to either all or at least many other situations (Beck)

idiographic vs. nomothetic approach

approach that emphasizes individuality, preferred by Allport; no two people can have exactly the same trait vs. approach that emphasizes general rules that apply to all, used by psychologists who attempted to define their discipline as a scientific endeavor

gender-sensitive therapies

approaches geared to the pressures of being a woman in Western society; also called "feminist therapies"

amygdala

area of the brain that mediates responses to anxiety-producing stimuli

Radical Behaviorism

argues that behavior, rather than mental states, should be the focus of study in psychology; emphasizes importance of reinforcement and relationships between observable stimuli and responses (Skinner)

moral anxiety

arises from conflict between our ego and the constraints imposed on it by the superego

neurotic anxiety

arises from internal danger, the threat that unacceptable id impulses will break through and be acted on by the individual (we will be harmed as a result of our actions)

ego

arises from the id as an intermediary between the id and the external world

superstitious behavior

arises when the delivery of a reinforcer or punisher occurs close together in time with an independent behavior (Skinner)

projection

attributing our own negative impulses to another person; e.g. if we want to see another person fail, to make us feel superior, we may claim that they are trying to interfere with our successes

3 ways in which individuals escape from freedom

authoritarianism: giving oneself up to some authority to gain the strength that an individual lacks destructiveness: trying to destroy the object causing anxiety, e.g. society automaton conformity: renouncing individual integrity

psychosurgery

brain surgery for mental disorders; aka "neurosurgery"

sedative-hypnotic drugs

calm people at lower doses and help them to fall asleep at higher doses

correlation coefficient

can range from -1.0 to 0.0 to +1.0; a value close to zero suggests that there is no relationship between the variables, but a value close to -1.0 or +1.0 suggests a strong relationship, with the direct relationship determining whether the value is positive or negative

Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (aka 16-PF)

developed by Cattell, shows a "low score description" and "high score description" of a person's personality on 16 factors

free association

developed by Freud for patients who could not be hypnotized; patients were asked to say whatever they thought, no matter how irrelevant; sometimes used in conjunction with dream analysis

status personality

developed by someone born into a given class whose personal constitution does not fit that class (i.e. someone who has to be outgoing in business is actually shy and withdrawn at home)

true self

developed when the mother is taking care of the baby's every need, making it feel empowered; crucial to the core of personality as the child grows

insomnia

difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep

neurotic anxiety

diffuse apprehension caused by an abnormal fear of freedom; we as humans are unique in the universe because we alone are both objects and subjects of experience (May)

neurocognitive disorder

disorder marked by a significant decline in at least one area of cognitive functioning

psychophysiological disorders

disorders in which biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors interact to cause or worsen a physical illness; aka "psychological factors affecting other medical conditions"

obsessive-compulsive-related disorders

disorders in which obsessive-like concerns drive people to repeatedly and excessively perform certain patterns of behavior that greatly disrupt their lives

dissociative disorders

disorders marked by major changes in memory that do not have clear physical causes

delirium tremens (DTs)

dramatic withdrawal reactions that some people who are dependent on alcohol have; it consists of confusion, clouded consciousness, and terrifying visual hallucinations

cannabis drugs

drugs produced from the varieties of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa; they cause a mixture of hallucinogenic, depressant, and stimulant effects

antagonist drugs

drugs that block or change the effects of an addictive drug

antipsychotic drugs

drugs that help correct grossly confused or distorted thinking

psychotropic medications

drugs that mainly affect the brain and reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunctioning

paranoid-schizoid position

due to the trauma of birth, a child's destructive impulses are directed toward the mother's breast from the beginning of life; as the child fantasizes about attacking and destroying its mother, it begins to fear retaliation; in order to protect itself, the child begins splitting the mother's breast and itself into good and bad parts

passion for form

due to this, the mind is actively forming and re-forming the world in which we live (May)

double-blind design

experimental procedure in which neither the participant nor the experimenter knows whether the participant has received the experimental treatment or a placebo

experimental vs. control group

experimental: exposed to the independent variable control: not exposed

tardive dyskinesia

extrapyramidal effects involving involuntary movements that some patients have after they have taken conventional antipsychotic drugs for an extended time

