Western Civ. Mr. E Final Exam Study
Renaissance
"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome
Improved diets during industrial revolution led to?
1. Better diet- longer/healthier life 2. Population increase 3. More things in demand, food
3 step of scientific method
1. Careful experiments/observations 2. Interpret results 3. Math/Science used to prove theories rather than logic
Universities in the Renaissance added _____, _____, ______, and _____ to humanities.
1. Grammar 2. Rhetoric 3. Poetry 4. History
What are two ways Diocletian restored the economy?
1. Set limits on prices and wages 2. People ordered to remain in their jobs
Napoleonic Code
A comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon
Nicene Creed
A formal creed summarizing Christian beliefs
Aqueduct
A structure that carries water over long distances from reservoirs
Types of Blood
A, B, AB, O
Wright Brothers
Airplane
10 Hours Act
All women and kids only work 10 hours a day
Alessandro Volta
Battery
Virgil
Classical Roman poet, author of Aenied
William Perkins
Dyes from coal
Liuy
History of Rome that was not impartial and glorified Rome
The book of the Courtier by Castiglione
How an educated aristocrat should behave
The eightfold path
In Buddhism, the basic rules of behavior and belief leading to an end of suffering
Napoleon married who? (first wife)
Josephine
Pepin the Short (son of Charles Martel)
King of the Franks
Roman army composed of units called?
Legions
Martyrs
People who suffer or die for their beliefs
Edward Cartwright
Power loom
Josef Marie Jacquard
Programmable loom
James Hargreaves
Spinning Jenny
Robert Fulton
Steamboat-Clermont
United States national anthem
The Star-Spangled Banner
What was the Ides of March?
The day that Julius caesar was assassinated in Senate chamber
What document did the Magna Carta influence?
U.S. Constitution
Aenied
Written by Virgil. Story that emphasized Roman justice, wisdom, and power.
Inquisition
a Church court set up to try people accused of heresy
Legions
a group of up to 6,000 Roman soldiers; Large group of infantry and small group of Calvary
William Fox Talbot
inventor of calotype photography-negative
Magna Carta
the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215
Fertile Crescent/Mesopotamia
-Civilization began in the Middle East in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys. -Early civilizations in Asia and Africa developed in river valleys because of the fertile land and proximity of water -Increased agricultural production
The Four Noble Truths
1) All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow. 2) The cause of suffering is nonvirtue, or negative deeds and mindsets such as hated and desire. 3) The only cure for suffering is to overcome nonvirture. 4) The way to overcome nonvirtue is to follow the Eightfold Path
Key things the church did
1. Converted Non-Christians 2. Leading the Flock 3. Sacraments 4. Excommunication 5. Inquisition
National Assembly Reforms
1. Ended serfdom 2. Ended tax exempts 3. All male citizens for church/government positions 4. Declaration of the rights of man-equality of all citizens under law and protection of personal property
What led to the collapse of the Roman Empire?
1. Germanic tribes invaded 2. Weak empire due to divide lands 3. Economic problems 4. Lack of pride and loyalty in country
Five Characteristics of Civilization
1. Large, advanced cities 2. Specialization of jobs 3. Complex institutions 4. Record keeping (which requires writing systems) 5. Technology
New weapons which led to English victories
1. Long bow 2. gunpowder- used in cannons
What 2 things did Jesus stress among his people?
1. Love the lord, Thy God with all thy heart 2. Love thy neighbor as thyself
Reasons Christianity spread
1. Poor and oppressed found hope in God 2. Equality, dignity, and promise in eternal life 3. Educated people believed it true 4. Greek = common language of Roman Empire 5. Woman leaders 6. Dynamic churches, stories/songs spread word
Scientific Method
1. Recognize a problem 2. Observation/prediction 3. Hypothesis 4. Experimentation/evaluate results 5. Conclusion
How many Deciples in the New Testament?
12
What number was the most successful crusade?
1st crusade
How many people condemned to death by guillotine?
20,000-40,000 including Mary Antoinette
What caused a great turmoil in Rome?
26 emperors, all but one died violently
Bronze Age
3000 BCE; people began to use bronze tools and weapons apposed to copper and stone
Edict of Milan
313 CE Constantine makes Christianity the primary religion of the Roman Empire
How many crusades were there?
4
Sacraments
7 sacred rites of the church
What percent of Greece is mountains?
75% or 3/4
Martin Luther
95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule.
Caste System
A Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life
Homer
A blind man, Greek poet, author of the Iliad and the Odyssey
Black Death
A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351 Bubonic- terrible famine, poor harvests, agriculture, trade, and commerce
Coke
A form of coal that was unlimited in supply and therefore easier and better to use
Republic
A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting
Age 27, Napoleon became?
