WH -- Chapter 13 Test
they were the children of Henry VIII Edward VI: Protestant Mary: Catholic Elizabeth: compromise
Who were the Tudor monarchs and what were their stands on marriage?
Descartes; he explains how he decided to discard all traditional authorities and search for provable knowledge and then concluded that doubt was the only thing he could not question; in order to doubt, he had to exist as a rational, thinking human being
Who wrote Discourse on Method and what was it about?
to defend and spread the Catholic faith worldwide
Why did the Jesuits go on a crusade?
1. They were the first ones to be hit with the Bubonic Plague, which means they were the first to recover. (Trade was a major factor as they are located in the middle of the Mediterranean.) 2. Italy was the center of the Roman Empire; the Renaissance revolved largely around the revival of Rome. 3. Patrons largely funded the Renaissance.
Why was the Renaissance birthed in the Italian city-states?
Francesco Petrarch
a Florentine who was an early Renaissance humanist, poet, and scholar that assembled a library of Greek and Roman manuscripts in monasteries and churches
Utopia
a book that describes an ideal society in which mean and women live in peace and harmony, not one is idle, all are educated, and justice is used to end crime rather that to eliminate the criminal
Lorenzo, Cosimo's grandson
the clever politician of the Medici family known as "the Magnificent", represented the Renaissance ideal, held Florence together during difficult times, and was a generous patron of the arts
Shakespeare
the towering figure of Renaissance literature that was both an English poet and playwright
anabaptists
those who rejected infant baptism because the infants are too young to understand what it means to accept the Christian faith
Blood Mary/Mary Tudor
took the throne after Edward VI; determined to return England to the Catholic faith
Counter-Reformation
Another name for the Catholic Reformation?
Erasmus
Dutch priest and humanist that used hi s knowledge of classical languages to produce a new Greek edition of the Bible
Robert Boyle
English chemist that explained all matter as being composed of tiny particles that behave in knowable ways; distinguished between elements and compounds and explained the effect of temperature and pressure on gases
Sir Thomas More
English humanist that pressed for social reform and wrote Utopia
Henry VIII
English king that began the English Reformation because his request for annulment of his marriage was denied
Albercht Durer
German painter who spread Renaissance ideas throughout northern Europe known for his engravings
Johann Gutenburg
German who printed the first complete edition of the Christian Bible using a printing press
Bacon: stressed experimentation and observation; wanted science to make life better for people by leading to practical technologies Descartes: emphasized human reasoning as the best road to understanding
How did Bacon and Descartes differ in their methods?
by granting them some of the land he confiscated from Catholic convents and monasteries
How did Henry VIII secure noble support for the Anglican Church?
her policies were compromises between Protestant and Catholic practices the Church preserved most Catholic rituals and kept the hierarchy of the bishops and archbishops she restored a version of the Book of Common Prayer and allowed English to replace Latin in church services
How did Queen Elizabeth solve the religion issue in England?
hundreds of English Protestants were burned at the stake for heresy
How did Queen Mary attempt to return England to the Catholic faith?
he dissected corpses to learn how bones and muscles work
How did da Vinci make his painting look so realistic?
they were bankers
How did the Medici family make their wealth?
a family who were one of the richest merchants and bankers in Europe
Who were the Medici's?
John Calvin, Ulrich Zwingli, Jan Hus, and John Wycliffe
Other than Martin Luther, who are prominent protestant reformers?
Copernicus
Polish scholar that published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres in which he proposes a heliocentric model of the universe and the Earth is just of the planets revolving around it
-provided stiff penalties for worldliness and corruption among the clergy in order to end abuses in the Church -strengthened the Inquisition to fight Protestantism -recognized the Jesuits as a new religious order -reorganized and reformed Spanish convents and monasteries through Teresa of Avila
What actions of the Catholic Church are included in the Counter (Catholic) Reformation?
a religious order of the Catholic Church that included spiritual and more discipline, rigorous religious training, and absolute obedience to the Church
What are the Jesuits/Society of Jesus?
King Henry VIII believed that England's stability depended on a male heir, so he wanted to have his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled in order to try to have a son with Anne Boyle, a noblewoman. The pope refused because he did not want to upset Charles V, Catherine's nephew. Henry took matters into his own hands and broke away from the Catholic Church.
What are the causes of the English Reformation? Who was involved?
the study of the classical culture of Greece and Rome to increase understanding of their own times education, the study of the humanities, and individual achievement
What are the characteristics of humanism? What did the humanists advocate?
humanism: the revival of the classics, the humanities, and individual achievement art: realistic, idealistic, perspective, dimension, shading, and studying of the human body to develop more realistic paintings architecture: columns, arches, and domes; the Gothic style was deemed disorderly
What are the characteristics of the Italian Renaissance?
Martin Luther: -all Christians have equal access to God through faith and the Bible (education) -banned indulgences, confession, pilgrimages, and prayers to saints -emphasized sermon -permitted clergy to marry John Calvin: -predestination -two kinds of people: saints and sinners -only those who were saved could live truly Christian lives -stressed hard work, discipline, thrift, honesty, and morality -faced harsher punishments for offenses like fighting, swearing, laughing in church, or dancing
What are the teachings of Martin Luther? Of John Calvin?