basic hostility

feelings of hostility toward parents due to basic anxiety, while the child still remains dependent on the parents and cannot exhibit hostility

identity crisis

first used by Erikson to describe a particular psychological disorder after WWII; he encountered patients who had been fighting in war and had become severely disturbed; had lost a sense of personal sameness and historical continuity; later identified this disorder in other young patients at war with themselves and society

twin studies

first used by Galton in the late 1800s, identical twins provide a natural control group; identical twins share 100% of their genetic material, while fraternal twins share 50%; this allows research to address questions of hereditary conditions

mindfulness of body

focus on the breath while sitting, standing, lying down, or walking; use moving meditations and martial arts like Tai Chi and Qigong; observing physical feelings, considering the pleasant or unpleasant quality of each

tribe

for Africans, the basic unit of society; seeks collective survival and cooperation is valued over competition and individualism; close, interpersonal connections are fundamental, and aggression toward others is considered an act of aggression against oneself; the concept of alienation doesn't exist; family structure includes extended family, and all members have responsibility to care for the elderly

rape

forced sexual intercourse or another sexual act committed against a non consenting person or intercourse between an adult and an underage person

infantile amnesia

forgetting the thoughts of early childhood, including sexual impulses

post-hoc hypothesis

formulating additional hypotheses after data collection; hypotheses that were not in play before the data was collected

somatic psychology

founded by Reich, relates to the physical approaches to psychotherapy

Order of Whirling Dervishes

founded by Rumi, this group performs a religious dance called sema to express emotion and achieve wisdom and love of God; originated in Turkey's Islamic Sufism sect

Gordon Allpert

founder of trait theories of personality and founder of personality psychology as a distinct discipline

consolidation phase

fourth and final phase of separation-individuation, in which child consolidates a definite and lifelong individuality; indicates a far-reaching structuralization of the ego and shows that the child has internalized parental demands and has developed a superego

mindfulness meditation

from Eastern philosophies, bringing one's complete attention to the present moment

latent content

from dreams, the true underlying meaning of the dream, the unconscious material from the id desiring satisfaction

manifest content

from dreams, what we remember when we wake up

source traits

fundamental, underlying traits that often combine and/or interact in ways that appear, on the surface, to indicate a single trait; there are 16 total

muscle contraction headache

headache caused by a narrowing of muscles around the skull; aka "tension headache"

managed care program

health care coverage in which the insurance company largely controls the nature, scope, and cost of medical or psychological services

hypocrisy

holding others to a higher methodological standard than oneself

cultural response set

how a given culture typically responds

expressive behavior

how a patient says or writes what she is thinking

cultural flexibility

how individuals are willing to change or adapt in situations in which they know there are cultural differences

inherent drives influencing personality

humanistic psychologists focus on self-actualization; existentialists and spiritually-oriented psychologists focus on the search for meaning in one's life

African worldview

in this worldview, existential reality is one of collective being; it seeks to understand the world through their intersection with all aspects of the world and other people; it is holistic and humanistic, and it focuses on interdependence, collective survival, harmony, an important role for the aged, the oral tradition, continuity of life, and rhythm; it has a fundamental belief in a metaphysical connection between all that exists within the universe, through an all-pervasive energy or "spirit" that is the essence of all things (Khoapa)

frigidity

inability to achieve satisfying sexual relationships; can refer to a woman's inability to transfer her erotogenic zone from the clitoris to the vagina

locus of control

includes internal, in which person believes she can influence events and their outcomes, and external, in which she blames outside forces for everything (Rotter)

id

includes one's temperament and instincts; its only goal is to satisfy instinctual needs and desires, known as the "pleasure principle"

psychoticism

incorporates traits of dominance, like leadership, dominance-submission, sensation seeking, and the lack of a superego; as children, people with this disorder tend to have behavior problems and learning difficulties; at any age, such a person does not typically benefit from counseling because they are paranoid and suspicious

reinforcers

increase the probability of a given response that precedes them (Skinner)

independent vs. dependent variable

independent: the factor that will be manipulated dependent: the factor that will be measured

statistical significance vs. clinical significance

indicates whether a participant's improvement in functioning occurred because of treatment; can be evaluated in an experiment vs. indicates whether the amount of improvement is meaningful in the individual's life; can only be evaluated by an individual and his/her clinician

gene-environment interactions

individuals experience the same environment in different ways due to their genetic predispositions