A general
Theocracy
A government controlled by religious leaders
Tennis Court Oath
A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution
Feudalism
A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land
Crusades
A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule
Crusifixion
A type of execution in which a person was nailed to a cross
Bessemer Process
A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities-Cast iron
Who was the founder of Judaism?
Abraham
1874, 10 hours work extended to _____
All, included men, women, children
Factory Act of 1833
An act that limited the factory workday for children between nine and thirteen years of age to eight hours and that of adolescents between fourteen and eighteen years of age to twelve hours.
Giotto
An artist who led the way into realism; his treatment of the human body and face replaced the formal stiffness and artificiality that had long characterized the representation of the human body
Council of Clermont
An assembly heard the a speech given by Pope Urban II and basically he said they was a direct path to heaven for those willing to fight in the first crusade
Tacitus
Annals and history that criticized the emperor and Rome to some extent
Archbishops
Appointed and had authority over a province
Who did the Europeans learn paper from?
Arabs- who learned from Chinese
Henry Ford
Assembly line and mass production
Johannes Kepler
Assistant to Brahe; used Brahe's data to prove Copernicus' idea that the earth moved in an elliptical
Guilds
Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests
Maria Theresa
Austrian throne and helps serfs
Hammurabi
Babylonian king who codified the laws for his empire; 1792-50BCE
Four musicians during enlightenment
Bach, Haydn, Handel, Mozart
Excommunication
Banishment from the church
Monotheism
Belief in one God
Henry Bessemer
Bessemer Process
Where was Christ born?
Bethlehem
Who is the main god of Hinduism?
Brahman
What three different personalities was Brahman seen as?
Brahman the creator Vishnu the protector Shiva the destroyer
Donatello
Bronze statue of David
Tyclus Brahe
Built observatory
Problems in the Roman military caused what leader to ascend?
Caesar
Council of Trent
Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.
Institutes of the Christian Religion
Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism
John Calvin
Calvinists- ideas from Martin Luther
Who gained title of emperor of the Romans?
Charlemagne
Carolingian Renaissance
Charlemagne's efforts led to the revival of learning and culture, rebirth
What did Constantine's baptism lead to?
Christianity being the dominant religion
Matthew Brady
Civil War photographer-magzines
Civil Law
Claims of Roman citizens
What type of architecture did the Greeks and Romans learn?
Columns and arches
Caesar of Cicero
Commentaries on the Galic Wars
Girolmo Savonarola
Condemned church immortality- urged church to resist worldly temptations
500 BC who is an important scholar during in China
Confucius
337 AD who was baptized?
Constantine
Who reunited East and West and built new capital in Byzantium called Constantinople
Constantine
Constitution of 1791
Constitution created by the French Revolution that had a limited monarchy and system of separation of powers
Eli Whitney
Cotton gin and interchangeable parts
Charlemagne (Charles the Great son of Pepin)
Created Carolingian empire
Monasteries
Created writing rooms for monks to copy classical works for future generations
What did the English call the vikings?
Danes
Charles Martel "The Hammer"
Defeats the Muslins at Battle of Tours
Copernicus
Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth.
In 44 BC Julius Caesar was given what title?
Dictator
In times of crisis, the Senate in Rome could appoint a _________
Dictator
Age 30, Napoleon became?
Dictator of France
In 284 AD Emperor ____________ split the Roman Empire into 2 parts -- west and east.
Diocletian
Brunelleschi
Dome of Florence Cathedral
Brunswick Manifest
Duke of Brunswick wrote to threaten French revolutionists to surrender Paris or the Austrians and Prussians would burn it
What is Ptolemy's idea?
Earth is center of the universe
First place Napoleon was exiled
Elba
Micheal Faraday
Electric generator
What of works did the Romans collect for science and medicine?
Encyclopedias
Rudolph Diesel
Engine strong enough to pull heavy loads
Elizabeth I
English Queen and politique who united Protestants and Catholics through compromise -prosecuted anyone who disagreed with her
Hobbes
English philosopher and political theorist best known for his book Leviathan (1651), in which he argues that the only way to secure civil society is through universal submission to the absolute authority of a dictator, life is nasty, short, and brutish
William Harvey
English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood
William Shakespeare
English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet.
John D. Rockefeller
Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history
humanists (renaissance)
European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later.
Who made up the 3 estates
Everyone else-commoners/middle class
During the Industrial Revolution, life changed from domestic system to a ________ system.
Factory
Leif Erkison
Famous Viking that discovered America (North)
Rene Descartes
Father of modern philosophy, "I think, therefore I am"
John Kay
Flying shuttle
National Assembly
French Revolutionary assembly. Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
Joan of Arc
French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king- She was burned at the stake
Bourgeoisie
French middle class-wealthiest
Voltaire
French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize the Age of Enlightenment, often attacking injustice and intolerance.
