WH Spring Final Schueber

Mao Zedong

this man became the leader of the chinese communist party and remained its leader until his death. he declared the founding of the people's republic of china in 1949 and supported the chinese peasantry throughout his life.

Warsaw Pact

treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania

Fascism

was a new, militant political movement that emphasized loyalty to the state and obedience to its leader.

Battle of Britian

when German air forces invaded Britain but the British Royal Air Force drove them out with the help of the new invention radar that let them know where the German planes were as well as search lights

"White Man's Burden" (Kipling)

(1899) response to American takeover of the Philippines after the Spanish-American War; duty of white men to civilize and modernize new colonies

Imperialism Causes

1. nationalism prompted rival european nations to build empires in their competitive quests for power 2. Industrial Rev. created an extreme demand for raw materials and expanded markets, which prompted industrialized nations to seek new territories 3. Religious fervor and feelings of cultural security inspired Europeans to impose their cultures on distant lands

Imperialism Effects

- reduced local warfare - improved sanitation, schools, hospitals --> longer life span and increased literacy - economic expansion legitimized African products on international market - railroads, dams, telephone, and telegraph lines built - Africans lost control of land and independence - new diseases, resistance, and famines (b/c cash crops) led to many deaths - traditional authority figures replaced - homes and properties were transferred and people were forced to leave their villages - assimilation undermined stable societies and caused identity problems - artificial boundaries divided a variety of groups

Nonaligned nations

-the independent countries that remained neutral in the Cold War competition between the United States and the Soviet Union ex. Cuba , Japan, & Poland

Opium War

1839 war between the Britsh and China British were smuggling opium into China-- flourished the market China wanted to stop the smuggling-- destroyed ports-- British replied with an attack Result: Treaty- in which China must trade with Britian, Britain under extraterritorial rights

Boxer Rebellion

1900 revolt in China, aimed to end foreign influence in China Result: strong sense of nationalism, the government should care for their needs

Manhattan Project

1939 Leo Szilard learn that Nazi may be working on atomic bomb and told Albert Einstein to sign a letter by Szilard to Roosevelt that uranium could construct powerful bombs Roosevelt setup scientist committee, met with British who working on atomic bomb already, and Americans were convinced to begin a program to build atomic bomb Code named Manhattan Project under Groves Breakthrough in 1942 when Szilard and Fermi built first nuclear reactor Build atomic bomb in New Mexico under Oppenheimer July 16, 1945 detonated world's first atomic bomb in New Mexico

Yalta Conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

1949 military alliance between the U.S., Canada, France, Great Britain, Italy, and the Netherlands against possible aggression by the Soviet Union.

Nikita Khrushchev

A Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia.

Suez Canal

A canal linking the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. It was a vital trade route in the British Empire during imperialism, and continues to link North Africa and Europe to Asia today.

Paris Peace Conference

A conference to establish terms of peace held at the Palace of Versailles. The terms of peace needed to be worked out. Delegates representing 32 countries attended.

Berlin Conference

A meeting in 1884 - 1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed upon rules for the European colonization of Africa.

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

Treaty of Versailles

A peace treaty signed by Germany and the Allied Powers after World War I. Caused by the differences in French, British, and US aims led to heated arguments among the nations' leaders. Signed 5 years after Franz Ferdinand's assassination. Adopted Wilson's 14th point. The treaty also punished Germany. The defeated nation lost substantial territory and had severe restrictions placed on its military operations. All of Germany's territories in Africa and the Pacific were declared mandates, or territories to be administered by the League of Nations. Under the peace argument, the Allies would govern the mandates until they were judged ready for independence.

Communism

A political and economic system where factors of production are collectively owned and directed by the state.

Marshall Plan

A program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe that the US developed to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe between 1948 and 1952.

Revolutions of Russia

A revolution in Russia in 1917-1918, also called the October Revolution, that overthrew the czar and brought the Bolsheviks, a Communist party led by Lenin, to power.

Yugoslavian Civil War

The former Yugoslavia was a Socialist state created after German occupation in World War II and a bitter civil war. A federation of six republics, it brought together Serbs, Croats, Bosnian Muslims, Albanians, Slovenes and others under a comparatively relaxed communist regime.