Rorschach Inkblot Technique

individuals view inkblots on a piece of paper and are asked to say what each one looks like; over 10 inkblots, trends become apparent that reflect dominant issues affecting the personality of the patient

genital character

individuals who are relatively healthy in terms of their psychological development, and whose capacity to enjoy life is uninhibited

pleasure-deficient personalities

individuals who lack the ability to experience the joys, rewards, and positive experiences of life; include schizoid, avoidant, depressive (Millon)

Erikson's Eight Stages of Development

infancy - trust vs. mistrust, hope early childhood - autonomy vs. shame, doubt and will play age - initiative vs. guilt, purpose school age - industry vs. inferiority, competence adolescence - identity vs. role diffusion, confusion and fidelity young adulthood - intimacy vs. isolation, love adulthood - generativity vs. stagnation, self-absorption and care old age - integrity vs. despair, wisdom

Cattell's Six Principal Life Stages

infancy: birth-6 years; formation period of personality childhood: 6-14 years; period of consolidation of personality, moving toward independence adolescence: 14-23 years; period of stress, requiring adjustment to avoid delinquency or neurosis maturity: 23-46 years; pursuit of career, a mate, family, and home; personality becomes set and habits become settled middle age: the beginning of physical and mental changes that begin the decline toward death; reevaluation of life values, search of philosophy to make sense of life; increase in leisure old age: further adjustment as one questions her place and value in society; causes frustration of the ego and sense of insecurity; worry about finances and physical health

Q-data

info about a person provided by questionnaires; subject to a number of problems, like distortions due to poor self-knowledge, delusions about self, or deliberate intent to fake outcome; psychologist's choice of words in a questionnaire has huge effect on outcome

homeostasis

inspiration for physiological need in hierarchy, the natural tendency of the body to maintain critical biological levels of essential elements or conditions, like water, salt, energy, and body temp (Maslow)

normal anxiety

intermittent and expected based on certain events or situations

will-to-power

main driving force in humans, for achievement, ambition, and striving to reach the highest possible position (Nietzche)

client-centered therapy

makes the concept of personal power a clear strategy in the therapeutic relationship

3 types of selfobject transference toward an analyst

mirroring: the attention of the analyst allows the patient to feel more real and more internally substantial idealizing: the patient comes to believe that the analyst is an important and powerful person, and the patient is to be valued by virtue of their association twinship: the patient feels as if she is a companion to the analyst in the process of therapy

panic attacks

periodic, short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak within minutes, and gradually pass

projection

person attributes own unacceptable impulses, motives, or desires to other individuals

repression

person avoids anxiety by simply not allowing painful or dangerous thoughts to become conscious

rationalization

person creates a socially acceptable reason for an action that actually reflects unacceptable motives

displacement

person displaces hostility away from a dangerous object and onto a safer substitute

intellectualization

person represses emotional reactions in favor of overly logical response to a problem

regression

person retreats from an upsetting conflict to an early developmental stage at which no one is expected to behave maturely or responsibly

denial

person simply refuses to acknowledge the existence of an external source of anxiety

evolutionary model of personality development

personality is seen within the same context as any other factor contributing to the evolutionary survival of a species and individuals representing that species; includes 4 areas in which humans need to succeed: existence, adaptation, replication, abstraction (Millon)

motherhood vs. motherliness (Deutsch)

relationship between mother and child, which varies from individual to individual and from culture to culture; quality of character which pervades a woman's whole personality and emotional phenomena related to child's helplessness and need for care vs one's own need for love is transferred from the ego to the child, and this maternal love has the chief characteristics of tenderness

object relations

relationship with an object, whether its a person or some substitute for a person, such as a blanket or teddy bear; fills relational needs of a developing child

neuroses

relatively mild mental illnesses, often associated with stress, but which don't result in a loss of contact with reality

psychogenic needs

secondary needs, presumed to derive from primary needs, including common reaction systems and wishes (Murray)

confirmation bias

seeing supportive data as confirmations of a hypothesis while viewing unsupportive data as "exceptions"

extraverted thinking

seeks intellectual conclusions based on objective reality; seeks to influence others; suppresses emotion; can be rigid and dogmatic, even tyrannical when others penetrate their power province (Jung)

nomothetic perspective

seeks to identify general rules that pertain to personality as a construct - a working hypothesis or concept used to identify something we can describe but not see (i.e. IQ); more common among experimental psychologists