Francis Rabelais
Gargantuan and Pantagreul
Place where Shakespeare's plays are held
Globe Theatre in London
British national anthem
God Save the Queen
Karma
Good or bad deeds
Direct Democracy
Government in which citizens vote on laws and select officials directly.
Lycees
Government run public schools
First Nation to develop a democracy
Greece
Galen
Greek anatomist whose theories formed the basis of European medicine until the Renaissance
Hellenistic Culture
Greek culture blended with Egyptian, Persian and Indian ideas, as a result of Alexander the Great's Empire.
Who is Gallen?
Greek physician who wrote medical encyclopedias used by Europe up until the 1400s
Egyptians developed a type of writing known as:
Hieroglyphics
Who made up the 1 and 2 estates
High clergy and nobles
Bishops
Highest ranking church officials
Type of religion not traced back to a single founder
Hinduism
Who was famous for glorifying Rome?
Horace
Universities during the Middle Ages studied?
Humanities: 1. Theology 2. Law 3. Medicine
Was is one of the greatest Roman law achievements?
Innocent until proven guilty
Gottlieb Daimler
Internal combustion engine
Gallileo Galilei
Invented telescope that allowed the stars to be viewed, planets not smooth, sun had blemishes, taken before inquisition
Alexander Graham Bell
Invented the telephone
Thomas Alva Edison
Inventor of the light bulb, phonograph
Henry Cort
Inventor of the puddling system in which coke was used to burn away impurities in iron to produce an iron of high quality/pure
Lorenzo de Medici
Italian statesman and scholar who supported many artists and humanists including Michelangelo and Leonardo and Botticelli
What was the Holy Land?
Jerusalem
Society of Jesus
Jesuits
Israelites were later known as:
Jews
Labor Unions and Strikes
Labor unions were groups of workers who wanted to obtain better working conditions, strikes were held in order to obtain such conditions.
Pope Urban II
Leader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians to take up arms against Muslims, starting the Crusades
What branches were created by the Greeks?
Legislative Executive Judicial
French revolutionaries' anthem
Liberty, equality, fraternity
Catherine the Great of Russia
Limit torture and religious toleration
French national anthem
Marseillaise
Bastille
Medieval fortress that was converted to a prison stormed by peasants for ammunition during the early stages of the French Revolution
Da Vinci
Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
What is Judaism's religion
Monotheistic
Often times pyramids housed ________
Mummies of royal families
Who killed Peter and Paul?
Nero
Where was the Egyptian civilization located?
Nile Delta Area
Land given to vikings is called what?
Normandy
Flanders
Oil based paints
Andreas Vesalius
On the Structure of the Heavenly Bodies, got bodies from executioner, accurate anatomy drawings
Napoleon Bonaparte
Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.
Michelangelo
Painted the Sistine Chapel
Writing surface invented by the Egyptians
Papyrus
Rousseau
People and nature are good but together are corrupt, ideal society is people forming community with no leader
Priests
People who performed religious ceremonies
Who traveled to Rome to convert Jews to Christians?
Peter
Egyptian kings were gods known as _________
Pharaohs
Mosaic
Pictures consisting of a design made of small pieces of colored stone or glass
What group of people flourished under emperor Augustus?
Poets
Who was the governor of Palestine?
Pontias Pilate
Mines Act of 1842
Prevented women and children from working underground
Just price
Price for materials with a reasonable profit
Anabaptists
Protestants who insisted that only adult baptism was the way to understand Jesus
Diderot
Published work of many philosphes in his Encyclopedia. He hoped it would help people think more rationally and critically.
Louis XVI
Put to death by guillotine after letters to put down French Revolution were discovered
What were the structures Egyptians made called?
Pyramids
Queen Isabella
Queen of spain who gave colombus the ships and sailors to sail to the new world
Jacobins
Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre
Guglielmo Marconi
Radio
Francis de Petrarch
Recover writings of classic world
Colors of revolutionaries worn by king Louis XVI
Red, white, blue
What process did Hindus believe in?
Reincarnation
What government did Rome become?
Republic
What common song did the Bubonic Plague influence?
Ring around the Rosie
Pax Romana
Roman Peace
What was a key feature of Roman success?
Roman army
Emperors tolerated other practices of religion only if offered _________ to the emperor
Sacrifices
Where are the vikings from?
Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, Denmark)
What were writing rooms called
Scriptoria
Physiocrats
Searched for natural laws to explain economics, land was most valuable, free market society, trade=wealth
Who was the founder of Buddhism?
Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)
Other famous philosophers in Greece
Socrates, Aristotle, Plato, and eventually Alexander the Great
Cervantes
Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form
Samuel Crompton
Spinning mule
Second place Napoleon was exiled
St. Helena
Thomas Savery
Steam engine- Coal mines, blew up a lot
James Watt
Steam engine-relatively safe and efficient
Thomas Newcomen
Steam engine-took too much coal
George Stephenson
Steam locomotive-The Rocket, 36 MPH
What is the Nazareth Manifesto?
Study of scripture and learned carpentry
Pope
Supreme ruler of church, many Mediterranean cities frowned upon this
Ulrich Zwingli
Swiss reformer, abolished catholic mass, confessions, sale of indulgences, allowed priests to marry
Constantinople
Symbolized declining influence in Rome
Samuel F.B. Morse
Telegraph
What famous structure was created using concrete, domes, arches, and columns?
The Coliseum
What did China build to protect themselves?
The Great Wall of China
Sir Isaac Newton
The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, invented calculus, and law of gravity
500 BC; what did Budda search for?
The enlightenment or wisdom Also known as the Four Noble Truths
Julius as Dictator began to make legal reforms which led to what?
The ides of March
What was the main festival in Greece?
The olympics
Law and nations
The part of the law code that applied to both Romans and foreigners
Roman goddess of justice
Themis
What was Egypt's government based on?
Theocracy
Christianity becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire during the rule of _______
Theodosius the Great
Reign of Terror
This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed.
Sale of Indulgences
This was the way that many people were granted salvation. This was a common method of the church to gain power and money
After Julius Caesar allied himself with Crassus and Pompey, what did they call themselves?
Triumvirate
What war happened around 1200 BC in Greece?
Trojan War
Henry VIII established what?
Tudor dynasty
The Price by Machiavelli
Urged leaders to be mean in order to stay in power
Richard Arkwright
Water frame
Napoleon Bonaparte lost where? Against who?
Waterloo against the Europeans- Duke of Wellington
Reincarnation
What you'll be brought back as in terms of your karma
Who lost influence when the church hierarchy emerged?
Women
Locke
Wrote Two Treatises of Government. Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. He said government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel.
Giovanni Boccaccio
Wrote the Decameron
Paracelsus
Zinc and other minerals to heal patients
Commitee of Public Safety
a comitee established during the French revolution to identify enemies of the republic-waged war on all enemies of revolution- given dictatorship like powers
patron
a person who provides financial support for the arts
Dynasty
a powerful family or group of rulers that maintains its position or power for some time
Catherine de Medici
a powerful womanwho used her young sons as puppets to control the throne
Craft Guilds
associations of artisans organized to regulate the quality, quantity, and price of the goods produced as well as the number of affiliated apprentices and journeymen. Shoemakers, goldsmiths, weavers
What did the Magna Carta guarantee?
basic legal rights such as: trial by jury, protection of property, reasonable limits on taxes, and a degree of religious freedom
Polytheism
belief in more than one god
Anglican Church
church that King Henry VIII of England creates so that he can marry and divorce as he pleases
Civilization
complex culture with 5 characteristics
slash and burn farming
cut trees or grasses and burn them to clear a field, use ash to fertilize soil, then plant two years before moving to another area to farm
Mary Tudor
daughter of Henry and Catherine of Aragon; as queen, she tried to restore Catholicism in England
Bubonic Plague
disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population and helps end Feudalism. Rats, fleas.
Torrah
first 5 books of the Old Testament (bible)
Frederick the Great of Prussia
granted religious freedom and encouraged elementary education
Nomads
highly mobile people who moved from place to place foraging, or searching, for new sources of food
hunter-gatherers
increase food supply by inventing tools- spears to kill, sticks to dig
Louis Daguerre
inventor of the daguerreotype, an early type of photography
Vassals
lesser lords who pledged their service and loyalty to a greater lord -- in a military capacity
Sonnet
love poem
Seljuk Turks
nomadic people from central Asia who converted to Islam and took command of the empire in 1055
Ambrose Pare
ointment for treating infections and stitches
Who was Paul?
originally a Christian prosecutor, then became apostle of Jesus- Saul originally. Wrote book of Revelations
Émigrés
political exiles
Montesquieu
separation of powers
Parables
short stories with simple moral lessons
Coloni
small farmed that abandoned their lands due to invaders, and their lands became part of the holding of a rich noble that would govern without Rome
Petrach
sonnets
Battle of Valmy
the French defeated the Austrian and Prussian troops
Plebeians
the common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up the majority of the population in Rome
Great Schism
the official split between the Roman Catholic and Byzantine churches that occurred in 1054
Domestication
the taming of animals for human use, such as work or as food
Patricians
the wealthy class in Roman society; landowners
Saladin the Great
united Muslim forces and captured Jerusalem in 1187
The one hundred years war
war between france and england. The english had to be expelled from french lands.