Western Civ. Mr. E Final Exam Study

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Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Improved diets during industrial revolution led to?

1. Better diet- longer/healthier life 2. Population increase 3. More things in demand, food

3 step of scientific method

1. Careful experiments/observations 2. Interpret results 3. Math/Science used to prove theories rather than logic

Universities in the Renaissance added _____, _____, ______, and _____ to humanities.

1. Grammar 2. Rhetoric 3. Poetry 4. History

What are two ways Diocletian restored the economy?

1. Set limits on prices and wages 2. People ordered to remain in their jobs

Napoleonic Code

A comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon

Nicene Creed

A formal creed summarizing Christian beliefs

Aqueduct

A structure that carries water over long distances from reservoirs

Types of Blood

A, B, AB, O

Wright Brothers

Airplane

10 Hours Act

All women and kids only work 10 hours a day

Alessandro Volta

Battery

Virgil

Classical Roman poet, author of Aenied

William Perkins

Dyes from coal

Liuy

History of Rome that was not impartial and glorified Rome

The book of the Courtier by Castiglione

How an educated aristocrat should behave

The eightfold path

In Buddhism, the basic rules of behavior and belief leading to an end of suffering

Napoleon married who? (first wife)

Josephine

Pepin the Short (son of Charles Martel)

King of the Franks

Roman army composed of units called?

Legions

Martyrs

People who suffer or die for their beliefs

Edward Cartwright

Power loom

Josef Marie Jacquard

Programmable loom

James Hargreaves

Spinning Jenny

Robert Fulton

Steamboat-Clermont

United States national anthem

The Star-Spangled Banner

What was the Ides of March?

The day that Julius caesar was assassinated in Senate chamber

What document did the Magna Carta influence?

U.S. Constitution

Aenied

Written by Virgil. Story that emphasized Roman justice, wisdom, and power.

Inquisition

a Church court set up to try people accused of heresy

Legions

a group of up to 6,000 Roman soldiers; Large group of infantry and small group of Calvary

William Fox Talbot

inventor of calotype photography-negative

Magna Carta

the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215

Fertile Crescent/Mesopotamia

-Civilization began in the Middle East in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys. -Early civilizations in Asia and Africa developed in river valleys because of the fertile land and proximity of water -Increased agricultural production

The Four Noble Truths

1) All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow. 2) The cause of suffering is nonvirtue, or negative deeds and mindsets such as hated and desire. 3) The only cure for suffering is to overcome nonvirture. 4) The way to overcome nonvirtue is to follow the Eightfold Path

Key things the church did

1. Converted Non-Christians 2. Leading the Flock 3. Sacraments 4. Excommunication 5. Inquisition

National Assembly Reforms

1. Ended serfdom 2. Ended tax exempts 3. All male citizens for church/government positions 4. Declaration of the rights of man-equality of all citizens under law and protection of personal property

What led to the collapse of the Roman Empire?

1. Germanic tribes invaded 2. Weak empire due to divide lands 3. Economic problems 4. Lack of pride and loyalty in country

Five Characteristics of Civilization

1. Large, advanced cities 2. Specialization of jobs 3. Complex institutions 4. Record keeping (which requires writing systems) 5. Technology

New weapons which led to English victories

1. Long bow 2. gunpowder- used in cannons

What 2 things did Jesus stress among his people?

1. Love the lord, Thy God with all thy heart 2. Love thy neighbor as thyself

Reasons Christianity spread

1. Poor and oppressed found hope in God 2. Equality, dignity, and promise in eternal life 3. Educated people believed it true 4. Greek = common language of Roman Empire 5. Woman leaders 6. Dynamic churches, stories/songs spread word

Scientific Method

1. Recognize a problem 2. Observation/prediction 3. Hypothesis 4. Experimentation/evaluate results 5. Conclusion

How many Deciples in the New Testament?

12

What number was the most successful crusade?

1st crusade

How many people condemned to death by guillotine?

20,000-40,000 including Mary Antoinette

What caused a great turmoil in Rome?

26 emperors, all but one died violently

Bronze Age

3000 BCE; people began to use bronze tools and weapons apposed to copper and stone

Edict of Milan

313 CE Constantine makes Christianity the primary religion of the Roman Empire

How many crusades were there?

4

Sacraments

7 sacred rites of the church

What percent of Greece is mountains?

75% or 3/4

Martin Luther

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule.

Caste System

A Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life

Homer

A blind man, Greek poet, author of the Iliad and the Odyssey

Black Death

A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351 Bubonic- terrible famine, poor harvests, agriculture, trade, and commerce

Coke

A form of coal that was unlimited in supply and therefore easier and better to use

Republic

A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting

Age 27, Napoleon became?