1. rajas: passion, energy, movement 2. tamas: lethargy, darkness, ignorance 3. sattva: purity, wholesomeness, virtue

the 3 gunas, according to yoga; the 3 things that compose all nature (prakriti)

Budo

the Japanese way of the warrior

personal agency

the ability to act as an agent of change in one's own world (Bandura)

amenorrhea

the absence of menstrual cycles

internal validity

the accuracy with which a study can pinpoint one factor as the cause of a phenomenon

delayed gratification

the act of resisting an impulse to take an immediately available reward in the hope of obtaining a more-valued reward in the future; essential to self-control (Mischel)

selfobjects

the adults who care for the child, who need to provide for both physiological and psychological needs

Kabbalah

the ancient Jewish tradition of mystical interpretation of the Bible, first transmitted orally and using esoteric methods, including ciphers; it reached the height of its influence in the later Middle Ages and remains significant in Hasidism

anxiety

the apprehension cued off by a threat to some value which the individual holds essential to his existence as a personality (May)

existential psychology

the area within psychology most closely linked to the field of philosophy; based on the premise that a "whole" person is more than the some of her parts, and understanding people by examining their interpersonal relationships

Cathexis

the attachment of libidinal energy to some physical phenomenon, making its energy unavailable for other things (i.e. attachment to a sexual relationship)

self-efficacy

the belief that one can master and perform needed behaviors whenever necessary

ethnocentrism

the belief that one's own culture has the right beliefs and practices, whereas other cultures have wrong beliefs and practices

pride system

the single entity of self-hate and pride

om

the sound of creation

intentionality

the structure that gives meaning to experience; how we perceive the world and how the world can be perceived by us (May)

positive psychology

the study and enhancement of positive feelings, traits, and abilities

intercultural research

the study of individuals of different cultures interacting with one another

psychoneuroimmunology

the study of the connections between stress, the body's immune system, and illness

social neuroscience

the study of the interactive influences between the structure/function of the brain and social behaviors

Superman

the superior man who justifies the existence of the human race (Nietzsche)

endocrine system

the system of glands located throughout the body that help control important activities such as growth and sexual activity

externalization

the tendency to experience one's own psychodynamic processes as having occurred outside oneself, and then blaming others for one's own problems; such individuals become dependent on others because they become preoccupied with changing, reforming, punishing, or impressing those who they think are responsible for their own well-being

dopamine hypothesis

the theory that schizophrenia results from excessive activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine

logotherapy

the therapy of finding meaning in life (Frankl)

rapprochement

the third phase of separation-individuation at 1.5-2 years of age, in which the child's psychological development catches up with its physical development, and the child enters a state of confusion and anxiety; becomes aware that the mobility she gained during the practicing phase has separated her from the mother, causing distress; the child frequently checks in with the mother for security

synapse

the tiny space between the nerve ending of one neuron and the dendrite of another

prevalence

the total number of cases of a disorder occurring in a population over a specific period of time

psychophysical systems

the total organism, including mind and body, these personality systems include habits, attitudes, sentiments, and dispositions; most important are traits, which can be latent or active

subpersonalities

the two or more distinct personalities found in individuals suffering with dissociative identity disorder; aka "alternate personalities"

agape

the type of love devoted to caring for others (May)

eros

the type of love that includes a drive to procreate or create (May)

moving against people (aka aggressive personality)

thinks everyone is hostile and life is a struggle; driven by a need to control others; believes the strong annihilate the weak; may be manipulative or openly aggressive; chooses mates for materialistic reasons; suppresses emotion; competitive

phallic stage

third stage of psychosexual development, in which the libido focuses on the genitalia; represents the culmination of infantile sexuality and occurs between ages 3-5

disinhibition affectivity

this DSM-V trait domain includes the following trait facets: irresponsibility, impulsivity, distractibility, risk taking, rigid perfectionism (lack of)