Iron Curtain

A term popularized by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to describe the Soviet Union's policy of isolation during the Cold War. The political barrier that isolated Eastern Europe from the rest of the world.

German Reunification

After the wall came down, some spoke of merging the two Germanys. Others feared a united Germany, beacuse of Germany's not-too-distant past. West German chancellor Helmut Kohl assured world leaders that Germany had learned its lessons from the past, and would be committed to democracy and human rights. Germany officially reunited on Oct. 3, 1990, with approval of the other European nations.

Self-determination

The freedom of a people to decide under what form of government they wish to live. The guiding idea behind the 6-13th points

Isolationism

America needed to recover from Depression, needed to deal with their own problems first and wanted Democracy for the world There have been no direct attack on US yet, feel disconnected from Europe US tried to remain neutral but weakened European democracies Issue period of isolationism to prevent another World War Failure of peace efforts such as the Kellogg Briand Treaty during the 1920s Americans disillusioned about international involvement so avoid world affairs.

Sphere of influence

An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges

Long March

An important event in the history of the Chinese communists. Driven from southern and eastern China by Chiang Kai-shek at the end of the 1920s, the communist leader Mao Zedong led his forces on a long march to safety in the northwest part of China.

League of Nations

An international associations formed after World War I with the goal of keeping peace among nations. Adopted Wilson's 14th point.

Nuremberg Laws

Anti-Jewish statutes enacted by Germany on September 15, 1935, marking a major step in clarifying racial policy and removing Jewish influences from Aryan society.

Boris Yeltsin

Began to move up the ladder of the Communist party in Soviet Union in 1968, becoming First Secretary of the Moscow City Party Committee in 1985; initially a loyal backer of Gorbachev but increasingly criticized him for slow pace of reform; stood up to a coup attempt in 1991 but then managed to displace Gorbachev; as president of the Russian republic, sponsored several subsequent constitutional provisions and weathered battles with opponents in parliament

Jiang Jieshi

Chinese military and political figure who led the Nationalists against the rising Communist forces and was driven from the mainland to Taiwan (1949), where he served as president of Nationalist China until his death.

Charles De Gaulle

French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970)

The arms race

Cold war competition between the U.S. and Soviet Union to build up their respective armed forces and weapons

Reparations

The idea that some form of payment should be made. Money paid by a defeated nation to compensate for damage or injury during a war. Germany had to pay reparations to the Allies. Sole responsibility for the war was placed on Germany.

Nationalist Party in China

Nationalism involves a strong identification of a group of individuals with a political entity defined in national terms. In 1923, Dr. Suns three principles of the people included livelyhood, democracy, and Nationalism. Significance: a movement against foreign domination of china

Extraterritorial rights

Foreigners were not under Chines port laws

Allied Powers

France, Britain, USSR, United States, and China as well as 45 other countries that opposed the Axis powers in World War II. Significant because without the cooperation of all of these countries, the defeat of the axis powers would not have been possible.

Sepoy Mutiny/ Rebellion

Gossip among the Indian soldiers was that on their riffle cartridges, there was beef fat, and Hindus considered the cow sacred, and did not want to eat it. 85 of 90 soldiers refused to accept them, and were jailed. They rebelled the next day, and marched to Delhi, and spread the rebeliion. The Indians could not unite because their leadership was too weak and there was a split between the Muslims and Hindus.

Meiji Reforms

Government Reforms- local government based on districts (NO to feudalism) Military Reforms- modeled army & navy of Prussia & Britain Industrialization- investment in transportation & communication, Gov. Supported businesses and industries

Ronald Reagan

He took office in 1981 with the belief that the Soviet Union was the focus of evil in the world. He had a tough anticommunist stand, and he wanted to deal with the Soviets from a position of strength, so he persuaded the Congress to increase military spending by more than $100 billion during his first five years in office.

Third Reich

Hitler believed that he was creating a third German empire, a successor to the Holy Roman Empire and the German empire formed by Chancellor Bismarck in the nineteenth century.