-reaffirmed the traditional Catholic views -declared that salvation comes through faith and good works -the Bible is not the only source of religious truth
What are the teachings of the Council of Trent?
passed new laws bringing Protestant reforms to England liked making the Book of Common Prayer required reading in all of the country's church services
What did Edward VI do as king?
the end justifies the means
What did Machiavelli stress?
the energy and brilliance of the Italian Renaissance
What did the Medici's wealth and influence symbolize?
Leonardo of the North
What was Albercht Durer known as in northern Europe?
a well-educated, well-mannered aristocrat who mastered many fields
What was Castiglione's ideal courtier?
athletic but not overactive, good at games but not a gambler, plays a musical instrument and knows literature and history but is not arrogant
What was Castiglione's ideal man?
offers a balance to men, graceful and kind, lively but reserved, and beautiful
What was Castiglione's ideal woman?
"melancholy genius" because his work reflects many life-long spiritual and artistic struggles
What was Michelangelo known as and why?
the Catholic Reformation
What was a vigorous reform movement that set out to revive the moral authority of the Church and roll back the Protestant tide?
declared King Henry VIII the only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England
What was the Act of Supremacy?
he was largely criticized by scholars & the Church and tried by the Inquisition; he was then placed on house arrest and publicly stated in court that the Earth stands motionless at the center of the universe because of death threats
What was the result of Galileo's discoveries?
most northern German states chose to follow Lutheranism while the southern states remained largely Catholic
What was the result of The Peace of Augsburg?
the majority of Europeans remained Catholic, charity flourished, and church abuses were reduced
What was the result of the Catholic Reformation?
to be open-minded and to show good will towards others
What were an individual's chief duties to Erasmus?
expressing universal themes in everyday, realistic settings; his work explores Renaissance ideals like the complexity of the individual and the importance of the classics
Where did Shakespeare's genius lie?
Thomas Cranmer
Who did Henry VIII appoint as archbishop of his church and annuled his marraige?
Ignatius of Loyola
Who founded the Jesuits?
his chancellor, Thomas Cromwell
Who guided Henry VIII in his decision to split from the Catholic Church?
son of Henry VIII
Who is Edward VI?
Pope Paul III
Who led the Catholic Reformation?
Ulrich Zwingli
a priest and admirer of Erasmus that stressed the importance of the Bible and rejected elaborate church rituals; his ideas were adopted by the Swiss city Zulrich's city council
Michelangelo
a sculptor, painter, engineer, architect, and poet best known for his marble masterpieces of David and the Pieta
The Peace of Augsburg
agreement between Charles V and Lutheran princes that allowed each prince to decided which religion would be followed in his lands
William Harvey
an English scholar that described the circulation of blood for the first time
Sir Francis Bacon & Rene Descartes
an Englishman and Frenchman that devoted themselves to understanding how truth is determined, rejected Aristotle's scientific assumptions, challenged the scholarly traditions of the medieval universities, and argued that truth is not known at the beginning of inquiry but after a long process of investigation
Leonardo da Vinci
artist known for his realist works of the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper
Castiglione
author of The Book of the Courtier describes the manners, skills, learning, and virtues that a member of the court should have
Joannes Kepler
calculated the orbits of the planets revolving around the sun and found that planets do not move in perfect circle, but in an oval-shaped orbit (ellipses)
Galileo
confirmed Copernicus's ideas by observing the four moons of Jupiter
Elizabeth
daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
Mary Tudor
daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon
Isaac Newton
discovered that gravity keeps the planets in their orbits and argued that nature follows uniform laws therefore all motion in the universe can be measured and described mathematically
Cosimo de' Medici
member of the Medici family that gained control of the Florentine government
Council of Trent
led by Italian cardinal Carlo Borromeo that was called to establish the direction that reform should take
Van Eyks
one of the most important Flemish painters that portrayed townspeople and religious scenes abound in rich, realistic details
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
perfected the microscope and became the first human to see cells and microorganisms
Andrea Vesalius
published On the Structure of the Human Body, the first accurate and detailed study of the human anatomy
John Calvin
reformer born in France that trained as a priest & lawyer and published a widely-read book that set forth his religious beliefs and explained how to organize and run a Protestant church; shared many of Luther's beliefs
Baptists, Mennonites, and Amish
religious sects of Protestantism that trace their religious ancestry back to anabaptists
Johann Tetzel
set up a pulpit on the outskirts of Wittenburg, Germany, and offered any indulgences and claimed they would assure entry into heaven for both the purchasers and their dead relatives
Leon Alberti
who described architecture as a social art meant to blend beauty with utility and improvement of society
Sir Thomas More
who served in Henry's government but tried to resign in protest and was later recognized as a saint
Raphael
widely admired for his artist talent and "sweet and gracious nature", developed his own style of painting that blended Christian and classical styles, and best known for his portrayals of the Madonna and The School of Athens
Machiavelli
wrote a guide for rulers on how to gain and maintain power called The Prince