A general

Theocracy

A government controlled by religious leaders

Tennis Court Oath

A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution

Feudalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

Crusades

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule

Crusifixion

A type of execution in which a person was nailed to a cross

Bessemer Process

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities-Cast iron

Who was the founder of Judaism?

Abraham

1874, 10 hours work extended to _____

All, included men, women, children

Factory Act of 1833

An act that limited the factory workday for children between nine and thirteen years of age to eight hours and that of adolescents between fourteen and eighteen years of age to twelve hours.

Giotto

An artist who led the way into realism; his treatment of the human body and face replaced the formal stiffness and artificiality that had long characterized the representation of the human body

Council of Clermont

An assembly heard the a speech given by Pope Urban II and basically he said they was a direct path to heaven for those willing to fight in the first crusade

Tacitus

Annals and history that criticized the emperor and Rome to some extent

Archbishops

Appointed and had authority over a province

Who did the Europeans learn paper from?

Arabs- who learned from Chinese

Henry Ford

Assembly line and mass production

Johannes Kepler

Assistant to Brahe; used Brahe's data to prove Copernicus' idea that the earth moved in an elliptical

Guilds

Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests

Maria Theresa

Austrian throne and helps serfs

Hammurabi

Babylonian king who codified the laws for his empire; 1792-50BCE

Four musicians during enlightenment

Bach, Haydn, Handel, Mozart

Excommunication

Banishment from the church

Monotheism

Belief in one God

Henry Bessemer

Bessemer Process

Where was Christ born?

Bethlehem

Who is the main god of Hinduism?

Brahman

What three different personalities was Brahman seen as?

Brahman the creator Vishnu the protector Shiva the destroyer

Donatello

Bronze statue of David

Tyclus Brahe

Built observatory

Problems in the Roman military caused what leader to ascend?

Caesar

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism

John Calvin

Calvinists- ideas from Martin Luther

Who gained title of emperor of the Romans?

Charlemagne

Carolingian Renaissance

Charlemagne's efforts led to the revival of learning and culture, rebirth

What did Constantine's baptism lead to?

Christianity being the dominant religion

Matthew Brady

Civil War photographer-magzines

Civil Law

Claims of Roman citizens

What type of architecture did the Greeks and Romans learn?

Columns and arches

Caesar of Cicero

Commentaries on the Galic Wars

Girolmo Savonarola

Condemned church immortality- urged church to resist worldly temptations

500 BC who is an important scholar during in China

Confucius

337 AD who was baptized?

Constantine

Who reunited East and West and built new capital in Byzantium called Constantinople

Constantine

Constitution of 1791

Constitution created by the French Revolution that had a limited monarchy and system of separation of powers

Eli Whitney

Cotton gin and interchangeable parts

Charlemagne (Charles the Great son of Pepin)

Created Carolingian empire

Monasteries

Created writing rooms for monks to copy classical works for future generations

What did the English call the vikings?

Danes

Charles Martel "The Hammer"

Defeats the Muslins at Battle of Tours

Copernicus

Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth.

In 44 BC Julius Caesar was given what title?

Dictator

In times of crisis, the Senate in Rome could appoint a _________

Dictator

Age 30, Napoleon became?

Dictator of France

In 284 AD Emperor ____________ split the Roman Empire into 2 parts -- west and east.

Diocletian

Brunelleschi

Dome of Florence Cathedral

Brunswick Manifest

Duke of Brunswick wrote to threaten French revolutionists to surrender Paris or the Austrians and Prussians would burn it

What is Ptolemy's idea?

Earth is center of the universe

First place Napoleon was exiled

Elba

Micheal Faraday

Electric generator

What of works did the Romans collect for science and medicine?

Encyclopedias

Rudolph Diesel

Engine strong enough to pull heavy loads

Elizabeth I

English Queen and politique who united Protestants and Catholics through compromise -prosecuted anyone who disagreed with her

Hobbes

English philosopher and political theorist best known for his book Leviathan (1651), in which he argues that the only way to secure civil society is through universal submission to the absolute authority of a dictator, life is nasty, short, and brutish

William Harvey

English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood

William Shakespeare

English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet.

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history

humanists (renaissance)

European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later.

Who made up the 3 estates

Everyone else-commoners/middle class

During the Industrial Revolution, life changed from domestic system to a ________ system.

Factory

Leif Erkison

Famous Viking that discovered America (North)

Rene Descartes

Father of modern philosophy, "I think, therefore I am"

John Kay

Flying shuttle

National Assembly

French Revolutionary assembly. Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.

Joan of Arc

French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king- She was burned at the stake

Bourgeoisie

French middle class-wealthiest

Voltaire

French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize the Age of Enlightenment, often attacking injustice and intolerance.

