WHAP: Chapter 18

how did they use the firearms?

dahomey- expand territory

what was the african state most dependent on the slave trade?

dahomy

what did sugar production do?

damaged the environment by causing soil exhaustion and deforestation

seasoning

difficult period of adjustment to a new lifestyle experienced by slaves

what did most slaves die of?

disease

harsh conditions of plantaion life shrtened lives but...

disease was the greatest killer

the french colony was...

diverse in its company

when was tobacco consumption popular in england?

early 1600's

capitalism

economic system of large financial institutions- banks,stock exchanges, companies- that first develped in early modern europe

"little whites"

less well off europeans

largest group of freed slaves in the french, spanish and portuguese colonies came from...

self purchase

household slaves in the islamic world mostly consisted of....

servants and concubines

who represented 90% of the carribean colonies population?

slaves; they provided nearly all the labor for harvesting and processing sugar cane

environmental damage to sugar plantations was caused by...

soil exhaustion and deforestation

who introduced sugar cane cultivation to the west indies?

spanish settlers

"great gang"

strongest slaves

by the eighteenth century, who had become the largest producers of sugar in the world? (p.s. its a colony)

the caribbean colonies

by 1635 who controlled much of Brazil's sugar region?

the dutch company

the atlantic african slave trade was based on partnership between...

the euros and the african elites

who eliminated dutch competition from the americas by defeating them in a series of wars?

the french and english

triangular trade

the network of trade routes connecting england, africa and the west indies

atlantic circuit

the network of trade routes connecting europe, africa and the americas

what illustrates the power of the new atlantic system?

the technological, environmental and social transformation of the island colonies

what did france and england do to expand their carribean holdings?

they attacked older spanish colonies

why was mortality on atlantic slave ships high?

those pesky diseases

exceptional productivity entailed what?

threat and use of force

exchange of slaves for firearms contributed....

to state formation in the gold and slave coasts

profits grew when the english, dutch and french colonies of the carribean switched from what to what?

tobacco to sugar cane -and- indentured servants to slaves

men outnumbered women on the caribbean plantations because ______ as many men were imported compared to women

twice

west indian society consisted of a...

wealthy land owning plantocracy

what was the first place in the americas reached by colombus?

west indies; before, it had no pop. but then sugar plantations, slaves and monayy made it the hot spot

dutch west india company

what? powerful, private trading company to conduct it merchants trade in the americas and africa purpose? to eliminate competition

"grass gang"

youth,elders, less fit slaves

sugar had both an ___________ and an __________ character

agricultural and industrial

the greatest stock market of the seventeenth and eighteenth century was the....

amsterdam stock exchange

how did the governments of france and england control costs?

by hiring private investors to develop colonies in exchange for monopoly control

during the eighteeneenth century, west indian plantation colonies were the worlds most....

"polarized" or divided societies 90% slaves

which two new entities established the framework within which govt. protected private enterpise particpated in the atlantic company?

capitalism and mercantilism

in order to make tobacco trade profitable, european governments used what?

chartered companies a.k.a private, investors with trade monopoly

what two developments stimulated tobacco production in the west indies?

1.chartered companies 2.cheap labor

during "seasoning" _____ of the new slaves died

1/3

life expectancy for nineteenth century brazilian male slaves was..

23 years

during the "sugar boom" from 1650-1800____________ slaves were transported

7.5 million. now thats a whole lot.

during the first 150 years after european discovery of the americas, how many africans were transported in the atlantic slave trade?

800,000. thats a lot.

on most islands, the percentage of slaves in the population was ___%

90%

by 1700 barbados and other west indies colonies had....

collectively surpassed Brazil as the worlds principle source of sugar

during the 18th century, which french colony became the greatest producer of sugar in the atlantic world?

Saint Domingue

the english navigation acts in the 1660's were meant to...

confine trade to english ships and cargoes

what did the english colonies prosper first, and largely with?

TOBACCOOO

growth in slave trade was also accompanied by...

continued trade in other goods

maroon

runaway slave

royal african company

a trading company chartered by the english government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the atlantic coast of africa

the portuguese first developed sugar plantations that relied on what?

african slaves on islands along the african coast; they later introduced this in brazil

the cultivation and production of sugar can best be described....

as requiring a farm as well as factory production methods (they go hand in hand)

the "clockwise" network of trade in the atlantic was the...

atlantic circuit

what helped european nations to develop their colonial empires?

banks, stock markets and insurance companies

which english colony best illustrates the dramatic transformation that sugar brought to the 17th century carribean?

barbados tobacco -to- sugar little slaves -to- a lot of slaves

who had become the wealthiest and most populous of englands american colonies?

barbados!

what did companies do to reduce the risks involved in overseas trading?

bought insurance

by 1600, who was the atlantic worlds greatest sugar producer?

brazil

where was cheap land available?

britians north american colonies. many poor europeans went there bc land was getting really high priced in places like the west indies

manumission

freeing of a slave

mercantilism

government policies designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their home country

chartered companies

groups of private investors who paid annual fee to france and england in exchange for monopoly over trade

as a result of the european colonization, the arawak and carib...

had no abuse and no disease

in the 17th century caribbean, indentured servents cost ____ as much as slave

half

african trading slaves with europeans most often preferred to recieve what in return?

hardware, textiles and firearms a.k.a. gunzzz

the most important artisan slave was the...

head boiler,oversaw the delicate process of reducing the cane sap to crystallized sugar

cash-short tobacco planters preferred..

indentured servants to african slaves because they cost half as much

the dutch helped develop the sugar industry as.....

investors,refiners, slave traders, and disseminators of technology

both muslims and europeans obtained slaves from sub saharan africa but...

islamic trade was smaller

what did the Dutch company's entry into the african slave trade do?

it combined economic and political motives

"great whites"

large plantation owners who dominated economy

drivers

male slaves that made sure everybody got their work done

what were by products of sugar?

molassas and rum

islamic law prohibited the enslavement of ...

muslims

atlantic system

network of trading links that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the atlantic

was the system of royal monopoly control of colonies and their trade efficient?

no, didn't work out in spain and porugal

who introduced sugar cultivation to brazil?

portuguese

in the eighteenth century, what was the major source of slaves in the interior of the bight of biafra?

prisoners of war

most slaves taken from africa were...

prisoners of war

driver

priveleged male slave whose job was to ensure that everyone completed their work

what opened a new era in the african slave trade?

profitable expansion of sugar agriculture

What did providing passage to the colonies for poor europeans (who worked as indentured servants) by the chartered companies do?

rapid increase in population of France and England (1630's-1640's)

what did the infusion of dutch expertise and money do?

revived the french colonies of Guadeloupe and Martinique

plantocracy

rich men who owned most of the slaves and land