Week 9 - Sex & Gender

| Reading Quiz - Question #4 | *Is the following True or False?* The idea that sex differences contribute to gendered realities is equally as plausible as the idea that gender contributes to biological expression.

False

| Reading Quiz - Question #5 | *Is the following True or False?* The reading concluded that the main pathway linking sex and gender with disease and mortality patterns is biology.

False

Suicide in White Males

*Look at Widowed vs. Divorced U-shaped curve! Younger males that are widowed are more likely to commit suicide and older males that are divorced are more likely to commit suicide

Sex-health paradox

- Healthcare access and utilization in females in much higher than in males - Women are recieving inferior care with cardiovascular disease when compared to men

Low-income, minority women greatly burdened by depression

- Uncontrollable life events - Job insecurity - Dangerous neighborhoods - Hazardous working conditions - Chronic stressors

Top 10 Leading Causes of Death for Females

1. Cardiovascular Disease 2. Cancer 3. Stroke 4. Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease 5. Alzheimer's disease 6. Unintentional Injury 7. Diabetes 8. Influenza & Pneumonia 9. Kidney Problems & Disease 10. Septicemia

Top 10 Leading Causes of Death for Males

1. Cardiovascular Disease 2. Cancer 3. Unintentional injury 4. Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease 5. Stroke 6. Diabetes 7. Alzheimer's Disease 8. Suicide 9. Chronic Liver Problems & Disease 10. Kidney Problems & Disease

Causes of HIV

66% is due to Male-to-Male contact

Injury rates

Alcohol-related accidents/deaths as well as speeding related accidents/deaths in are HIGHER in males

Adult men report lower routine use of prescription drugs to manage health concerns compared to women

Can certainly explain differences in mortality because these conditions are not being controlled and managed correctly.

Heart Disease and Cancer

As men and women age, the gap in incidence widens. What explains this? - Women generally live LONGER than men. - Women are more likely to seek medical care than men are. - Misdiagnosis of

| Clickers - Question #2 | *Which is a more plausible explanation for this finding?* Higher rates of lung/bronchus cancer in men. A. Difference B. Disparity C. Neither D. Both

B. Disparity

male youth (high school) are more likely to engage in dangerous behavior

Carry a weapon, been in a physical fight, and less seatbelt use

HIV Based on Race

Black populations are baring the biggest burden

What are HIV disparities due to?

Both biological, social, and behavioral explanations for disparities in HIV. - Biology (vaginal sex causes tearing and semen is more virulent) - Gender norms (women won't speak up, males are expected to hold responsibility for the condom) - Forced sex - Power in sexual relations - Fear of violence or abandonment

Smoking use in males shows what health disparity

Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases

| Clickers - Question #1 | *Which is a more plausible explanation for this finding?* Women have a longer life expectancy than males. A. Difference B. Disparity C. Neither D. Both

D. Both

| Clickers - Question #3 | *Which is a more plausible explanation for this finding?* Overweight and Obesity in adults is more prevalent in males, but females should be more predisposed to obesity. A. Difference B. Disparity C. Neither D. Both

D. Both

| Reading Quiz - Question #2 | *Figure 3 examines links between religious attendance and health. _______________ was found to be a major risk factor for older men, making them more susceptible to morbidity and mortality.* A. Insomnia B. Genetics C. Physical activity D. Social isolation

D. Social isolation

| Reading Quiz - Question #1 | *Which of the following describes the Sex Health Paradox?* A. Women have higher rates of mortality, but lower rates of morbidity compared to men. B. Women have lower rates of morbidity and mortality compared to men. C. Women have higher rates of morbidity and mortality compared to men. D. Women have higher rates of morbidity, but lower rates of mortality compared to men.

D. Women have higher rates of morbidity, but lower rates of mortality compared to men.

Differences in longevity or life-expectancy

Females in general live longer than males, why is this? Social and behavioral explanations - Stress (3rd shift for women) - SES -Smoking/Drinking - Risk taking and violence/harassment - Occupational hazards Biological explanations - Genetic advantages (several indicators that females have advantages over males in terms of our bodies) - Childbearing advantage (cardiovascular health and hormones)

Suicide rates

Gender (social influences) specific factors. Suicide is something that effects males a lot heavier than females. This has to with shock value - unexpecting this to happen: • Older men who experienced a divorce are far more likely to commit suicide. • Far more younger men are committing suicide after widowhood - this has to do with the impact of losing a spouse in younger adulthood. Tend and befriend behaviors exist to explain this disparity as well. Women seek emotional support, and males do not.