Francis Rabelais

Gargantuan and Pantagreul

Place where Shakespeare's plays are held

Globe Theatre in London

British national anthem

God Save the Queen

Karma

Good or bad deeds

Direct Democracy

Government in which citizens vote on laws and select officials directly.

Lycees

Government run public schools

First Nation to develop a democracy

Greece

Galen

Greek anatomist whose theories formed the basis of European medicine until the Renaissance

Hellenistic Culture

Greek culture blended with Egyptian, Persian and Indian ideas, as a result of Alexander the Great's Empire.

Who is Gallen?

Greek physician who wrote medical encyclopedias used by Europe up until the 1400s

Egyptians developed a type of writing known as:

Hieroglyphics

Who made up the 1 and 2 estates

High clergy and nobles

Bishops

Highest ranking church officials

Type of religion not traced back to a single founder

Hinduism

Who was famous for glorifying Rome?

Horace

Universities during the Middle Ages studied?

Humanities: 1. Theology 2. Law 3. Medicine

Was is one of the greatest Roman law achievements?

Innocent until proven guilty

Gottlieb Daimler

Internal combustion engine

Gallileo Galilei

Invented telescope that allowed the stars to be viewed, planets not smooth, sun had blemishes, taken before inquisition

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone

Thomas Alva Edison

Inventor of the light bulb, phonograph

Henry Cort

Inventor of the puddling system in which coke was used to burn away impurities in iron to produce an iron of high quality/pure

Lorenzo de Medici

Italian statesman and scholar who supported many artists and humanists including Michelangelo and Leonardo and Botticelli

What was the Holy Land?

Jerusalem

Society of Jesus

Jesuits

Israelites were later known as:

Jews

Labor Unions and Strikes

Labor unions were groups of workers who wanted to obtain better working conditions, strikes were held in order to obtain such conditions.

Pope Urban II

Leader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians to take up arms against Muslims, starting the Crusades

What branches were created by the Greeks?

Legislative Executive Judicial

French revolutionaries' anthem

Liberty, equality, fraternity

Catherine the Great of Russia

Limit torture and religious toleration

French national anthem

Marseillaise

Bastille

Medieval fortress that was converted to a prison stormed by peasants for ammunition during the early stages of the French Revolution

Da Vinci

Mona Lisa and The Last Supper

What is Judaism's religion

Monotheistic

Often times pyramids housed ________

Mummies of royal families

Who killed Peter and Paul?

Nero

Where was the Egyptian civilization located?

Nile Delta Area

Land given to vikings is called what?

Normandy

Flanders

Oil based paints

Andreas Vesalius

On the Structure of the Heavenly Bodies, got bodies from executioner, accurate anatomy drawings

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Michelangelo

Painted the Sistine Chapel

Writing surface invented by the Egyptians

Papyrus

Rousseau

People and nature are good but together are corrupt, ideal society is people forming community with no leader

Priests

People who performed religious ceremonies

Who traveled to Rome to convert Jews to Christians?

Peter

Egyptian kings were gods known as _________

Pharaohs

Mosaic

Pictures consisting of a design made of small pieces of colored stone or glass

What group of people flourished under emperor Augustus?

Poets

Who was the governor of Palestine?

Pontias Pilate

Mines Act of 1842

Prevented women and children from working underground

Just price

Price for materials with a reasonable profit

Anabaptists

Protestants who insisted that only adult baptism was the way to understand Jesus

Diderot

Published work of many philosphes in his Encyclopedia. He hoped it would help people think more rationally and critically.

Louis XVI

Put to death by guillotine after letters to put down French Revolution were discovered

What were the structures Egyptians made called?

Pyramids

Queen Isabella

Queen of spain who gave colombus the ships and sailors to sail to the new world

Jacobins

Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre

Guglielmo Marconi

Radio

Francis de Petrarch

Recover writings of classic world

Colors of revolutionaries worn by king Louis XVI

Red, white, blue

What process did Hindus believe in?

Reincarnation

What government did Rome become?

Republic

What common song did the Bubonic Plague influence?

Ring around the Rosie

Pax Romana

Roman Peace

What was a key feature of Roman success?

Roman army

Emperors tolerated other practices of religion only if offered _________ to the emperor

Sacrifices

Where are the vikings from?

Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, Denmark)

What were writing rooms called

Scriptoria

Physiocrats

Searched for natural laws to explain economics, land was most valuable, free market society, trade=wealth

Who was the founder of Buddhism?

Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)

Other famous philosophers in Greece

Socrates, Aristotle, Plato, and eventually Alexander the Great

Cervantes

Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form

Samuel Crompton

Spinning mule

Second place Napoleon was exiled

St. Helena

Thomas Savery

Steam engine- Coal mines, blew up a lot

James Watt

Steam engine-relatively safe and efficient

Thomas Newcomen

Steam engine-took too much coal

George Stephenson

Steam locomotive-The Rocket, 36 MPH

What is the Nazareth Manifesto?

Study of scripture and learned carpentry

Pope

Supreme ruler of church, many Mediterranean cities frowned upon this

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss reformer, abolished catholic mass, confessions, sale of indulgences, allowed priests to marry

Constantinople

Symbolized declining influence in Rome

Samuel F.B. Morse

Telegraph

What famous structure was created using concrete, domes, arches, and columns?

The Coliseum

What did China build to protect themselves?

The Great Wall of China

Sir Isaac Newton

The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, invented calculus, and law of gravity

500 BC; what did Budda search for?

The enlightenment or wisdom Also known as the Four Noble Truths

Julius as Dictator began to make legal reforms which led to what?

The ides of March

What was the main festival in Greece?

The olympics

Law and nations

The part of the law code that applied to both Romans and foreigners

Roman goddess of justice

Themis

What was Egypt's government based on?

Theocracy

Christianity becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire during the rule of _______

Theodosius the Great

Reign of Terror

This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed.

Sale of Indulgences

This was the way that many people were granted salvation. This was a common method of the church to gain power and money

After Julius Caesar allied himself with Crassus and Pompey, what did they call themselves?

Triumvirate

What war happened around 1200 BC in Greece?

Trojan War

Henry VIII established what?

Tudor dynasty

The Price by Machiavelli

Urged leaders to be mean in order to stay in power

Richard Arkwright

Water frame

Napoleon Bonaparte lost where? Against who?

Waterloo against the Europeans- Duke of Wellington

Reincarnation

What you'll be brought back as in terms of your karma

Who lost influence when the church hierarchy emerged?

Women

Locke

Wrote Two Treatises of Government. Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. He said government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel.

Giovanni Boccaccio

Wrote the Decameron

Paracelsus

Zinc and other minerals to heal patients

Commitee of Public Safety

a comitee established during the French revolution to identify enemies of the republic-waged war on all enemies of revolution- given dictatorship like powers

patron

a person who provides financial support for the arts

Dynasty

a powerful family or group of rulers that maintains its position or power for some time

Catherine de Medici

a powerful womanwho used her young sons as puppets to control the throne

Craft Guilds

associations of artisans organized to regulate the quality, quantity, and price of the goods produced as well as the number of affiliated apprentices and journeymen. Shoemakers, goldsmiths, weavers

What did the Magna Carta guarantee?

basic legal rights such as: trial by jury, protection of property, reasonable limits on taxes, and a degree of religious freedom

Polytheism

belief in more than one god

Anglican Church

church that King Henry VIII of England creates so that he can marry and divorce as he pleases

Civilization

complex culture with 5 characteristics

slash and burn farming

cut trees or grasses and burn them to clear a field, use ash to fertilize soil, then plant two years before moving to another area to farm

Mary Tudor

daughter of Henry and Catherine of Aragon; as queen, she tried to restore Catholicism in England

Bubonic Plague

disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population and helps end Feudalism. Rats, fleas.

Torrah

first 5 books of the Old Testament (bible)

Frederick the Great of Prussia

granted religious freedom and encouraged elementary education

Nomads

highly mobile people who moved from place to place foraging, or searching, for new sources of food

hunter-gatherers

increase food supply by inventing tools- spears to kill, sticks to dig

Louis Daguerre

inventor of the daguerreotype, an early type of photography

Vassals

lesser lords who pledged their service and loyalty to a greater lord -- in a military capacity

Sonnet

love poem

Seljuk Turks

nomadic people from central Asia who converted to Islam and took command of the empire in 1055

Ambrose Pare

ointment for treating infections and stitches

Who was Paul?

originally a Christian prosecutor, then became apostle of Jesus- Saul originally. Wrote book of Revelations

Émigrés

political exiles

Montesquieu

separation of powers

Parables

short stories with simple moral lessons

Coloni

small farmed that abandoned their lands due to invaders, and their lands became part of the holding of a rich noble that would govern without Rome

Petrach

sonnets

Battle of Valmy

the French defeated the Austrian and Prussian troops

Plebeians

the common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up the majority of the population in Rome

Great Schism

the official split between the Roman Catholic and Byzantine churches that occurred in 1054

Domestication

the taming of animals for human use, such as work or as food

Patricians

the wealthy class in Roman society; landowners

Saladin the Great

united Muslim forces and captured Jerusalem in 1187

The one hundred years war

war between france and england. The english had to be expelled from french lands.


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