Great Purge

a campaign of terror directed at eliminating anyone who treated his power (stalin) during the 1930s in which Joseph Stalin sought to eliminate all communist party members and other citizens who threatened his power, ended in 1938

Pearl Harbor

Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7, 1941 Japanese was aggressive to expand into the Pacific, take over Asia, and threatened the US supplies of natural resources in their colonies Prime Minister Tojo sought negotiations with American officials offering to withdraw their troops from southern Indochina if America would resume relations with Japan and if they could still occupy China but they had already decided to attack the US months before these negotiations because "war with US was inevitable" US needed to crush Japan's efforts of trying to control Asia and they had decoded Japanese communications about Japan preparing for war against US November 27, American commanders at Pearl Harbor received war warning from Washington but they did not mention Hawaii as a threat Surprise air attack sank or damaged eight battleships, three cruisers, four destroyers, and six other vessels, 188 airplanes and killed 2,403 Americans and 1,178 injured After Pearl Harbor, officially declare war on Japan

Rape of Nanjing

Japanese attacked this capital Beijing and other Northern cities fell to Japs killed thousands of soldiers and civilians

Battle of Midway

Japanese had planned to capture a strategic island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, home to an Am. military base. The Jap's wanted to lure the Am's into a battle they were sure to lose. Am's had broken the Jap. code though, so they could understand the messages. Am. admiral Chester Nimitz planned an effective defense and it worked perfectly, with the Am's destroying 4 Jap. aircraft carriers and winning a great victory. significance of the Battle of Midway Am's had broken the Jap. code; a great victory for the Allies and a devastating blow for Japan

Long Term Causes of WWI

Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, & Imperialism Nationalism a. a deep devotion to one's nation, can serve as a unifying force or can cause intense intense competition among nations. b. intense competition by the turn of the 20th century among Europes greatest powers (Germany, Austria- Hungary, England, Russia, Italy, & France) for industrial dominance and power. Imperialism a. a policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically, or socially. led to rivalry and competition among the european nations. b. intensified European nations sense of rivalry and mistrust toward one another as they competed for colonies in Asia and Africa Militarism a. the policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing always army prepared for war. made people feel patriotic but also scared some. military experts stressed the importance of being able to quickly mobilize, or organize, and move troops in case of a war. b. Led to an arms race and formation of large standing armies and, eventually, to military alliances

Island Hopping

Pacific Fleet under Admiral Nimitz would advance through central Pacific by "hopping" from one island to the next, closer and closer to Japan General MacArthur's troops would advance through Solomon Islands, capture New Guinea, and invade Philippines Fall 1943, navy ready for island-hopping, but geography of central Pacific cause problems: island were coral reef atolls, water not deep enough, if cannot reach shore would have to wade to shore, wading cause casualties Went to Tarawa of the GIlbert Islands to take over Japanese base for air bases near the Marshall Islands Alligator vehicle cross the reed and deliver troops to beaches, had tank tracks, Amphtrac amphibious tractor, only had 200 More than 1,000 marines died on Tarawa Kwajalein Atoll in Marshall Islands, used amphtracs, captured Eniwetok and Kwajalein Target Mariana Islands, use it for a base for a new heavy bomber, B029 Superfortress (flies farther) Invade Saipan, Tinian, and Guam Captured by August 1944 General Douglas MacArthur into southwest Pacific Invade Guadalcanal in Solomon Islands, east of New Guinea in August 1942 Continued until 1944 to capture enough islands to surround the main Japanese base in the region Japan withdrew their ships and aircrafts from the base Capture Hollandia of New Guinea, then seized Morotai Went back to Philippines, October 1944 700 ships of 160,000 troops October 20, land on Leyte, island eastern side of Philippines Battle of the Leyte Gulf Americans vs Japanese Japanese used kamikaze attacks: suicide planes Japan order retreat Capture Manila March 1945, Japan surrendered

New weapons of war

Poison Gas: introduced by the Germans, used by both sides, could cause blindness or severe blisters. soldiers wore masks to protect themselves Machine Gun: fires ammunition automatically, could wipe out waves of attackers and thus made it difficult for forces to advance Tank: introduced by the British at the battle of Somme, an armored combat vehicle that moved on chain tracks could cross many types of terrain. Submarine: introduced by the Germans, effective warship, primary weapon against ships was the torpedo, an underwater missile

Vichy France/ goverment

Puppet government set up in the south of France under Italy.