Note the differing trend in age for men and women of diagnosis of hypertension

Hypertension rates are deceasing overall, however there is a very wide gap between males and females. There are more women in older age, and hypertension in older age is extremely common. Social explanations including access to healthcare (finance/coverage) have to be to blame for this change.

Homicide rates

In 2010, number of homicide incidents categorized by victim-offender relationship. Females: Total = 3,032 Intimiate partner = 39.3% Nonintimate partner = 36.8 Unknown = 23.8% Males: Total = 10,878 Intimiate partner = 2.8% Nonintimate partner = 47.5% Unknown = 49.7%

Condom use among high school students are showing higher rates of condom use in males than for females

Just because you have a condom with you does not mean that you will use it

Overall substance use for Males and Females ages 12 and older in 2016 (Including highschoolers)

Just prevalence rates listed here. • Men are more likely to report using cigarettes than females. in general no difference in pharmaceutical use • In terms of those who are reporting to a hospital, there is more reported drug overdoses. • Heroin, fentanyl, other opioid drug use is more prevalent in males • Heavy alcohol use is more prevalent in males • Binge drinking is an epidemic in both males and females but more in males Paradox - what we are seeing in pharmaceutical drugs and no differences and then huge difference in illicit drug use and drug overdoses more in males.

Undiagnosed diabetes in males shows what health disparity

Kidney-related diseases

Commission

MISDIAGNOSIS An example of giving women anxiety pills for symptoms of heart disease.

Overweight and obesity among adults

Men have more muscle mass than women do, and women tend to have more fat mass than males. This could explain the difference between obesity rates in men and women. In the general population, we see that men have a higher rate of overweight and obesity.

Mental health problems and Psychological distress and pain

More likely in women than in men

Suicide in White Females

No consistent rates in terms of age range

Working in dangerous conditions in males leads to what health disparity

Occupational injuries (75% higher in men)

Liver Disease/Cirrhosis

Overall rates are trending up for both males and females overtime. This is not good news!

Intersectionality

The idea that you have multiple "insults" or are in the minority for multiple things for example being a black lesbian women

Sex Health Paradox

The observation that females have higher rates of morbidity but lower rates of mortality, compared to men.

Cigarette smoking

This is a proxy measure for SES, based on education level.

| Clickers - Question #4 | *True or False* Commission = misdiagnoses Ommission = underdiagnoses

True

| Reading Quiz - Question #3 | *Is the following True or False?* • Sex-as-biology = within the body. • Gender-as-society = outside of the body.

True

Omission

UNDERDIAGNOSIS An example includes the medical treatment of women which is different than the treatment of men. Huge problem - symptoms of heart disease are ignored.

Intimate Partner Violence

We know that rape is highly under-reported, there is something else going on here despite overall good change in the research.

Sex

We refer to biological sex as male or female.

Gender

We refer to gender identity as male or female, regardless of biological sex.

Suicide in Black Males

Widowhood has the biggest impact for younger males and there is more suicide in younger age for black males

Alzheimer's is a disparity in what gender

Women

In the US, males carry the HIV burden but worldwide - females carry the HIV burden.

Women are more affected in areas in which HIV transmission is primarily via heterosexual sex.

Diabetes

Women are more likely to be seen by a doctor than males, therefore, more likely to be diagnosed with diabetes.

Tend & befriend

Women are more likely to use positive and adaptive support and men are more likely to go to unhealthy coping like drinking and smoking

Hypertension and awareness of hypertension

Women in older age are more likely to be diagnosed with hypertension. Men in all ages are more likely to be undiagnosed with hypertension.

Drug overdose

Younger females are less likely to have a drug overdose. Males have a huge disparity of drug overdose death!

Women are living ____________ than males.

longer

Third shift

the idea that women a heavy caretaker role which induces a lot of stress on women - they have the home, their job, and come and take care of the children

Mortality Rates in Males vs. Females

• Liver Cancer: Deaths are HIGHER in males than women • Esophageal Cancer: ONLY present in Males • Bladder Cancer: ONLY present in Males

Increased issues in females

• Think about gender norms of masculinity - may be due to lack of reporting in males