antagonism affectivity

this DSM-V trait domain includes the following trait facets: manipulativeness, deceitfulness, grandiosity, attention seeking, callousness, hostility

psychoticism affectivity

this DSM-V trait domain includes the following trait facets: unusual beliefs and experiences, eccentricity, cognitive and perceptual dysregulation

negative affectivity

this DSM-V trait domain includes the trait facets: emotional lability, anxiousness, separation insecurity, submissiveness, hostility, perseveration, depressivity, suspiciousness, restricted affectivity

detachment affectivity

this DSM-V trait domain includes the trait facets: withdrawal, intimacy avoidance, anhedonia, depression, restricted affectivity, suspiciousness

positive psychology

this branch of psychology has a mission to build human strength and nurture genius and to find ways in which research can help people to be happier and lead more fulfilling lives

Cluster A personality disorders

this cluster is odd or eccentric; includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders

multicultural perspective

this considers ethnic/racial identity as cognitively inescapable and fundamental to self-concept

correlational design

this design focuses on how variables change in relation to each other; since there is no control over that change, we can't determine whether one variable affects the other or vice versa, or if the change is due to some unidentified outside factor

disengaged family structure

this family structure is marked by very rigid boundaries between members; children find it hard to function in groups or ask for help

transcultural analysis

this involves looking for personality factors that transcend culture, that are universal and common to all people

cardinal disposition

this is a disposition that dominates an individual's entire life, cannot be hidden, and the individual is known for it; it is uncommon

decentering

this is a method of preventing a test from having any culturally emic references or aspects (specific only to one culture) that interfere with the translation equivalence of different versions

motivational process of learning

this learning process determines whether the observer is inclined to match the modeled behavior in the first place; individuals are most likely to model behaviors that result in an outcome they value, and if the behavior seems to be effective for the models who demonstrated it (Bandura)

intracultural analysis

this looks at specific expressions of traits within a culture

transitional experience

this occurs between subject omnipotence and objective reality

central paradox of connection/disconnection

this paradox refers to the idea that the source of most suffering in life is disconnection; after repeated disconnections, we may become fearful of turning to others for help and support, even when we need it most

Cluster C personality disorders

this personality cluster is anxious or fearful; includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders

retention

this process of learning involves an observer's memory for modeled behavior (Bandura)

constructive alternativism

this refers to the fact that our experiences of the world around us, including events that take the place of our understanding of people, including ourselves, are open to an immense variety of interpretations (Kelly)

infancy stage

this stage begins at birth and lasts until the acquisition of speech; time of most emphatic connection between infant and caregivers, characterized by tenderness and security or anxiety and tension (Sullivan)

adolescence

this stage is divided into three phases: pre-, in which one sees an increase in closeness of friendships, characterized by intimate dynamism; early, in which one has an interest in the other sex and erotic dynamism is formed; and late, occurring between high school and early college, in which one develops mature interrelationships and understands the need for citizenship in society (Sullivan)

creativity cycle

three phase cycle in which innovative ideas are sought; phase 1 involves loosening one's construct system to allow realignments of elements and constructs; phase 2 involves retightening one's construct system after an innovative idea has been found (Kelly)

normal symbiosis

through contact with the mother, a child slowly becomes aware that it cannot satisfy its needs by itself; the child begins to think of itself and its mother as an inseparable system

interval schedules

time intervals between making reinforcers available (Skinner)

sociality corollary

to the extent that one person construes the construction processes of another, he may play a role in a social process involving the other person (Kelly)

commonality corollary

to the extent that one person employs a construction of experience which is similar to that employed by another, his psychological processes are similar to those of the other person (Kelly)

cross-tolerance

tolerance for a substance one has not taken before as a result of using another substance similar to it

ubuntu

traditional African concept that refers to social harmony and common humanity

T-group

training group; a form of group training where participants learn about themselves and small group processes through their interactions with each other (Rogers)

boredom susceptibility

trait of individuals who cannot tolerate any kind of repetitive experience, including routine work and boring people

catastrophizing

treating actual or anticipated negative events as intolerable disasters, even though they may be relatively minor problems (Beck)

hypnotic therapy

treatment in which the patient undergoes hypnosis and is guided to recall forgotten events or perform other therapeutic activities