Destanlinaization

Purging the country of Stalin's memory. Workers destroyed monuments of the former dictator

Leonid Brezhnev

Replaced Khrushchev and quickly adopted repressive domestic polices.

Perestroika

Restructing of the Soviet Governement and the economy in the 1980's

D- Day

Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin plan invasion of France under Eisenhower Spring 1944, more than 1.5 million American soldiers, 12,000 airplanes, 5 million tons of equipment sent to England first At night cross English channel, dawn at low tide June 5-7, 1944, invasion of Normandy, terrible weather 7,000 ships carrying 100,000 soldiers head for Normandy and 23,000 paratroopers dropped inland Fighter-bombers rain down on the beaches Utah Beach attack weak German defenses and moved inland Eastern attacks by British and Canadians Omaha Beach, intense German fire, General Omar Bradley for Omaha and Utah wanted to evacuate but slowly knocked down German defenses Nearly 35,000 American troops at Omaha, 23,000 at Utah, 75,000 British and Canadian Invasion was largest amphibious operation in history, and success

Non-Aggression pact

Secret agreement between German leader Hitler and Soviet Leader Stalin in 1939 not to attack one another and to divide Poland. Significant because the pact allowed Germany to take Poland without any interference from the USSR, allowing further power to be gained.

Effects of WWI

Short Term Effect 1. enormous cost in lives and money 2. creation of new nations in eastern europe 3. requirement that germany pay reparations 4. german loss of its overseas colonies 5. league of nations -then will lead to UN 6. Wilson's 14 points Long Term Effect 1. economic impact of war debts on europe 2. emergence of US and Japan as important powers 3. growth of nationalism in colonies 4. world war 2 5. russian revolution

Mikhail Gorbachew

Soviet dictator from 1985 to 1991 whose policies caused the end of the Soviet Union; revisionist historians identify him as the true Cold War Hero, not Reagan

Berlin Airlift

Successful effort by the United States and Britain to ship by air 2.3 million tons of supplies to the residents of the Western-controlled sectors of Berlin from June 1948 to May 1949, in response to a Soviet blockade of all land and canal routes to the divided city.

Battle of Verdun

The Germans launched a massive attack against the French near Verdun. Both sides lost many men. Germans advanced about miles near ________

Axis Powers

The alliance formed by the nations of Germany, Italy, and Japan, in 1936. All powerful countries, this alliance proved itself as a threat against the allied powers, which had many more countries at the time.

Social Darwinism

The application of Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as justification for imperialist expansion.

Nazism

The doctrines of nationalism, racial purity, anti-Communism, and the all-powerful role of the State. The National Socialist German Workers Party, otherwise known as the Nazi Party. Nazism was advocated by Adolf Hitler in Germany. The fascist policies of the national Socialist German Workers' party, based on totalitarianism, a belief in racial superiority, and state control of industry.

Communism in China

This is the founding and ruling political party of China founded by Mao. In May 1921 this party was founded in Shanghai The significance of this party is that the poor peoples needs were favored more then the rich.

Treaty of Kanagawa

Treaty in which Japan opened 2 ports for US trade Result: start of the Meji era

Proxy wars (surrogate wars)

Wars in which the superpowers backed different sides that acted as substitutes (proxies) for the superpowers themselves.

Battle for Stalingrad

a 1942-1943 battle of World War II, in which German forces were defeated in their attempt to capture an industrial port city on the Volga River in the Soviet Union; one of the most deadly battles of wwii; crushing defeat for Germany significance of the Battle of Stalingrad turning point in the war, along with Allied victories in North Africa; crushing defeat for Hitler and the Nazis

Glasnost

a Soviet policy allowing more open discussion of political and social issues, as well as more widespread news and info

Bolsheviks

a group of revolutionary russian marxists who took control of russia's government in november 1917, supported a small number of committed revolutionaries willing to sacrifice everything for change (masterminded the revolution)

Collective Farm

a large government-controlled farm formed by combining many small farms, hundreds of families worked on these farms called collectives, producing food for the estate

Nuremberg Trials

a series of court proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of war, and crimes against humanity.

Trench Warfare

a type of warfare where soldiers fought each other from the trenches dug in the battlefield. large numbers of soldiers were killed for small territorial gains

Solidarity

a union formed by Polish workers at the Gdansk shipyard going on strike, demanding government recognition

Two-front war

a war in which fighting takes place on two geographically separate fronts.

Armistice

an agreement to stop fighting. Wilhelm stepped down, germany declared itself a republic.

Joseph Stalin

cold, hard, and impersonal, name means man of steel in russian, worked behind the scenes to move his supporters into positions of power, was in total command of the communist party

Mao Zedong

communist leader and theorist, founder of the chinese communist party (1921), he commanded troops in the chinese civil war and proclaimed the People's Republic of China (1949)

Total War

countries devoted all their resources to the war effort, in britain, germany, austria, russia, and france, the entire force of government was dedicated to winning the conflict.

Adolf Hitler

der Führer, or the leader of the Nazi party in Germany and later became chancellor of Germany.

Totalitarianism

describes a government that takes total control, centralized, state control over every aspect of public and private life, challenges the highest values prized by western democracies. --reaspn, freedom, human dignity, and the worth of the individual.

Benito Mussolini

fascist dictator of italy. he led italy to conquer ethiopia , joined germany in the axis pact , and allied italy with germany in World War II

King Leopold of Belgium

first to imperialize Congo

Porpaganda

form of communication aims at influencing the attitude of a person/community toward a cause/position, used to increase support for the war/commitment to a nation's/sides victory.

Appeasement

giving in to aggressive demands in order to maintain peace German troops moved to to Rhineland (zone that formed a buffer between Germany and France, important industrial area)

Munich Conference

high point of Western appeasement for Hitler; hastily arranged conference between German, French, British, and Italian representatives that reached an agreement that met virtually all of Hitler's demannds decided that German troops were allowed to occupy the Studenland

Lebensraum

or living space. Hitler also declared that Germany was overcrowded and needed more He promised to get that space by conquering eastern Europe and Russia.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

the use of submarines to sink without warning any ship (including neutral ships and unarmed passengers liners) found in an enemy's waters, germans practices this, they sinked the lusitania

Propaganda

information or material spread to advance a cause or to damage an opponent's cause. one sided info designed to persuade, to keep up morale and support for the war

Anti-Semitism

is the hatred of jews that is conscious systematic and deliberate. Cycle of Prejudice (Discrimination) ... Death of 6 million Jews)

Lenin

major leader of the bolsheviks, previous name vladimir illicit ulyanov, engaging personality, excellent organizer, and ruthless, fled to western europe to avoid arrest by the czarist regime

Rise of Fascism and totalitarian goverments

non-democratic governments rose to popularity because after the Great Depression citizens were frustrated and lost faith in the democratic government. They turned to fascism because it promised to revive the economy, punish those responsible for the hard times, and to restore order/ national pride

Five Year Plan

plans outlined by joseph stalin in 1928 for the development of the soviet union's economy, set impossibly high quotas, or numerical goals to increase the output of steel, coal, oil, and electricity

Détente

relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two major Communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China

The Great Leap Forward

started by mao zedong, combined collective farms into people's communes, failed because there was no incentive to work harder, ended after 2 years

jewel in the crown

the British colony of India--- so called because of its importance in the British empire, both as a supplier of raw materials and as a market for British trade goods

Final Solution

the Nazi policy of exterminating European Jews. The policy resulted in the murder of 6 million Jews in concentration camps between 1941 and 1945.

genocide

the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.

Worldwide Great Depression

the economic crisis and period of low business activity in the u.s. and other countries, roughly beginning with the stock-market crash in October, 1929, and continuing through most of the 1930s.

annexation

the formal act of acquiring something (especially territory) by conquest or occupation

Holocaust

the mass slaughter of European civilians, particularly European Jews